The current magmatic hydrothermal metallogenic theory (MHMT) assumes that the ore-bearing fluids are produced from the magma by differentiation, especially, by fractional crystallization. Attending to the close relation between the giant and super giant deposits and the minor intrusions, and to that a minor intrusion can not satisfies the mass balance, the endorsers further emphasize that there is a large magma chamber beneath the minor intrusion. Such interpretations are contrary to the observations in the ore fields and the theoretical deductions:(1) There are commonly many minerals which have greater densities than the host magma and melano-microgranular enclaves in the ore-bearing porphyries. This means there was not fractional crystallization in both the minor intrusion and the possible deep magma chamber. (2) There is not any evidence to suggest that the fluid produced by magmatic differentiation will be in action only then when the melt is consolidated, because the fluid is more active than the melt. (3) The wide compositional spectrum dike swarms are widespread seen in the ore fields. It is suggested that there was not syn-metallogenic large deep chamber beneath the minor intrusion. Therefore, the MHMT found itself in a tight corner not only due to the mass balance. It is necessary to consider new mechanisms related to metallogenesis of the endogenic mineral deposits. The root-cause induced the MHMT to failed is that the ore-forming processes are considered as equilibrium linear processes taken place in the ideal systems. The oreforming system is actually a complex dynamic system and the mineralization is a non-equilibrium and non-linear process. In other words, the ore-forming system and the mineralization are understood incorrectly in the prevalent MHMT. At the modern level of sciences, its failing is inevitable. Then, it is necessary to construct a new theory. Based on the cardinal principles of science of complexity, Luo,et al. (2007, 2009) considered the melt and the ore-bearing fluid as two subsystems in the metallogenic system. Their strong interactions and the environmental constraints trigger the dramatic development in the metallogenic system. They further provide a new framework model named as the metallogenic theory by transmagmatic fluids (TMFT). The theory can not only explain more mineralizing phenomena than the MHMT can do, but it also has ability to deduce potential and practical indicators for the metallogenic prognosis. Therefore, it is possible that the TMFT will become to the new departure of the metallogenesis of the magma-related deposits.

To analyze the formation reasons of the Xushen large gas field thoroughly, this passage researches them in detail by anatomical study on conditions of sourcerock, trap, transporting pathway and cap rock and distribution relationship among them and gas field. First, by study on the distribution and geochemical characteristic of sourcerock, the major sourcerock of Xushen large gas field is mudstone source rock in coal measure strata of K₁sh, which has generating gas ability. Second, by anatomical study on conditions of the traps of Xushen large gas field, it is known that favorable reservoir facies zone combing with faults provides favorable traps for formation of large gas field. Third, by analyzing the gas transporting pathway of Xushen large gas field, there are two kinds of sourcerock faults and unconformity transporting pathway: faults from sourcerock and unconformities on top of volcanic. Faults from sourcerock of K₁sh to volcanic rock reservoir of K₁ yc provide vertical transporting pathways for gas migrating to volcanic rock of K₁yc, and unconformities on top of volcanic rock provide lateral transporting pathways for gas migrating to high positions in volcanic rock. Fourth, by research on preservation conditions of Xushen large gas field, mudstone of K₁d₂ and volcanic cap rock with high interval transit time on top of K₁yc₁ provide favorable preservation condition for formation of large gas field. In a word, above four conditions are favorable for forming Xushen large gas field.

In order to speed up the hydrocarbon exploration proceeding in Shuguang-Leijia area of west depression of Liaohe basin, according to classification method of subtle reservoirs, subtle reservoirs of the area have been classified into two kinds, which are the Pre Cenozoic buried hill reservoirs and the Paleogene special lithologic reservoirs, based on the hydrocarbon exploration results. The Pre Cenozoic buried hill reservoirs include Archean buried hill reservoirs,Middle-Upper Proterozoic buried hill reservoirs and Mesozoic buried hill reservoirs.The Paleogene special lithologic reservoirs include carbonate reservoirs, volcanic breccia rock reservoirs and basalt reservoirs. Based on comprehensive study of the geological background, reservoir-forming condition  and accumulation process of subtle reservoirs within the whole area, it is regarded that the geological conditions to form subtle reservoirs are favorable, such as multiple tectonic movement, complex tectonic background, favorable source conditions, cap rock with good feeling capacity, unblocked and multiple migrationaccumulation systems. The characteristics of reservoir-forming dynamic is discussed according to the theory of the dynamic system for reservoir-forming. It can be clearly seen that the Paleogene special lithologic reservoirs belong to self-sourced and sealed dynamic system, and the Pre Cenozoic buried hill reservoirs belong to outward-sourced and half-sealed dynamic system. The result shows that two kinds of subtle reservoirs have the petroleum geological and dynamic characteristics of the good matching conditions of source, reservoir, cap, trap, migration and accumulation.

Based on the testing and analyzing of trace elements and rare-earth elements of 333 sedimentary rocks from Shengke-1 well, the sedimentary environment, provenance and tectonic setting on the Mesozoic and Paleozoic are revealed in Southern Jiangsu Province. The research indicates that the Upper Chisia Formation in Southern Jiangsu Province presented apparently oxygen-rich characteristic. The sedimentary environment of Southern Jiangsu Province on the Mesozoic and Paleozoic is the alternative variation pattern of marine and continent. According to the analysis of REE、∑LREE/∑HREE、w(La)、w(Ce)、w(La)/w(Yb)、δEu in clastic rocks and the diagrams of La-Th-Sc、Th-Sc-Zr/10, the provenances of the Upper of Longtan Formation、Fengtou Formation and Gaojiabian Formation are the active continental margin setting, but the Lower of Longtan Formation is the continental island arc type, and probably the Wutong Formation is maybe passive continental margin setting. Based on the δEu the REE distribution pattern and La/Yb-∑REE, the provenances of these stratums are the upper earth shell and there are many provenances. The source rocks of Gaojiabian Formation and Fengtou Formation of Silurian are dominated by sedimentary rock and granite. The source rock of the Wutong Formation is sedimentary rock from Cathaysia and Jiangnan uplift.

Block Qian-146 in Jilin oil field has underwent an high water content and high production stage after years of exploration. Gaotaizi oil layer in this block can be divided into five types of reservoir flow units including A, B, C, D and E type ranked from good to poor. The features of the reservoir flow units of main target series of layers are described through multi-parameter vague clustering method. The 40 and 39 layers mainly develop type A and B reservoir flow units, and 41,42 and 38 layers mainly develop type C,D and E reservoir flow units. The types and distributions of reservoir flow units of all layers show a high goodness of fit with original energy production which demonstrates that the difference among reservoir flow units is an important factor that control the oil distribution. The instill, extract, permeation and flow systems of all reservoir flow units are studied through comprehensive analysis of geologic features of reservoir and dynamic data during oilfield development. Five laws of the distribution of remaining oil in XII of Gaotaizi oil layer, thus one delineation well, two old district infill well are arranged in the estimation range of remaining oil distribution. After putting into operation, original energy production is 11.2 t/d，5.5 t/d and 8.6 t/d separately.

The beach bar sandstone is an important depositional system of the upper part of Fourth Member  of  Shahejie Formation in Dongying sag. The systems of sediment supply of Es₄ upper-part in Dongying sag are discussed on the basis of the types of lithic grains and microscopic characteristic，compositional maturity of sandstone，sandstone distribution and palaeogeographic framework. There are nine provenance systems in the region of interest, and Guangrao bulge，Luxi uplift，Binxian bulge and Gaoqing delta supply the material. In accordance with the relationship between sediment supply and beach-bar, it is divided into bedrock-beach bar provenance system, delta-beach bar provenance system, fan delta-beach bar provenance system in the region. Because of difference of the nature and supply strength, it results in significant differences in macro-distribution and reservoir characteristics of beach bar.

All the dawsonite-bearing sandstones around the world are rich in feldspar, they were reported with the type of debris-feldspar sandstone, feldspathic lithic sandstone and arkose. In order to reveal the relationship between dawsonite and feldspar, a series of analysis methods (polarizing microscope, SEM, CL) are taken to do the research on the petrologic charasteristics of the dawsonite-bearing sandstones in Honggang oil field, Songliao basin. The occurances of dawsonite are included as pore-filling and replacement. While for plagioclase, it is replaced by dawsonite more intenser than K-feldspar. Normally, dawsonite grows into the feldspar along the twin, sometimes even totally replaced the plagioclase, appearing as pseudomorph. The content of dawsonite and feldspar has a negative correlation, and the corrosion of feldspar can provide sodium and aluminium iron for the generation of dawsonite. As the differences in thermodynamic properties, the rate of dissolution for K-feldspar is significant lower than plagioclase, so plagioclase makes more iron contribution for dawsonite generated than k-feldspar.

Restoration of the thickness eroded strata in Cretaceous/Jurassic(K/J) unconformity of Che-Mo paleo-uplift in Junggar basin is an important work for basin analysis. Based on the investigation to the methods of eroded thickness restoration, a new approach using homogeneity temperature of fluid inclusions is proposed with the burial history analysis and paleo-temperature history analysis in the area. The principle of the new method is using the differences between the homogeneity temperatures of fluid inclusions which formed when Che-Mo paleo-uplift began to rise and which formed after the erosion finished. These differences can be used to calculate eroded thickness easily. By the new method the eroded thickness in Sha 1 and Pen 4 well is 390-438 m and 361-406 m respectively. The key of the method is to separate the fluid inclusions that formed before the uplift began to rise from those that formed after the rising finished. The method can be used to restore the eroded thickness where the deposition thickness above erosion plane is larger than the eroded thickness or the eroded strata experienced multi-stage tectonic movements and developed many unconformities.

Based on the comparative analysis of different thermal conduction models of magmatic intrusion, the thermal effect of magmatic intrusion to the organic matter maturity of country rock is simulated, which combined the Easy R_o% model and the reported vitrinite reflectance values (R_o). The numerical simulation results show that the improved Fjeldskaar model can be easy to simulate the thermal maturation of organic matter near the magmatic intrusion and has a good fitting effect. Further more, the alteration of the initial temperature and the thickness of magmatic intrusions have different thermal effects to the organic matter maturity of country rock. It shows that the thermal effect extent is in a limited range. However, this range (X/D, denoted by the ratio of intrusion thickness to the distance which is from the calculation depth to the contact surface) changes with the different geological conditions. Generally speaking, the higher of the initial temperature of the magmatic intrusion is, the broader of the range is, and so does the thickness of magmatic intrusion, but the X/D value is usually less than two (X/D<2). The preliminary application of the thermal conduction model shows that the thermal effect of volcanic process has an important effect to the hydrocarbon generation process, which can accelerate the organic matter maturation of the source rock and advance the hydrocarbon generation period.

Pyongnam basin is located in the Central of the Korean Peninsula, Sino-Korean platform. In the Pyongnam basin, Paleozoic strata are well exposed, especially the Cambrian to Silurian System in the middle-southern basin. However, the Upper Ordovician to Lower Carboniferous strata and fossils had not been found in other districts of Pyongnam basin except for the Upper Ordovician to Silurian strata in Goksan and Pobdong region. Recently, in the Pyongyang district, the central of Pyongnam basin, several fossils was newly found from the upper part of Middle Ordovician Series (Mandal Formation) such as Chaetetes cf. nantanensis,  Calceola sp., Thamnopora sp., Cladopora sp. and so on. These fossils are identified as the Devonian in age. The fossiliferous bed extends 2-3 km. The studies of these fossils suggest that it is possible that the upper part of the Mandal Formation could be Devonian System. In the Sino-Korean platform, except for the western and the southwestern, most parts are lack of the Middle Ordovician to Lower Carboniferous Series, only the Benxi Formation’s geological age was recognized as the Early-Late Carboniferous. Most of the Devonian and Early Carboniferous fossils were found in the eastern part of the Sino-Korean platform. It is shows the geotectonic evolution of Paleozoic in the eastern Platform has a different tectonic setting from the western part. This scientific discovery gives a new concept about the paleogeography and geotectonic evolution in the Sino-Korean platform.

Based on discussing each unit of the lithostratigraphic rock composition, fossil assemblages and depositional environment from Mesozoic to Cenozoic in Wulaga fault-depression, Jiayin County, Heilongjiang Province, and comparison with other basins in Sunwu-Jiayin and Songliao basin, the authors divided the Mesozoic and Cenozoic strata into three tectonic layers and five lithostratigraphic units, and discussed their distribution and evolution, and made the regional geological map. The Wulaga basin shows three significantly different basin evolution stages, during which the two distinct unconformities are recognised, namely: the unconformity between upper Cretaceous and Lower Cretaceous and between the Upper Cretaceous and Neogene, thus made three different types of basin evolution stages in Wulaga from Mesozoic to Cenozoic; they are Early Cretaceous rift basin evolution stage, the Late Cretaceous large scale inland depression, and Neogene inland basin evolution stages.

The eastern South China continental block can be subdivided into the Yangtze block and the Cathaycian block. The Xuefengshan intracontinental tectonic system is one important part of the Yangtze block. The distribution of the unconformities between Triassic and Jurassic in the Xuefengshan tectonic system reveals four kinds of contact interfaces, including high-angle unconformity, low-angle unconformity, disconformity and conformity and becoming younger and younger to the west. Then the characteristics of Indosinian folds are also subdivided into two directions of fold axial traces in the South China, i.e. northeast-and northwest-striking folds, which were superimposed by the N-S-trending thrusts. The authors proposed that the longitudinal arcuate and northeastward structures in the Xuefengshan intracontiental tectonic system result from a control of different block borders under the same stress field as the previous one. The first-generation NEE-striking folds are rotated from the earlier NNE-striking folds due to late block rotating. The second-generation NNE-striking folds superimpose the NEE-striking folds. The intracontinental shortening between the Yangtze and Cathaysian blocks was earlier than the collision of the South China block with the Qinling-Dabie micro-continent. The Yangtze block and the Qinling-Dabie micro-continent had rotated in Early Indosinian orogeny. these resulted in a difference between those earlier structural lines formed in Early Triassic, the perpendicular relation to these structural lines was at last remained although they underwent small rotation between the Yangtze and Cathaysian blocks.

To study the relationships of differential stresses and temperature to the melting degree of rocks, we use hornblende granulite to do some high-T and high-p experiments. Firstly, we carried out the dynamic melting experiment by imposing differential stresses from 0 to 25 MPa with step at 5 MPa on natural bulk rock samples under confining p and T at 100 MPa and 700 ℃, respectively. Then, we did the static experiment under the same confining pressure but without differential stresses by increasing the T from 700 to 900 ℃ with the step at 50 ℃. Our experimental results indicate that the melting degree of rocks increases with the increase of differential stresses. Through comparing the slopes of the experiments, we found that if taking 700 ℃ as the starting point, the increase of 5 MPa differential stress is equal to the effect of increasing 40 ℃, suggesting that the intermediate rocks are more sensitive to differential stress then felsic rocks.

The age of tungsten mineralization and petrogenesis of its metallogenetic granitoids, and tectonic environment of the Jiulongnao tungsten orefield in southern Jiangxi Province are studied based on the field investigations and analysis on major-, trace-, and rare earth elements and dating. The Jiulongnao granite is characterized by high silica, alkali, metaluminous to weakly peraluminous, low Ca, Mg, and K₂O/Na₂O>1. It also has relatively high LILE (Rb, K), but low LILE (Ba, Sr), and high HFSE (Th, U, Ce, Y, Sm, Nd, Ta, Hf), low HFSE (Nb, P). In addition, Jiulongnao granite shows strong negative Eu anomalies (δEu=0.07-0.10) and high ratios of 10 000Ga/Al (2.76-2.93). Geochemical features of Jiulongnao granite indicate that it belongs to the A-type. The SHRIMP U-Pb dating of zircon from Jiulongnao granite yields an age of (155.8±1.2) Ma. Re-Os isotopic dating of molybdenite from the Hongshuizhai greisentype tungsten deposit by ICP-MS yields a weighted mean age of (156.3±1.3) Ma, which is consistent with diagenetic age of Jiulongnao granite. Combined with chronological data of Chongyi-Dayu-Shangyou tungsten-tin polymetallic ore concentration area, we conclude that the age of both diagenesis and mineralization of this area are mainly concentrated in 150 to 160 Ma, which is corresponding to the time of the second regional large-scale mineralization in the Mesozoic and these mineralization occurred at the same geodynamic background that is Jurassic intraplate extensional environment during the large-scale extension period of lithosphere.

The recently discovered Jiama super large copper-polymetallic deposit is located in the middle section of Gangdese metallogenic belt, Tibet. Systematic studies including petrography, microthermometry, laser Raman microprobe and SEM/EDS were carried out on the primary fluid inclusions in metallogentic granite and major ore bodies. The analytical results show that dominant fluid inclusions from skarn ore related to metallogensis include liquid-rich, gas-rich two-phase and daughter-minerals bearing polyphase types. Homogenization temperatures of the fluid inclusions range from 225 ℃ to 500 ℃. The average of the salinities of ore-forming fluid is 36.2% NaCleq and the densities vary from 0.89 to 0.98 g/cm³. The ore-forming fluids belong to NaCl-H2O type characterized by high-moderate temperature, high salinity, low density and strong reduction. Besides H₂O, the gas compositions are immiscible system rich in CH₄, H₂S, CO₂ and N₂ etc. The occurrence of organic matter, such as CH₄, C₂H₄ and C₃H₆, suggests that the ore-forming materials were formed in a reduced environment. Based on estimation of mineralization pressure and the relationship between pressure and depth in fracture zones, the mineralization depth is considered to be at 2.2-8.3 km. The analytical results of hydrogen and oxygen isotopic elements show that ore-forming fluids are mainly derived from magmatic water mixed with meteoric water later. The coexistence of daughter-minerals bearing multi-phase inclusions and those liquid-and gas-rich inclusions with different filling degrees, together with their similar homogenization temperatures and much different salinities, indicates that ore-forming fluids had experienced boiling.

This study takes Taoer River basin, a typical basin in semi-arid region of Northeast China, as study area, and simulates its hydrological process by the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) model. Parameter sensitivity analysis is carried out on the upper sub-basin and middle-lower sub-basin to identify the sensitive parameters affecting stream flow. Results show spatial heterogeneity of several parameters’ sensitivities, and the reason is the difference of runoff generating mode caused by spatial heterogeneities of climate and underlying surface. Calibration and verification of hydrological model are carried out by daily hydrological and meteorological data from 1988 to 1997, and the results show that average Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (EC) of monthly runoff simulation at main stream gauging stations is 0.78 for calibration period and 0.72 for verification period, relative coefficient is more than 0.86, relative error of water budget is within 20%, and daily runoff simulation is also fairly good; while the simulation is not satisfied for dry period due to the inadequacy of precipitation gauging station to capture spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation. These researches show the applicability of SWAT model in modeling runoff generation and relative hydrological process in semi-arid region in Northeast China with scarce-data, and meanwhile it provides foundation and tool for improving further study in water resources integrated management of Taoer River basin.

Seismic groundwater level anomalies caused by earthquakes are characterized by diversity and complexity. To further explore the mechanism between deep groundwater dynamics and seismic activity and to play an indicative role of groundwater-level to seismic activity, taking 2008 Wenchuan M_s8.0 earthquake and 2007 Sumatra earthquake M_s8.5 as case study, by the analysis of groundwater-level in the regions including Sichuan, Yunnan, Gansu, Shaanxi,Chongqing, the study summed up the different response characteristics and regularity of the same well water level to the two earthquakes. Groundwater level response characteristics to distant earthquake mainly appeared oscillation-type and step-type, the occurrence of anomalies was later than the earthquake. Groundwater-level response characteristics to local earthquake was relatively complicated,  mainly appearing step, pulse and oscillation types, and the occurrence of anomalies was as almost simultaneous with earthquake . And according to the response mechanism of groundwater-level to crustal stress, the authors analyzed the different response reasons of typical well water levels to distant and local earthquakes. The groundwater-level response to distant earthquake is due to the seismic wave stress on the aquifer medium. The groundwater-level response to local earthquake is mainly due to the regional tectonic stress and the seismic wave stress on the aquifer medium. The smaller the epicenter distance is, the greater the seismic tectonic stress field under the aquifers is.

Bayesian network is applied in water resource management to deal with the uncertainty of multi-object decision-making problem. The relationship between variables is analyzed, and then Bayesian network model is constructed, including directed acyclic graph which describes the dependent relationship of variables and conditional probability tables which express the specific level of the dependency. On the premise that all the six objective variables achieve the intended goals, the probabilistic inference of Bayesian network is taken. Results of the case study show that the compensation amount increase to 500 yuan (RMB) per Mu（Mu≈666.666 7 m²）, all of the objective variables could achieve optimization.  So the reasonable water resources decision scheme that the government should give the compensation of 500 yuan (RMB) per Mu to the farmers was proposed. Bayesian network can intuitively express the uncertain relationship between variables in the case study. The probabilistic inference result takes into the environmental benefit as well as the farmer’s benefit, so the multi-objective variables could achieve optimization. It is an effective method to deal with the multi-objective decision-making problem with uncertainty of water resource management.

To improve the reliability of regional groundwater resource assessment and to apply the theory and method of ecology-oriented regional groundwater resource assessment in arid and semi-arid area, the research on the relationship between groundwater and ecology environment in Junggar basin and Ordos basin is carried out, and the result reveals that groundwater takes significant ecological value. Nowadays it takes inadequate consideration on the ecological value of groundwater in groundwater resource assessment in arid and semi-arid area, which is one of the reasons for inaccurate groundwater resource assessment. The concept of groundwater ecological value is constructed in arid and semi-arid area. In accordant with the sustainable use of groundwater resource quantity and virtuous circle of ecological environment, the theories and methods frame of ecology-oriented regional groundwater resource assessment has established. The fundamental frame of this theory is the systematic perspective and the three principles including integrated assessment of surface water and groundwater, equal attention to water quality and quantity, and the agreement between groundwater resource and its relative ecology environment; and the four models of it includes hydrogeological conceptual model, lumped parameter model, distributed parameter model and the groundwater-based ecology integrated assessment model; its three constrain condition includes water quantity, water level and water quality; and based on the above elements and the platform of  GIS-based groundwater resource assessment information system, the integrated assessment and precaution of groundwater resource, its regulation capacity and the ecological environmental benefits can be carried out. This method frame considers dual attributes of groundwater as both resource and ecology, emphasizes the integrated assessment and precaution of groundwater resource, regulation capacity and the ecological environmental benefit, and is highlighted in the effective integration of model system and GIS tech in regional groundwater assessment and relative ecological environmental assessment.

In order to protect the slope and the natural environment alongside mountain in highway, three-centered circular arch with oblique slant steel pillars support system was constructed. Cut and cover method, tunneling method, arch protection and other excavation methods were taken according to different depths, so it can protect the ecological environment and maintain the stability of the  slopes. Numerical simulations analysis of plane strain at the most disadvantageous position indicated that  three-centered circular arch with oblique slant steel pillars support system with the principal tensile stress of 1.44 MPa, principal compressive stress of 3.24 MPa and displacement of 2.1 mm, was rational on the seasonal frozen region weather conditions, accorded with norm requirements in safety. The structural style of shed-tunnel and measures of waterproof and drainage was designed, which fit for the seasonal frozen region. It supplied experience for highway construction alongside mountain in the seasonal frozen region, fully embody building concepts of disaster prevention and environmental protection.

Vibro-replacement  stone column is uncemented structure. The deformation formed by the vertical load on the vibro-replacement stone column composite ground is more than that on rigid piles composite foundation. The relationship between a vibrator power performance indicators and stone column body strength is established for the study of the stone column composite ground settlement. In the light of compressive modulus concept, combined with vibrating stone column technology, established the relationship of stone column compressive modulus with vibrating force, density column long, density current and vibration time-which is called dynamic method. The compressive modulus from a dynamic method was used in settlement calculation and compared with that settlement using the modulus from load test. The deviation of the settlement with both methods from that based on actual observation projected value is less than 10%.

How to utilize the reasonable theory to research the rule of slipping prone stratum and carrie on the effective forecasting, it is always  urgently  demanded for the solution of geotechnical engineering. Shannon false neighbors model of time series theory are used to study the mechanism of slippery prone stratum deformation destruction. The equations of dynamics for slope evolution are founded based on the process of slope deformation. With the reconstruction in phase space, the formulas of relative dimension and delay time which represent the dynamic characteristics of slope are obtained. The Shannon false neighbors model could get the optimal embedding dimension,  extract and restore the original slope system by analyzing the process of slope deformation destruction. The calculated results of Gushuwu slope based on this new model show that the relative error may be controlled to be within 2%, the preliminary result is similar to actual displacement value. Engineering practice also prove that this model could ensure forecasting precision more than 95% during the initial deformation stage and constant deformation stage, and it is a kind of model that is worth further discussing.

The authors predicted the dynamic characteristics of the debris flow. First, the  granularmetric analysis was carried out and the qualitative judgment of the sedimentary environment was recognized. Then the  granularmetric analysis on  the accumulation zone of the debris flow was accomplished with the graphic method and the preliminary judgment of the dynamic characteristics was described. Finally, the force balance equation of the grain during the debris motion process was setup. The features of  the debris flow accumulation zone of  Fangshanguo along the Jinshajiang river was analyzed and   conclusions were come out: the debris flow is composed of the gravel generally and poor in  sorting, it made with the use of pulling and rolling of the gravity slope. Base on it,  the velocity of Fangshanguo gully was calculated as u_b=8.67 m/s.

Because of the deformation resulted from the vibrational loading around the tunnel near the Hailun road station of Line 4 of Shanghai Metro, the phenomenon of partial cracks and water penetration occurred seriously. Through the dynamic triaxial tests under controlling the stress of reinforced soft clay obtained from the soil around the tunnel near the Hailun road station of Line 4 of Shanghai Metro, the laws of dynamic pore pressure by vibrational loading of subway were analyzed by taking into account of the influence of the confined pressure, consolidation ratio, cyclic loading amplitudes and vibration frequency. The results show that the pore pressure of reinforced soft clay increased with the increase of cyclic number and cyclic loading amplitudes while decreased with the increase of confined pressure and vibration frequency under the same circumstance. Also, the laws of residual pore pressure of reinforced soft clay could be forecasted by quadratic logarithmic relationship curve model.

Drill bit’s wear rate is essential to raise drilling efficiency, increase bit’s service life and decrease the drilling cost. On the base of results of cautiously investigation by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the authors present a new view on the deterioration and wear mechanisms of cemented carbide rock drill buttons for the DTH hammer drill. The deterioration mechanism includes a composite-scale crack formation, WC grain-scale crack formation, and oxidation and corrosion of WC grains；And wear mechanism includes crushing of WC grains and releasing of fragments, detachment of whole or parts of WC grains, tribo-chemical wear of the carbides. The reason why the buttons on the edge of the bit are worn so terribly is analyzed. The line speed of those buttons is much higher and causes a heavy abrasion which means the WC grains crush terribly. The drilling rate becomes much lower because of a heavy abrasion in large area on the buttons made by the detachment of WC grains； And a reasonable way to maintain the buttons is put forward appropriately.

Saline soil in inshore has some problems which were resulted from crystallizing and dissolving in salt and water absorption of soil. It must be treated in the stage of engineering construction. It has been suggested that rice straw can be anti-decayed with SH agent and used for reinforcing saline soil. Some tests were carried out in order to study the water content, maximum tension and maximum elongation of rice straw in condition of natural, soaked in water, soaked in SH agent and soaked in water after SH agent respectively. The results indicate that: (1) The water content of rice straw soaked in SH agent is obviously less than of natural rice straw, the biggest decreasing rate is 50%. (2) The maximum elongation and maximum tension of rice straw soaked in SH agent is more than those of natural rice straw, with the biggest increasing rate of 26% and 23%. (3) The maximum elongation and maximum tension of rice straw soaked in seawater after in SH agent is more than those soaked in seawater, with the biggest increasing rate of 12% and 11%. (4) Results of SEM and EDS test show that SH agent infiltrates into voids of rice straw and enhances the connection of fiber. In future, SH agent can be used to slow down the decay of rice straw and reinforcing saline soil with rice straw is feasible.

The main eleven coal mining areas in Jilin Province were selected for this research. With the method of landscape ecological risk analysis, CBERS remote sensing images obtained in 2008 were used as the main data source, to calculate the indices of landscapes pattern of different coal mining areas and draw the distribution map of the ecological risk. Comparative analysis of ERI between coal mining areas, the values of the mining areas in central Jilin Province are higher than those in south and east parts. The ERI of Jiaohe and Shansonggang mining areas with values of 0.360 2 and 0.321 0, respectively, are significantly higher than others.

Based on systematic field investigations and sample collection and test of soil and apple-pear in Yanbian area, by using methods of statistical comparison and correlation analysis, we studied on the spatial differences of soil total calcium, soil exchangeable calcium and calcium in fruit, calciums convert-absorption characteristics in soil-fruit system and the effect on fruit quality. The aim of the research is to reveal calcium's migration and transformation law and its ecological effect serving for land use. The results show that total calcium is generally lacked in soil of Yanbian area, and calciums convert-absorption in soilfruit system differs a lot in different areas. The results also show that calciums absorption in a variable range has a significant negative correlation with the content of exchangeable calcium in soil. Our results indicate that the exchangeable calcium of soil has a significantly positive correlation with pH of soil and also correlates with the four indexes representing fruit quality, rich content of calcium is helpful to fruit quality.

Spatial interpolation played an important role in  spatial distribution of heavy metals in soil and pollution assessment. Soil sample contaminated by Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd,As and Hg elements in Yicheng district , Hefei were collected and analyzed. We validated and appraised the representative spatial interpolation methods  such as inverse distanced weighted (IDW), radial basis function (RBF) and ordinary kriging (Kriging). The results showed that Kriging exhibited best effect in Cu, Pb and As, IDW in Zn and RBF in Cd and Hg.

The research investigated the distribution and correlation of heavy metals in groundwater of sewage irrigation area in Pearl River Delta. 14 groundwater samples and five surface water samples were collected in August 2008, and the groundwater samples were filtrated through 0.45 μm membranes in the field site. The results showed that the amount of Ni and As in some groundwater samples exceeded the standards for drinking water quality in China, and the over standard rates were 14.3% and 42.9%, respectively. The concentration of Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn, Se and Cd in all groundwater samples was lower than the upper limits for drinking water quality in China. There was a good relationship between the contents of these eight heavy metals in surface water, industrial wastewater and groundwater of sewage irrigation area. Furthermore, there was a significant or remarked significant positive correlation between Cd, Cu, Zn and Pb in groundwater, a remarked significant positive correlation between Cu and Pb in groundwater, a remarkable positive correlation between Cu and Cd in groundwater, a significant positive correlation between Cr and Ni in groundwater and no significant correlation between As and other seven heavy metals. The result of cluster analysis showed that these eight heavy metals can be divided into four categories: Pb and Cu;  Se, Cd, Ni and Zn; Cr； As. Pb and Cu had a good similarity with Fe. Se, Cd, Ni and Zn had a good similarity with Mg²⁺. Cr and HCO^－₃ had a good similarity, and As and SO^2－₄ had a certain similarity.

Tourmaline was proposed as a multi-functional purifying agent to reduce the safety and health risks of drinking water. After heat treatment at different temperatures, some tourmaline FTIR absorption peaks intensity were weakened or even disappeared and peaks position were translocated. Lowtemperatures treated tourmaline could quickly adjust acidic solution to weak alkaline. Moreover, there was a tendency to adjust strong alkaline solution to weak alkaline. After heat treatment at 800℃, the tourmaline could remove fluoride ion  and heavy metal ions effectively, and the removal rates was more than 64% and 96%, respectively. In addition, tourmaline could reduce ¹⁷O NMR full width at half maximum intensity from 102 Hz to 72 Hz, reduce the cluster structure of water molecules and increase dissolved oxygen in water from 5.60mg/L to 6.11mg/L.

Inorganic materials such as activated carbon fiber, peat, vermiculite, kaoline, perlite, calcium base bentonite, activated charcoal and diatomite were employed as the modifier for PVA-H₃BO₃ immobilization method. A screened atrazine degradation bacterium was embedded to make bio-beads and the impact of above describedinorganic materials on atrazine removal capacity and the swelling of bio-beads were investigated at 10℃. The results showed that the atrazine removal by unmodified bio-beads and kaoline modified bio-beads followed zero-order kinetics equation, while others followed first-order kinetics equation. The atrazine removal by activated charcoal modified bio-beads had the shortest half-life of 2.61 h and the atrazine removal by nitrifying peat modified bio-beads had the longest half-life of 39.93 h. According to the experiment and SEM analysis, peat modified by sodium hydroxide, diatomite, vermiculite, peat heated at 130℃, sulfonated peat, perlite modified bio-beads and bio-beads unmodified by inorganic material did not swell.

The effects of ligands on the attenuation of nitrobenzene by Fe (Ⅱ) in static experiment. Results indicated that the ligand species and concentration had significant effects on the attenuation of nitrobenzene. When Fe (Ⅱ) concentration was 5 mmol/L, the Fe (Ⅱ)-cysteine complexe had the best effect on nitrobenzene attenuation and the removal rate of nitrobenzene was 86.16%. The highest removal rate of nitrobenzene was above 65% when the concentration of ligands was 50 mmol/L; When the concentration of Fe (Ⅱ) and ligands was stable, the nitrobenzene concentration also had effects on its attenuation. The highest degradation rate was achieved at the nitrobenzene concentration of 100 mg/L and the degradation rate decreased as the increasing nitrobenzene concentration. In the process of nitrobenzene attenuation by Fe (Ⅱ)-complexe, the Fe (Ⅱ) was oxidated as Fe (Ⅲ).

Interactive inversion of arbitrary shaped three-dimensional body is used to explain complex magnetic body. This approach can be described as follow: the vertical line element method is used to calculate the geological magnetic anomalies, and the visualized technology was used to achieve human-computer interactive inversion. The accuracy affect factors were analyzed through theoretical model: when the number of split sections decrease from 17 to 3, the approximate calculation of the mean square error increased from 0.099 nT to 3.160 nT. The approximate calculation errors will be much smaller when the divided sections number is more. When the divided sections number is fixed, as the center depth increases from 100 meters to 500 meters, the maximum relative error decreased from 39.19% to 7.84%. This indicated that the deeper the center depth, the smaller approximate calculation error gets. Therefore how to divide magnetic body reasonably is the main aspect to improve inversion precision. And two improvement measures are proposed: the model division criterion and potential curve restriction criterion were employed and that can be improved the calculation accuracy. This method is applied in estimating banded iron formation (BIF) of a deposit in Eyre Peninsula, South Australia. The inversion interpreting result is validated by boreholes.

A novel method is developed to compute the Green’s function of a current point source buried in electrical conductive layered earths. In this method, the kernel function of Green’s function is firstly approximated by multiexponential series with the fact that the function is real and mono-decay or mono-increase, and then with the help of Somerfeld-Lipschtz integration, the Green’s function can be expressed in a closed form of the summation of a finite series. Numerical results show that with the following optimized parameters, one can get a highly accurate computation of Green’s function: (1)λ_min=10^-6, λ_max=10，with number of samples N=128, and  λ sampled in logarithmic mode; (2) T_2min=10^-7,T_2max=10³, T₂ is sampled in logarithmic mode with 64 samples; (3) the most optimized regularization parameter α² could be 10^-5, and the simplest model is the preferred solution constraint.

Layered medium attenuation algorithm using constant Q model for ground penetrating radar (GPR) signal processing is introduced. Comparing with traditional GPR method in which it used single Q-factor to describe the attenuation of medium, moreover, the Q-factor of layered medium is determined by getting mean square root Q value using the spectral ratio method. At the same time, the step can be described as follow: the theory of wavefield downward continuation is applied to GPR signals to process the inverse Q filtering data. First, it assumes the underground Q model with multilayer constant Q structure. For each constant Q-layer, the surface wavefield records are directly extended to the top of the current layer. And then in the wavefield extended of the constant Q-layer, the signals are inverse Q filtered through generalized S transform in time-frequency domain. And then the generalized S inverse transform is done on the results of the filtering to obtain the time-domain signal of the inverse Q filtering. Finally, using this method, the amplitude and phase of three-layer GPR signals attenuation which are synthesized and two-layer GPR signals’ attenuation which are gained though test are compensated, and the result shows that the algorithm is correct and valid in inverse Q filtering of GPR signals.

Based on wave equation, inverse data method is induced from feedback iteration method to attenuate surface-related multiples, which uses the separation properties between primaries and multiples in inverse data domain. After transforming seismic data with multiples to inverse data domain, multiples energy is focused in some area. Attenuating surface-related multiples in inverse data domain can be realized by muting the focus energy simply, which avoiding adaptive fitting subtraction during prediction and subtraction based on wave equation, and primaries energy can not be harmed. Single trace seismic record and synthetic shot data model tests show that inverse data method is simple and applicable, which can attenuate surface-related multiples effectively, also maintain primaries well. Comparing with conventional SRME method show that inverse data method can cope with intercept events between primaries and multiples well.

GI air gun is becoming the main shooting source in offshore seismic exploration. With two gas chamber, named chamber G and chamber I, it can suppress bubble oscillation much better than conventional air gun with only one gas chamber. Based on free bubble oscillation theory, the working mechanism of GI air gun is analyzed, and the numerical model of GI air gun signature is established considering the effects, such as heat transfer across the bubble wall and fluid viscosity, on bubble oscillation. The model is used to simulate the bubble oscillation and far-field signature,  and the simulation results indicate that: ① when the gas is released from chamber G and the bubble reaches its maximum volume, the released gas from chamber I restrains effectively the contraction of bubble, the movement of bubble wall is slowed down, and the bubble is gradually becoming stable. ② the signature of GI air gun has strong peak amplitude and weak sidelobes, which is helpful for high resolution offshore seismic exploration.

In the seismic exploration, effective medium theories based on Hertz-Mindlin equivalent medium model were often used to predict the seismic elastic properties of unconsolidated sands. But those theories often give relative larger shear modulus comparing to measured data. By using 3D discrete element simulation, a series of uniaxial compression and pure shear test were carried out on granular material for the sake to study the insufficiencies of those effective medium theories from the level of microscale of particle size and mesoscale of force chain. The simulation result indicates that stress relaxation getting from the rotation and rearrangements of particles has neglect influences on the calculation of bulk modulus. But the stress relaxation has significant influences on the calculation of shear modulus under the shear stress perturbation. Shear stiffness calibration factor (C) and combined parameter R/R were advocated to calibration those effective medium theories based on Hertz-Mindlin equivalent medium model to accounting for the influence of relaxation in contact area and grain angularity.

Making use of the tube wave detection method to find geological disasters, such as karsts or corrosion cracks within a certain range around the borehole, is a new means of engineering geophysical survey. To better understand the tube wave propagation mechanism in fluid-filled boreholes, a staggered-grid finite-difference approach is applied to compute the wave propagation in homogeneous isotropic media including a fluid-filled borehole. Firstly, the wave motion equation was introduced, and the finite-difference solution was obtained with Taylor’s series expansion, and then, the stability and absorption boundary conditions were discussed. Using a homogenous isotropic model, the snapshots were calculated under the non-borehole conditions and borehole conditions respectively. Two models were designed for the seismology, one was a three-layered model containing a hole filled with soil, and another was a practical model designed according to field data. Numerical simulation results showed that tube wave reflections existed on the interface of different impedance, such as formation interfaces and karst boundaries; the difference of physical properties of strata had an influence on the amplitude and the frequency of reflection waves; and in the synthesis record, the intersection of reflection tube waves and direct tube waves is consistent with the actual boundaries of formation or anomalous bodies designed in the theoretical model.

A physics model for cross well seismic based on interaction between acoustic field excited by an external explosive source and a borehole has studied. The theoretical expressions of acoustics for all frequency in and out a borehole are obtained. Full waveform simulation and frequency-phase velocity analysis for different center frequency of seismic source, different offset and different formation were studied. The results show that the acoustic fields inside the borehole are composed of infinitude of multiple fields with different orders. It shows the frequency-velocity figures for source nearby borehole wall are similar to those of acoustic logs. The higher center frequency, more formation hardy and more different offset, the more orders should be calculated. The amplitude of Stoneley waves will increase as center frequency and offset are becoming smaller.  It is of help us to further understand cross well seismic prospecting by theoretical and numerical simulation.

Non-linear analysis methods were used to extract characteristics information included in logging signals. Using one of analysis methods of non-stationary signal-the run-length method, non-stationary characteristics of reservoir well logging data can be analyzed. On this basis, the largest Lyapunov exponent of chaotic characteristics was extracted by non-linear chaos method. The results showed that the reservoir logging signals have non-stationary characteristics, in the same time, that the largest Lyapunov exponent is greater than zero, which indicate that logging data have chaotic characteristics. For this reason, non-linear chaos theory methods can be adopted to extract information of reservoir well logging in order to effectively describe characteristics of real reservoir well logging data.

Three dimensional geographic information system (3D GIS) and multiple scale　national fundamental geographic information data were used to survey the superficial strata attitude with the support of computer system.This method can be used to replace the traditional field survey method. So in this scene, with the digital elevation model data and high-resolution remote sensing images, the real three-dimensional geographic scene is build. We select and survey multiple points and their coordinates by means of human-computer interaction by measuring the spatial coordinate of multiple points (over 10 points) on the strata and using least square method to solve the fitting planar of these measured points, a practical method for obtaining the solution of the shallow bed attitude was making use of 3D GIS. Fitting plane equations was used to calculate each element of the rocks attitude. In order to verify the result’s accuracy, visualization is done by putting the plane into a 3D analysis scene. By this method experts can visually determine the reliability of rock occurrence, by continuously changing the location of measurement points improve the process of iterative calculation accuracy of rock occurrence.

In vegetation covered seriously field, based on synthetic spectral information model, the study on hyperspectral remote sensing information extraction for alteration mineral has been carried on. Taken Dayingzi field, Chengde City, Hebei Province as an example, based on the spectral curve difference between alteration minerals and background objects, the alteration mineral distributing information of chlorite，clinochlore，calcite and dolomite has been extracted based on Hyperion data in the field of vegetation covered more than 70 percent. The extracted alteration mineral distribution information is the same as the geology and mineral resources data conformed in the filed. At last, combining with the remote sensing geology interpretation result and relative geology information, with the combination distribution characteristics of the alteration mineral, the further favorable exploration area was delineated.

The fundamental purpose of the experiment of hot-pressing molding likeness flagstones with iron-tailings powder is to seek an effective way of recycling abandoned iron-tailings powder and make it as the architectural profiles that have been massive consumed in construction markets and with high additional value. So the hot-pressing molding likeness flagstones have been experimented with iron-tailings powder based on the principle of glass-ceramic forming. Four types of mixed power have been used in the hot-pressing molding experiment. And the common component of the mixed power are iron-tailings powder, Al₂O₃、MgCO₃、CaCO₃、BaCO₃ and Na₂CO3. Using the hydraulic extrusion intermediate frequency heating furnace, they have been hot-pressing molded with in temperature range 900 to 1 000℃, in the pressure range 10 to 20 MPa, in temperature rising time range 5 to 8 minutes and in temperature holding time range 10 to 30 minutes. The samples of the hot-pressing molding with iron-tailings powder were cooled to room temperature inside the furnace or outside the furnace. The experimental results show that the iron-tailings powder can be used to make stone-like material by hot-pressing when added the suitable additives and tailor the temperature and pressure. The best temperature range is 950 to 1 000℃. The hardness of the  made material has a nonlinear relationship with the pressure. When the pressure surpasses 15 MPa the hardness of the made material has obvious improvement. The most Rockwell hardness of all samples is HRC 37.