The formation model of pull apart with stepwise dextral strike-slipping of the Beibuwan basin is proposed based on its regional geological background, geometric pattern, basinal boundaries, faulting in the basin, migration of depocenter and internal structures in the basin. The formation and development of the basin is controlled by right stepping fault pattern composed of the Hepu-Beiliu, the Xinyi-Lianjiang, the Wuchuan-Sihui and the Yangjiang-Heyuan fault belts. Flower-like structures developed in the Paleogene show that the basin experienced transtension and consequent structural inversion under transpression in Neogene. This mechanism is simultaneous and similar with Mesozoic-Cenozoic pull-apart basins in South China. The pre-existing deep-seated strike-slipping faults in the basement of the basin are the precedent geological conditions for the formation of the Beibuwan basin in Cenozoic. However, the fundamental factors controlling the formation of the Beibuwan basin are gradual increase of collision of the Indian-Australia to the Eurasia plates coupled with the subduction of the Pacific Plate.

The oil and gas reservoir in the middle fault depression belt of Hailar-Tamtsag basin shows great potential and with large scale. They distribute widespread in the Cretaceous sequences. Although it has been provided with favorable geology and accumulation conditions of oil and gas, and serves as the key field of oil and gas exploration in the future, the formation and accumulation rules are not clear. Based on integrated statistic analysis and geological data, we focus on the formation, distribution, and accumulation of oil and gas reservoir in the area. The controlling factors are as follows. First, multi-period structural movement controlled the basin framework and established the structural pattern of depression with rich oil accumulation. Second, different tectonic phase controlled the sedimentary infilling evolution. The fault slope break belt and structural transfer zone controlled the fan body distribution. All of them supply advantageous reservoir for oil and gas accumulation with great scale. Third, clastic rock with high content of volcanic substance was easy to dissolve, which resulted in the development of secondary pore, and it created beneficial condition for the formation of favorable reservoirs. We therefore that concluded that the concave uplift belt of composite half-graben fault depression and the great gentle slope fault terrace belt served as favorable oil and gas reservoir. Hydrocarbon kitchen controlled the distribution of oil and gas reservoir. The favorable facies belt was an important factor for oil and gas enrichment. The results may be useful for the consideration in similar petroleum system exploration.

The diagenetic characteristics of deep natural gas reservoirs and the control of diagenesis on reservoirs in the lower part of the Fourth Member of the Shahejie Formation (Es₄x) in the north zone of the Minfeng sag in the Dongying depression haven’t been clearly understood, which have led to great risks to hydrocarbon exploration in this area. Based on a combination of thin-section identification, scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation, fluid inclusion analysis and an analysis of core properties, it has been systematically studied about the diagenetic characteristics and its influence on the reservoir property. Nearshore subaqueous fan glutenite is the main regional reservoirs, and the diagenesis is characterized by strong compaction, poor compaction, dissolution and cementation of many stages, complex metasomatism and lime-mud matrix recrystallization. The main cementation-dissolution sequence is feldspar dissolution/quartz overgrowth →carbonate cementation / quartz dissolution →carbonate dissolution /quartz overgrowth →pyrite cementation and bitumen filling. The difference of sedimentary characteristics in different sub/micro-facies of nearshore subaqueous fan controls the difference of diagenetic characteristics, which also determines the difference of reservoir physical property. The conglomerate in inner fan mainly experiences compaction and lime-mud matrix recrystallization, with weak dissolution, and its physical properties keep reducing. The lime-mud matrix recrystallization results in a rapid reduction of physical properties in middle-deep layers. The present physical property of inner fan becomes extremely poor and mainly develops dry layers. Because acid dissolution reconstruct the reservoirs and early hydrocarbon filling and abnormal high pressure can protect reservoirs, the reservoirs far away from mudstone layers in the braided channels of middle fan develop a great number of primary pores and a few secondary pores, have a higher porosity and permeability, and can be effective reservoirs for natural gas. The parts in interdistributaries of middle fan and outer fan develop intensively cementation, it forms dense cemented crusts at the top of the sandstone, and therefore they mainly act as cap rocks.

There are large-scale outcrop of oil shale in Lunpola basin, and the Lunpola oil shale is characterized by high oil content, high ash and special low sulfur according to the criteria of the oil shale industry classification. The Lunpola oil shale mainly developed in the Dingqinghu Formation, and had been formed in a semi-deep to deep lacustrine depositional environment. Based on collected data and lithofacies paleogeography study, the thickness of Lunpola oil shale was controlled by sedimentary facies, and gradually decreased in ring trend from deep lacustrine facies, semi-deep lacustrine facies, shallow lacustrine facies to lakeshore facies. The oil shale thickness is relatively large in Lunpori and Jiangriacuo area, which are located in the basin center, and has great prospects for development and utilization.

Eastern  Russia is rich in oil and gas resources and has a large number of proved reserves. They are mainly involved in three types including terrigenous clastic rocks and carbonates of the Late ProterozoicEarly Paleozoic oil-gas-bearing basins in Eastern Siberia, siliceous rocks on the continental shelf of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic oil-gas-bearing basins in the Far East, and graywacke of the Middle Paleocene-Eocene oil gas bearing formation in  the coastal depressions of the far east. Furthermore, the formation ages of the oil-gas-bearing basins in the Far East become younger from west to east. They are from Jurassic, Cretaceous, to Cenozoic. The Mesozoic-Cenozoic coalbed methane basins are widespread in Eastern Russia, and among them  the Lena basin and South Yakutia basin are the two most important ones. Evolution and distribution characteristics of the coalbed methane basins are mainly controlled by the overlying and underlying stratigraphic systems, folds and faults, and metamorphism. The Sakhalin shelf, Okhotsk and the deep-water basins of the Bering Sea in Russia Far East are rich in gas hydrates. And the methane contained in the gas hydrate was generally considered to be from deep hydrocarbon reservoir; however, some experts have thought that it may come from the deep ocean outside the continental shelf.

To evaluate the development potential of the coalbed methane (CBM) in Jixi basin, a series of experiments (including coal macerals, microfractures, adsorption isotherm and mercury porosimetry analysis and so on ) are conducted on the collected coal samples. The drilling data, gas desorption, coal and gas outburst data are integrated to study the geological and physical properties of the coal reservoirs in the area. The geological controlling factors for CBM gases include structure, hydrology, and the sealing nature of the roof and floor lithology. The Pingma thrust fault and its nearby compressive crumpled structures are favorable for CBM preservation while the Dunmi normal fault is conducive, hence is not favored for CBM enrichment. Hydrological controlling factors for CBM gases are divided into three main categories: the hydraulic migration, hydraulic seal and hydraulic blocking, their roles on CBM enrichment are different. Based on the research of the roof lithology, the upper Muleng thick mudstone has a good capability for CBM sealing. GIS-based multi-level fuzzy mathematical evaluation method is used to calculate the amount of the CBM resources in the Chengzihe Formation in Jixi basin and to predict favorable CBM targets. The total CBM resource of the Chengzihe Formation in Jixi basin is estimated at 1 334.52×10⁸m³, with an average resource concentration of 0.42×10⁸ m³/km². The EW trending belt of the northern sag and the central area of the southern sag in Jixi basin are considered to be the most favorable areas for future CBM exploration and development.

Based on the thermal conductivity and pore connectivity differences between parallel and perpendicular to the bedding plane of argillaceous rock，siltstone，sandstone and dolostone of Zhanhua depression in Bohai Bay basin，we delineated the relationship between the thermal conductivity and the pore connectivity differences. According to the experimental results，the thermal conductivity parallel to the bedding plane of argillaceous rock，siltstone and sandstone are higher than that perpendicular to the bedding plane. And the thermal conductivity parallel to the bedding plane of dolostone is lower than that perpendicular to the bedding plane. Between parallel and perpendicular to the bedding planes of sedimentary rocks，it is positive correlation between  thermal conductivity difference and the pore connectivity difference. The thermal conductivity is higher in the direction that pore connectivity is better. And the thermal conductivity is lower in the direction that pore connectivity is poor.

Well trajectory has important impact on the drilling encounter ration of fractures. In order to study the influence of wellbore inclination angle on the statistics of fracture characteristic parameters, over 100 wells with FMI data are grouped into wells with small inclination angle (including vertical wells) and wells with large inclination angle (including horizontal wells). The author  carried out the statistics of average fracture dip and fracture intensity by using FMI data of the two grouped wells respectively, and compared the results with the statistics derived from all ungrouped wells. It shows that the average fracture dip and fracture intensity are both smaller than the statistic results from the wells with large inclination angle and ungrouped wells. So, the drilling encounter ration of fractures for wells with small inclination angle is obviously smaller than the one for wells with large inclination angle. This conclusion is of significance in three aspects, first, for the G-H layer of the fractured carbonate reservoir described, wells with large inclination angle should be drilled in order to  further evaluate the oil exploration potential. Secondly, only the drilling and well data from the wells which are nearly perpendicular to the fracture surface should be used if we want to get accurately statistics of fracture inclination angle and a more objective evaluation of fracture density. In addition, for the exploration and development of the same high angle fractured reservoirs, it strongly suggests that slant wells with large inclination angle should be used.

Based on the integrated analysis of the bathymetric data and high-resolution seismic data, the morphological features and internal structures of the Central Canyon System (CCS) in eastern Qiongdongnan basin (QDNB) have been described and dissected accurately. The result shows that the CCS in eastern QDNB was located in the central part of the Changchang depression with an NEE orientation, showing a narrow, straight course in the plan and symmetrical V-shaped morphology with steep flanks in seismic profiles. The infillings were considered as turbidite channel lag deposits, mass transport complex-sheet sands (MTC-sheet complex) with cake-layer geometry, turbidites, and collapse deposits. They showed a multiple evolutional processes. The distinct differences of the CCS between the western and eastern segments implied that the canyon in eastern QDNB was primarily controlled by the plaeo-morphological feature associated to the tectonic transformation around 11.6 Ma, which might form the axial sub-basin in the central part of Changchang depression seemed as the rudiment of the CCS, define the morphology, and influence the sediment transports and accumulation patterns. The canyon in eastern QDNB wasconsidered as a tectonic-dominated submarine canyon. During the Holocene period, the sufficient deposits could be discharged by the slope canyons at the lower slope, where the modern submarine fan developed. Then the deposits were captured by the head of modern central canyon, and further transported along the canyon from west to east. The three modern sediment transportation models in eastern QDNB, the vertical transportation along the slope from north to south, the veer motion transportation in the head area of modern central canyon dominated by the topography, and the axial transportation associated to the canyon orientation from west to east, would be helpful in understanding the deepwater sedimentary processes in QDNB and provide more evidence for the forming of the CCS.

Xujiaweizi fault depression is a Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous deep half-graben type extensional fault depression in northern Songliao basin, and volcanic rocks developed. The article is mainly based on macro and micro studies on outcrops, cores and thin sections. Tectonic fractures and corrosion fractures are well developed, and show apparent regularity. Most of primary fractures are transformed into secondary fractures by later tectonic stress or dissolution. Fractures formation are controlled by several factors, for instance, regional tectonic stress and its evolution, structure, lithology, lithofacies, dissolution, weathering. Among these, tectonic stress field evolution, lithology and lithofacies, weathering and dissolution are dominant factors. Most of tectonic fractures are characterized by high angle, tensional and torsional, part filled or unfilled, multi-period, and multi-directional, which is the results of the superposition of various geological and tectonic role from Late Jurassic to Neogene. Local development of fractures are controlled by local stress field distribution. In general, since obvious stress concentration, fault systems are fracture development zone. Local stress are especially concentrated in the hanging wall of normal fault, the end of normal and reverse fault, and anticline axis, where tectonic fractures are abundant. The effective hydrocarbon reservoirs in volcanic rocks are controlled by combination of primary pore spaces and structural fractures. The fracture development shows vertical cyclicity because of multi-eruption, weathering and unconformable surface. The dissolution fractures develop near unconformity. In plane, the fractures mainly developed in fault-concentrated area, faults intersection, anticline and syncline. Pores and fractures is the most developed in explosive and effusive facies, especially in effusive rhyolite. The rhyolite is the most advantageous reservoir and high yield gas production area.

The Chengchao iron deposit is the largest skarn iron deposit in the southeastern Hubei ore cluster, but the genesis of the intrusive rocks is poorly constrained. In this contribution, mineralogy, geochemistry and Sr-Nd-Pb isotope of different type intrusive rocks have been studied. The biotite in the granite, quartzmonzonite porphyry and diorite is high in Mg contents, indicating that they derived from the mixture of mantle and crust material. The oxygen fugacity of the primary biotite in the granite and quartzmonzonite porphyry associated with the iron mineralization is high, indicating that the granite and quartzmonzonite porphyry are more favorable for the iron mineralization. Different types of intrusive rocks dominantly exhibit high K₂O content and metaluminous, and characterized by enrichment in the large iron lithophile elements(e.g. Rb, Ba and K) and light rare earth elements, and depletion in the high field elements(e.g. Nb,Ta and Ti).They have moderately high initial Sr((⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i=0.705 0-0.709 1) and negtive ε_Nd(ε_Nd(t)=-14.16--6.95), and ratios of ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb,²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb are 17.636-18.919, 15.451-15.613, 37.833-39.556 respectively. Viewed comprehensively from mineralogical characteristics of minerals in and geochemical and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic features of intrusive rocks, it can be concluded that the intrusive rocks in the deposit are originated from the partial melting of an enriched mantle source, and then followed by significant contamination of the lower crust material during the evolution of magma. 140 Ma diorite probably contains more mantle components than the granite and quartz monzonite porphyry of 128 Ma. The average zircon saturation temperatures in the granite and quartz monzonite porphyry are 783℃ and 788℃, respectively, similar to that for the diorite(765℃).

R/Ra values of fluid inclusions from pyrite and quartz veins from alkali-rich porphyry molymetallic deposits in western Yunnan are mainly in the range of 0.160 8-3.470 0, being much higher than the corresponding values of the crust, but a little lower than those of the mantle; the average ²⁰Ne/²²Ne values and ²¹Ne/²²Ne values are averaged at 11.271 0 and 0.032 2, being close to those of the mantle;⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar values and ³⁸Ar/³⁶Ar values are averaged at 395.510 0 and 0.197 60 respectively, being higher than the air ratio but are lower than the MORB ratio; compared with air, ¹²⁸Xe/¹³⁰Xe，¹²⁹Xe/¹³⁰Xe，¹³¹Xe/¹³⁰Xe，¹³²Xe/¹³⁰Xe，¹³⁴Xe/¹³⁰Xe，¹³⁶Xe/¹³⁰Xe values show a surplus characteristics; δ³⁰Si values of the silicon-rich ore-forming fluids vary from -2.4‰ to -0.1‰, showing a characteristic feature of the original mantle fluids almost without  isotopic kinetic fractionation, while δ³⁰Si values of the alkali-rich magma range from 0.0‰ to 0.4‰,showing a feature of the metasomatic enriched mantle fluids with drastic isotopic kinetic fractionation. So noble gas and silicon isotopic compositions reveal that ore-bearing fluids have both mantle-derived and the crust-modified characteristics in western Yunnan. The ore-forming materials mainly derived from the differentiation products of the metasomatized enriched mantle. These alkali-rich magma and related silicon-rich ore-forming fluids carried the ore-forming materials upwards into the crust through the deep faults. The replacement and alteration of the alkali-rich porphyry and their host strata by the silica-rich ore-forming fluids during the crystallization processes of the alkali-rich magmas led to the overprinting and contamination of the mantle and crust materials. It is such a process of fluids that makes up the key controlling factors for the Cenozoic alkali-rich porphyry polymetallic deposits in western Yunan.

The Sifangdianzi Mo deposit in Jilin Province is a recently discovered quartz-vein type molybdenum deposit. The orebodies are mainly hosted in monzogranite. Its ore-forming processes can be divided into three stages: barren quartz-vein stage, quartz-molybdenite-pyrite stage and quartz-carbonatate stage. By the LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating of zircons, we obtained the age of 170.0±1.0 Ma for granodiorite, and the age of 179.0±1.0 Ma for monzogranite. Based on the Re-Os dating of molybdenite from quartz vein type ore, the model ages obtained are from 175.0±2.6 to 176.5±2.6 Ma averaged at 176.1±1.1 Ma, and having an isochronic age of 176.6±4.2 Ma. It is indicated that the Sifangdianzi Mo deposit was formed in the early Jurassic Period. SiO₂ values of the granitic rocks change from 66.17% to 76.60%, Na₂O and K₂O are in the range of 3.15% to 5.40% and 2.42% to 5.42% respectively, their Rittmann indexes vary from 2.17 to 2.93; Their REE patterns demonstrate right-oblique linear REE patterns, the trace elements show relative enrichment of the large ion lithophile elements, and depletion of the high field strength elements. The geochemical characteristics of the granitic rocks imply they belong to I-type granite. The geotectonic mechanisms responsible for the diagenesis and mineralization were probably related to subduction of the paleo-Pacific Plate to the Eurasian continent.

Based upon analysis of lithology，grain-size，major elements and dating data for core SFK-1，which is located in the depression area of Xihu on the continental shelf of East China Sea，this contribution studied the geochemical characteristics of sediments since the Last Pleistocene. The results showed that geochemical information of elements has good indicator significances to stratigraphical division．The mean of each major element was respectively SiO₂ 65.35%，Al₂O₃ 12.12%，FeO 1.75%，CaO 3.88%，MgO 2.04%， K₂O 2.63%，Na₂O 2.04%，TiO₂ 0.66%，P₂O₅ 0.12%，MnO 0.065%，TFe₂O₃ 4.74%，CaCO₃ 5.38%，with less coefficient of variation，indicated a smaller divergent extent of major element. The variations of CaCO₃/TiO₂, CaO/TiO₂ and P₂O₅/TiO₂ ratios can reflect the intensity of weathering；The TiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratio can be used as a paleo-stream energy indicator to reflect the intensity of stream hydrodynamic conditions；The variations of SiO₂/TiO₂, Na₂O/TiO₂ ratios can be used as proxies to reconstruct the sedimentary hydrodynamic conditions for the whole core sediment. The divisions of the 8 layers are respectively connected with the grain size of sediment，climate change boundary, strata boundaries according to the vertical variation characteristics of major elements，which reflect the change of sediment environment in East China Sea since the late last interglacial cycle ( warm period).

The piston core WPC1101 collected from western Clarion-Clipperton fracture  zone, Eastern Pacific, was studied by the methods of rock magnetism, magnetostatigraphy and biogeochronology. The results of rock magnetic measurements, which include isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM), IRM acquisition curves and hysteresis loops showed that most of subsamples contain magnetite as the magnetic minerals and only a few subsamples at the bottom of the core contain minor hematite and/or goethite. Buried polymetallic nodule layer between 340-350 cm was the symbol of a sedimentary gap; Species of diatom fossil Cosinodiscus nodulifer in 60-336 cm indicated the stratum was deposited in the Late Pliocene, but the 2r reversal was missed; Species of Pseudoenuotia doliolus, Spongaster tetras were found in the top 60 cm, meanwhile, the uppermost 1 normal epoch was missed. After comparing with previous studies nearby, we inferred that the sedimentary history from Late Oligocene till now was recorded in the core, and there are three sedimentary gaps within the Late Oligocene and Early Pliocene, Late Pliocene and Early Quaternary and the Late Quaternary. Those sedimentary gaps might be related to the formation and enhancement of the Antarctic bottom water, rising of calcite compensation depth and enhancement of the marine floor erosion.

Southern Qinling belt is located in the south part of the Qinling orogen, which experienced the complex intra-continental deformation in Mesozoic. In the Late Mesozoic period, there were a series of strike-slip faults developed along the orogen in the southern Qinling belt. At present, the understanding of the deformation features, superposition relationship and dynamic mechanism for these strike-slip faults on different location is not sufficient. Structural studies show that the Ningshan fault and the Ankang fault are characterized by the A type fold and subhorizontal stretching lineation, which indicated the southern Qinling belt underwent a tectonic stage dominated with the strike-slip shear deformation. Kinematic studies revealed the Ningshan fault was characterized by a sinistral shear deformation, while the Ankang fault by dextral characteristics. We chose the typical rock samples for isotopic dating to limit the fault activity time. The zircon SHRIMP U-Pb age of the syn-tectonic granite vein in the Ningshan fault was (186.0±4.0) Ma, and the mica ⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar dating results in the Ankang fault are 161.2-173.5 Ma. Although the kinematic features are opposite between the Ningshan fault and the Ankang fault, the geochronological results defined that the deformation time of these two faults is the same, e.g. Early-Middle Jurassic, both of which constitute a eastward extrusion for the central block of southern Qinling belt. This tectonic characteristic also indicated that the deformation of the orogen was soon transformed into the intra-continental deformation stage, which was dominant with the lateral extrusion and strike-slip displacement along the orogen.

To determine the suitable compaction moment and strength recovery properties of remodeled stabilized dredged soil, the unconfined compression test and direct shear test were conducted. The mechanism of strength reduction and recovery were analyzed in term of cohesive strength and internal frictional angle of stabilized dredged soil and remodeled stabilized dredged soil. And three factors including the curing period before remolded, the curing period after remolded, cement content impact on the strength of stabilized dredged soil and remodeled stabilized dredged soil were explored. Test results show that the curing period before remolded causes a significant impact on the strength reduction of remodeled stabilized dredged material. The strength reduction ratio increased with the curing period before remolded increased. And the strength reduction ratio increased with the cement content increased too. After curing, the unconfined strength of remodeled stabilized dredged soil with small cement content recover well, however the large one was difficult to recover to close to the level of stabilized dredged soil. And the curing period extends are adverse to the strength recovery of remodeled stabilized dredged soil. To conclude, the stabilized dredged soil with small cement content may be remodeled sooner rather than later, however, the large one can be prolong remodeled time properly.

In order to resolve the problem of steady-state comprehensive evaluation of landslide through engineering treatment, the model of comprehensive evaluation is constructed and used to implement steady-state decision analysis and treatment effect evaluation of landslide after comprehensive treatment. The determination method of coupling weight value which is based on precedence relation sequence and binary relative comparison is proposed. Simultaneously, the method which needn’t consistency test can reduce subjectivity and improve scientific rationality. Moreover, in order to improve processing capability and computing speed of model, the calculation and analysis procedure is developed. Based on topography and geological condition and engineering treatment situation of K103 landslide along the highway of Hangzhou-Jinhua-Lishui, the method of comprehensive evaluation with coupling weight value for steadystate of landslide after treatment is applied in implementing steadystate analysis and treatment effect evaluation of landslide. The research results show that the landslide through comprehensive treatment is in stable state(E_Ⅱ). The various engineering measures exert functional effects fully, and safety factor of the landslide is improved from 0.98 to 1.20. After comprehensive treatment, the landslide is stable and safe.

Earthquake or strong rainfall can induce landslides. The landslide collapses to form clastic flow accumulation in the channels, forms debris flow under the action of the later rainfall. This is a type of debris flow which is called the landslide clastic accumulation of debris flow. The authors analyse characteristic parameters of the influence on starting of clastic accumulation of debris flow, research the information process of the landslide clastic accumulation of debris flow on the basis of experiments, and then analyse the influence of clastic accumulation surface slope, soil clay content, median grain size and non-uniformity coefficient on the formation of debris flow. The results show that the surface slope of clastic deposition have no significant effect on forming debris flow with discharge per unit width. The clay content are only affect clastic erosion at not more than 5%. It has no significant effect on digging up discharge per unit width. The main influence factors of required discharge per unit width are median diameter and non-uniformity coefficient width are increased with the increase of median diameter and non-uniformity coefficient. By fitting the experimental data, the formula of unit width discharge is obtained, which reflects the influence of median particle size and non-uniformity coefficient. For the formula only two main factors are considered width influence the formation of debris flow (d₅₀ and Cu). Therefore, the calculation results is smaller than hydrological calculation, but the overall trend is consistent. The formula can be applied in predicting this kind of debris flow after modificatin.

Laterite is a kind of special soil which was formed by the laterization in the condition of hot and humid climate with the characteristics of high moisture content, large void ratio, higher strength and lower compressibility. As its special engineering geological properties there will be a larger settlement after construction on the foundation of red soil. Nowadays, the dynamic compaction as a method of ground treatment is widely applied and the deformation of laterite foundation after construction is always studied by field monitoring combined with laboratory test. The main factors which affect the compaction effect and the compaction characteristics of the laterite after compaction are deeply discussed on the base of the compaction test and consolidation test in the laboratory. And the mechanism analysis of factors are made. The experimental results show that the compaction effect has related with the content of clay, the plastic index, the free iron oxide and the compaction effort. The more content of clay, the higher plastic index and the more content of the free iron oxide would lead the worse compaction effect. The compaction effect is also in proportion to the compaction effort. The compression modulus of laterite after compaction is affected differently by the factors such as moisture content, dry density and degree of saturation. When the moisture content of the laterite is greater than 18% and the degree of saturation is close to 100%. The moisture content and dry density can’t reflect the compaction characteristics. Hence, in practical engineering the moisture content of the laterite shuold not be greater than 18% to avoid the larger settlement.

Artificial recharge is an important engineering measure to improve the level of water resource utilization. However, the clogging in the process of injection will affect the efficiency and service life of the infiltration. In order to study the theory of the clogging and to control it, experimental sand columns were used to simulate the clogging process during groundwater artifical recharge, and the saturatedunsaturated change induced by clogging was analyzed. In the test, the outflow rate increased quickly to a peak value followed by a rapid decrease, and then decreased slowly, i.e., only after 72 h of injection, the flow rate of sand column reduced to 2.18 m/d; the outflow rate of the sample decreased slowly after 72 h; the sample outflow rate was 0.81 m/d after 192 h, about 1/10 of the maximum outflow rate. The results showed that the basic reason of clogging was the permeability reduction caused by suspended matter filling the void volume of the sand and the silt layer formatted by suspended matter deposition. The formation of the silt layer was the key reason leading to the sharp decrease of the outflow rate. After the silt layer formatted, the weak permeability of it caused the water content change of the sand from upper to lower, which lead to the decrease of both hydraulic conductivity and hydraulic gradient, as a result, the outflow rate decreased rapidly. The 10 groups contrast showed that, considering the rain flood infiltration system blocking of various factors, the experience model to calculate the infiltration rate in non-gravel filter material rain flooding injection process was constructed and the fitting results decisive coefficient is 0.932.

For more accurately predication and analysis of the spatial and temporal variation characteristics of precipitation of eight representative stations of Jilin Province, we used the unbiased grey Markov chain model to discuss the relationship between historical data volatility and the forecast accuracy. More than 83% predicted results are qualified. Baicheng, Qian’an, Changchun, Jiaohe, Siping, Tonghua six regional yearly precipitation shows a trend of decline, the damping ranges are 0.23%, 0.09%, 0.24%, 1.01%, 0.51%, 0.54%; while Yanji and Jingyu two regional precipitation is increasing, with growth rates of 2.6% and 0.54% respectively. The results show that the modified unbiased gray Markov chain model is suitable for Jilin Province’s precipitation forecast with higher accuracy. It shows that the precipitation has a trend of decreasing in Midwest of Jilin Province and the precipitation has a trend of increasing in eastern of Jilin Province. In the relation between volatility and forecast precision, the study finds that the greater the volatility of time series is, the larger the prediction error is.

CO₂ plume geothermal systems (CPGS) is an engineering technology for integrating carbon geological storage with geothermal energy development. When the supercritical CO₂ is injected into a deep reservoir, the pH of reservoir water will be decreased. The surrounding rock will be dissolved or precipitated, so the porosity and permeability of the formation will also be changed. Based on a potential geothermal reservoir of Quantou Formation of Songliao basin, experiment and numerical simulation are used to investigate water-rock-gas chemical interaction. The research results show that the experimental process is more sensitive to temperature change, and less affected by pressure. This study will provide a theoretical basis and technical support to future CPGS project in China.

The ecological risk assessment of trace heavy metals in Daya Bay is investigated based on the surficial sediments collected in 2011. The analyzed trace heavy metals include Cr, Ni, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, and As. The modified BCR method was used to identify the chemical forms and the potential sources. Results show that the content of trace heavy metals is distributed as bends, with high content in Dapeng, Yaling and Fanhe Bay, descend from the shore to bay by varying degrees. The BCR sequential extraction identifies the speciation of the main trace metals. Cr,Ni,Cu,Zn,As are present in the residual form, Pb is present in reducible form and Cd is present in acid-soluble form. The ratio of heavy metals in nonresidual form with descending order is Pb(78.83%), Cd(78.65%),Cu(48.54%), Zn(48.10%), Ni(38.31%), Cr(28.43%), and As(27.76%). The ratio of Pb content is the highest, meaning the highest mobility of Pb. The source analysis shows the pollutants are mainly from natural weathering and secondly from industrial wastewater and aquaculture wastewater. The risk assessment of the seven trace heavy metals shows Cr,Ni,Cu,Pb,Zn, As are at low pollution level, but the Cd is at the highest pollution level.

As a kind of inexpensive materialbiochar, the function of soil restoration and other aspects has caused wide public concern, but its catalytic role has been studied rarely. The feasibility of persulfate (PS) catalyzed by biochar(BC) to decolor an azo dye (acid orange (AO7)) was studied. Some factors influencing the decolorizing efficiency of PS/BC system were evaluated, including pH, concentration of biochar and PS/AO7 mole ratio. What’s more, the recycle effect and characteristics of biochar were studied.Results showed that the decolorizing effect of the PS/BC system was obviously better than the only PS system. The decoloration of AO7 by both reaction systems followed first order reaction kinetics. The optimum pH of PS/BC system was nearneutral. The higher the biochar concentration, the better the decolorizing effect was. Similar trend was observed for the PS/AO7 mole ratio, whereas the catalytic effect did not increase accordingly. The reused biochar could still decolor AO7. The BC holes were mostly located on the surface of the layered structure, and most of them were blocked after repeated use. Excluding ash and oxygen, content of elements (C, N, H, S) reduced at a certain degree. Many different surface functional groups of BC were mainly C=O, C=C, C-O, C-H, aromatic C=C and C-H and -OH. The absorption peak of -OH disappeared after repeated use. All the above, pine biochar could catalize persulfate to decolorize azo dye -AO7, and the principle was that, the sulfate free radical which was produced by the reaction of -OH function group on the surface of biochar and persulfate could remove AO7.

The authors divided grades for the geological disaster-prone zone and rainfalls by weight method, and established a flood warning and forecasting model of geological disasters based on combination weights. Its effectiveness was tested for taking Jilin Province as an example. The study area was subdivided into 5 702 (5 km × 5 km) cells, and the possibility of geological disasters in each cell was forecasted in grade. By using the historical data of geological disasters and rainfalls, the forecast results are verified and the accurate rates reach 93.25%, which is reasonable and feasible.

Aiming at the special landform, near surface conditions and subsurface objects in loess districts of western China, the authors studied detecting applications of the seismic techniques. To examine the efficiency of different seismic methods, a comprehensive geological model was designed. This model included some typical defects such as sag, fault, ground fissure, hidden low velocity body, weak intercalated layer and landslide. Multi-component seismic reflections and surface wave records were numerically computed with the finite difference method. Reflection imaging and high order surface wave imaging were acquired respectively. The results of numerical modeling proved that all the typical defects models such as sag, fault, ground fissure, hidden low velocity body, weak intercalated layer and landslide were imaged clearly. The numerical modeling results indicated the feasibility of shallow geological defects detection under roadbed by seismic methods.

Conventional three-term AVA inversion methods are based on the assumption that γ (the ratio of S-wave velocity to P-wave velocity) is a constant value usually considered to be 0.5, while γ is horizontally and vertically varied gradually in many cases. The estimated parameters of the inversion is bound to deviate from its true values with γ invariably being 0.5.  and the selection γ  needs to be reasonably. Based on Bayesian theory, we presents a nonlinear pre-stack seismic AVA inversion using successive iterative method, which considered the ratio’s initial background varying horizontally and vertically and being calculated by the-given initial model, and the nonlinear inversion problem was solved by successive iteration. The proposed method gived a reasonable solution for the selection of γ and solved the nonlinear problem caused by variable ratio γ . And the accuracy and stability of the three-term AVA inversion were improved.

The elimination of multiple wave is  a key issue in seismic data processing and interpretation, and will directly affects the quality of seismic data processing. Surface-related multiple wave elimination(SRME)theory discussed is a data-driven concept, and the multiple wave can be predicted more precisely than traditional method by the convolution of seismic data without the knowledge or assumption about the subsurface. Facing more and more 3D marine seismic exploration data, traditional 2D SRME exposes its disadvantages in algorithm, it is necessary to extend 2D SRME to 3D. Compared with traditional 2D SRME, 3D SRME considered the multiple wave contribution more comprehensively, calculated each of the multiple wave contribution more efficiently, predicted multiple waves more precisely. We estabished 3D inclined layer velocity model and simulated seismic data contained multiples in order to use 3D SRME technology to predict multiple waves. Comparing the results predicted by 3D and 2D,we found that the predicted result of 3D SRME is more consistent with the theoretical multiple position. Finally, we used the least square matching to achieve the elimination of multiples successfully and suppressed the multiple information effectively.

Given the shortage  of core and mud logging data on the Д zone of Carboniferous KT-II of the southern of Д area in the eastern edge of Pre-Caspin basin, The oolitic dolomitic limestone on the lower of Д₁ layer was defined as favorable reservoir layer in Carboniferous KT-II by the detailed analysis on borehole data in the southern of Д area in the eastern margin of Pre-Caspin basin. This favorable reservoir in Д₁ layer are pore-vug-fracture composite and pore-fracture. The favorable sedimentary facies belt with beach miscorfacies of shoal subfacies in open platform facies is determined combined with the paleostructure and sedimentary facies. The carbonate rock reservoir in Д₁ layer was controlled with both original depositional environments and dolomitization. Based on the sedimentary facies constraints and the optional seismic attributes selection with the pre-stack and post stack inversion, the advantageous reservoirs distribution with NE-SW belts on Д₁ layer is predicted considering the thickness, porosity, fracture and hydrocarbon indicator on carbonate rock reservoir.All these provide the effective and prospective geological references for drilling and production for KT-II.

3D geological modeling in regional scale is the key to regional 3D geological survey. On the basis of a large number of practices, we have put forward the method of block-divided 3D geological modeling. The steps of the method include: dividing complex 3D model-building region into simple model-building blocks or model-building units, conducting geological and geophysical comprehensive researches and drawing geological cross sections and revealing deep geological structures in every model-building block, constructing 3D geological model for every model-building block with unified coordinate system by the model-building method based on cross section, and creating 3D model for whole region by integrating the model of every model-building block into unified 3D space framework after all models have been constructed in study region. There are three advantages for the method, which is easy to simplify the processes for constructing models, easy to modify models and easy to integrate models. The method able to overcome the problems of general 3D geological modeling method based on the cross section, and to break the bottleneck for large scale regional 3D geological modeling. The application of the method to deep geological survey in Benxi-Linjiang area has showed the method can effectively construct a 3D geological model of the study area, can fully depict complex deep underground geological structures, and provide an important way for constructing 3D model in a large complex region.

Geo-anomalies are significant foundation of mineral prospectivity,appropriate methods of extraction of geo-anomalies and a decisionmodel can be applied to get accurate and reliable geo-anomalies from various data.In the study,evidential belief model is used to evaluate the spatial information of lithological, belts, alteration of remote sensing and geochemical elements in the Cu-Pb-Zn mineral area of Yushigou-Chuancigou,Qilianshan:The indicators(belief,disbelief,uncertainty)of evidences are calculated according to the space relationship between distribution of mineral depositsand evidences,and methods such as fractal and PCA are adopted to eliminate the fake anomalies,then cmineralization beliefs are calculated based on Dempster rules.The result shows that 96% deposits located in the site of the peak of belief, and the distribution of geo-anomaly is consistent to the reality. The model weakens the impact by conditional independence when integrated,and conclusively increases the accuracy and efficiency of extraction and integration of geo-anomalies.

Total station is widely used in various measurements coordinates as the observation values play an important role in the data processiong. The authors adjusted the coordinate observation values combined with other conventional observations deformation data using the least square filter. The results indicated that the precision was obviously improved with the 1.35 mm decrease of maximum point error and 0.94 mm decrease of  the weakest point error, and the constraints of different observation also increased the reliability of the least square filter adjustment.