The Northeast China region, characterized by multiple episodes of tectonic-magmatic activities and complex sedimentary-metamorphic rock assemblages, offers favorable geological conditions for the formation of helium source rocks. However, the distribution patterns and helium generation potential of these rocks have not been systematically revealed. Based on U and Th content tests (ICP-MS method) and chronological analysis of 188 rock samples, this study systematically elucidates the lithological and temporal characteristics of helium source rocks in Northeast China, and constructs a comprehensive evaluation method. The results indicate that: Lithology exerts significant control over helium potential, with acid magmatic rocks (w(U)=7.2×10-6, w(Th)=18.5×10-6), mudstone (w(U)=6.5×10-6, w(Th)=20.5×10-6), and metamorphic rocks derived from argillaceous or granitic protoliths (w(U)=6.8×10-6, w(Th)=15.2×10-6) serving as high-quality helium source rocks due to their enrichment in radioactive elements;  Geological age strongly influences helium generation, with Paleoproterozoic (w(U)=8.9×10-6, w(Th)=22.4×10-6), Triassic (w(U)=7.8×10-6, w(Th)=18.7×10-6), and Carboniferous rocks exhibiting the highest helium generation intensity owing to prolonged decay and tectonic activities. The Triassic granites, in particular, show an average helium generation intensity of 0.94 nL/(g·Ma);  Sedimentary rocks demonstrate significant helium potential, with Early Cretaceous mudstone having a helium generation intensity (0.50 nL/(g·Ma)) equivalent to 53% of that of Triassic granite;  A strong positive correlation between w(U) and w(Th) (r=0.874) confirms the synergistic behavior of elemental geochemistry. This study establishes an evaluation system for helium source rocks and identifies Triassic granites, Paleoproterozoic granites and metamorphic rocks, and Cretaceous mudstones in the periphery of the Songliao basin as the highest-quality helium source rocks in Northeast China.

The Lower Cretaceous sandstone reservoirs in the Kuqa depression of the Tarim basin have an overall burial depth of 4 000-6 500 m. Despite their great depth and abundant oil and gas resources, significant differences in sandstone tightness and pore types exist between the northern and southern structural belts of the depression, resulting in a lack of systematic research on the pore preservation mechanisms of the Lower Cretaceous sandstone reservoirs. This study systematically analyzes the petrological, petrophysical, and diagenetic characteristics of the Lower Cretaceous deep-buried sandstones in the southern slope belt by integrating analytical data from petrographic thin sections, SEM, petrophysical measurements, and XRD, along with diagenetic process reconstruction and porosity restoration techniques. The aim is to elucidate the pore formation and preservation mechanisms and to identify the controlling factors and distribution patterns of high-quality reservoirs. The results show that the Lower Cretaceous sandstones are dominated by medium-fine grained feldspathic lithic sandstones and lithic feldspathic sandstones, with moderate to good compositional and textural maturity. Intergranular spaces are filled with calcareous and zeolitic authigenic minerals, with predominantly pore-contact cementation. The main reservoir space consists of residual primary pores, followed by uneven intergranular and intragranular dissolution pores, with an average porosity of 13.73% and an average permeability of 324.05×10-3 μm2, classifying the reservoir as medium-high porosity and medium-high permeability. The sandstone reservoirs have mainly undergone compaction, cementation, and dissolution. Among these, compaction is overall weak, cementation is widely developed, and dissolution occurs locally, mostly involving the dissolution of feldspar and lithic grains. The preservation of residual primary pores in the Lower Cretaceous sandstone reservoirs of the southern slope belt is controlled by three factors. The sand bodies of subaqueous distributary channels in braided river delta fronts, formed under high-energy hydrodynamic conditions, have good sorting and low matrix content, providing favorable initial material conditions. Weak compaction, widespread early carbonate cements, and high quartz content collectively enhance the rock's resistance to compaction, while the special diagenetic environment inhibits more intense cementation from filling the residual pores. The unique burial pattern of slow shallow burial in the early stage followed by rapid deep burial in the late stage is a distinctive and crucial factor for the preservation of residual primary pores in these sandstone reservoirs.

The distal braided-river delta differs from the typical braided river delta in terms of sediment supply, sedimentary environment, sedimentary process, etc., which leads to distinct sedimentary characteristics, depositional sequences, and sand body distributions, and affects its identification and prediction in hydrocarbon exploration. The 4th member of Xujiahe Formation in the western Sichuan depression is currently facing issues such as unclear sedimentary microfacies and ambiguous depositional processes, which constrain the accurate characterization of favorable sand bodies. Based on clarifying the depositional background of gentle slope, shallow water, and remote provenance, along with the warm and humid paleoclimate conditions in the study area, this article integrates field outcrops, drill cores, and a series of test data to determine the typical sedimentary facies markers, lithofacies types, sedimentary sequences and microfacies distribution patterns of the distal braided-river delta. The research results show that: The 4th member sandstones of Xujiahe Formation in Jianyang area exhibit typical characteristics such as remote provenance, fine grain size, considerable cumulative thickness, sand-rich and mud-poor composition, and sand-on-sand stacking. The sandstones are also characterized by low matrix content, good sorting, and high maturity, with abundant traction current sedimentary structures, occasionally interrupted by flood events and gravity collapse occurrences. Based on the identification of 11 types of lithofacies and five types of vertical sedimentary sequences, it is inferred that the distal braided delta-front subfacies are mainly dominated by the development of subaqueous distributary channels, while sedimentary microfacies such as distributary mouth bars, distal bars, and interdistributary bays are relatively scarce.  Under the comprehensive influence of continuous sediment supply, seasonal climatic alternation, and lake-level fluctuations, the main river channels evolve into distributary and terminal channels in an orderly manner, exhibiting patterns of inheritance and lateral migration, ultimately presenting a sand body distribution pattern of vertically continuous stacking and extensive lateral spread.

Aiming at the poor understanding of structural styles and internal architectures of Mesozoic tight clastic fault-fracture bodies as well as ambiguous main controlling factors for high-yield hydrocarbon enrichment in the southern margin of Ordos basin, this paper conducts a detailed geological dissection of fault-fracture body reservoirs in major fault zones of the study area based on abundant core, field outcrop, laboratory testing, well-logging, seismic and production performance data. The geological definition and classification of fault-fracture bodies are clarified, the internal reservoir architecture model is established, and the main controlling factors for hydrocarbon enrichment are analyzed. The research shows that: 1) The fault-fracture body is a complex reservoir body composed of strike-slip faults, associated brittle fracture zones and fractured tight sandstone zones. It is characterized by widely developed medium-high-angle fractures with favorable porosity and permeability, serving as favorable sites for hydrocarbon accumulation. 2) Considering the differences in stress background for formation and structural styles, the fault-fracture bodies in the study area are divided into three types and five sub-types, among which the discrete type and translational type are dominant and relatively favorable for hydrocarbon accumulation. 3) Fault-fracture bodies develop multiple reservoir spaces, including fractures, broken cavities and dissolution pores. Tectono-diagenesis acts as the major reservoir-controlling mechanism. An identification criterion for internal structural units of fault-fracture bodies is established. 4) Fault properties, reservoir scale and local structures are the primary geological factors controlling hydrocarbon enrichment of fault-fracture bodies in the study area. Furthermore, combined geological conditions with production capacity data, a classified and graded evaluation of fault-fracture bodies is carried out to optimize favorable development targets.

The Kuqa depression is controlled by several sets of detachment layers, and the structural deformation of the fault belt is complicated. Clarifying the main controlling factors of complex structural deformation in structure belts and their formation and evolution processes is of great significance for understanding the genetic mechanisms of foreland thrust belt structural deformation controlled by detachment faults and for oil and gas exploration. In this paper, four sets of numerical simulation experiments are designed and completed by applying discrete element numerical software, conducting simulation analysis on key factors such as structure paleomorphology, detachment layer, and strata denudation to explore their impact on the complex structural deformation of foreland thrust belts. The simulation results show that: The distance of a structure belt to an early paleo-uplift affects the development of the sub-salt structural morphology. As the distance to the paleo-uplift decreases, it becomes easier to produce wider and continuous anticline morphology. The friction coefficient of the sub-salt detachment layer affects the distance of stress propagation and the differences in the morphology of structures above the salt. The larger the friction coefficient is, the smaller the displacement of the forward propagation of the stress, and the more significant the differences in the structural deformation morphology above the salt. Meanwhile, strata denudation affects the stress produced by the sub-salt compaction, thus increasing the size of the sub-salt structure.

To supplement the database of petroleum resources in the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and establish a solid scientific basis for the exploitation and utilization of oilshale resources in the Nangqian basin, investigations were conducted on the industrial quality and biomarker compounds of oil shale in the study area. This paper selects a total of 11 samples from four outcrops in the Nangqian basin and investigates the industrial quality, pyrolytic product composition, and organic matter evolution characteristics of the oil shale through methods such as rock pyrolysis-mass spectrometry, dry distillation-component analysis, and industrial quality analysis. The results indicate that the Nangqian oil shale exhibits high ash content (average 72.18%), low oil content (average 3.78%), and low sulfur (average 1.11%) characteristics. The pyrolytic products are mainly composed of low carbon number saturated hydrocarbons (C7-C35) and aromatics, with a Pr/Ph ratio less than 1 and a distribution characteristic of triaromatic hydrocarbons, indicating that it formed in a deep-water, high-salinity, strongly reducing lacustrine environment. The maturity parameter of aromatics corresponds to a transformation Ro range (0.58%-0.94%), suggesting that it is in the low-mature-mature stage; the distribution characteristic of n-alkanes reflects that the organic matter is mainly derived from lower aquatic organisms.

The Tongshan copper deposit is a super-large copper deposit in the Duobaoshan ore district of the Great Xing’an Range, with total identified Cu resources of 4.16 Mt. The newly discovered No.Ⅴ orebody, identified after 2020, contains 2.81 Mt of Cu resources and remains open at depth, indicating substantial potential for further resource expansion. Drilling has revealed zones of intense silicic-potassic alteration within the No.Ⅴ orebody at depths of approximately 1 700 m below surface. In addition, strongly silicified and potassic-altered tonalite has been identified in the deep southern part of the No.Ⅲ orebody at approximately 1 300 m depth. These features indicate that the hydrothermal center is buried at a depth of approximately 1.3-1.7 km. The quartz-sericite alteration zone south of the intense silicic-potassic alteration core is therefore inferred to have favorable exploration potential. To constrain the mineralization age, the source of ore-forming materials, and the genetic relationship between the No.Ⅴ orebody and the Duobaoshan copper deposit, we conducted Re-Os isotope analyses of molybdenite that coexists with Cu mineralization in the No.Ⅴ orebody. The results show that molybdenite Re-Os model ages range from 468.1 to 464.2 Ma, with an isochron age of (463.7±4.7) Ma (MSWD=0.37, n=4). The mineralization age of the No.Ⅴ orebody is slightly younger than the main mineralization stage of the Duobaoshan copper deposit (ca. 475 Ma), suggesting that the No.Ⅴ orebody may have formed from an independent hydrothermal center. The average Re content of molybdenite from the No.Ⅴ orebody is 1 026.98×10-6, significantly higher than that of the Duobaoshan deposit (467.58×10-6) and of the other orebodies in the Tongshan copper deposit (601.85×10-6). This indicates that the ore-forming magma source of the No.Ⅴ orebody had a stronger mantle-derived signature. Together with regional S and Pb isotopic data, these results suggest that the ore-forming materials in the Duobaoshan ore district were dominated by mantle-derived components, with only a limited crustal contribution.

Cratons typically possess a thick, low-heat-flow, and high-rheological-strength cratonic lithospheric mantle. Meanwhile, geophysical observations have identified clear vertical layering within the lithospheric mantle, attributed to modification by subducted slabs or deep mantle melts/fluids acting from below. However, although lateral mantle wind disturbances are known to play a crucial role in craton evolution, their impact on the vertical layering of cratonic lithospheric mantle and the underlying mechanisms remain unexplored. This study uses 2D thermodynamic numerical modeling to analyze the effects of mantle wind on model outcomes under various thermal and density structures of the cratonic lithosphere. The results reveal that lateral mantle wind disturbances create a low-viscosity zone between the upper and lower cratonic lithospheric mantle, and the lower lithospheric mantle, which is exposed to the asthenosphere, experiences horizontal displacement relative to the overlying plate. Rocks within the low-viscosity zone undergo significant dynamic metamorphism, leading to reduced permeability, which confines the modifying effects of melts/fluids below its lower boundary and thereby controls the formation of vertical layering in the cratonic lithosphere through metasomatism. This phenomenon may also serve as a self-protective mechanism for the cratonic lithosphere, where the accumulation of melts/fluids enriches weak-rheological-strength minerals such as phlogopite and amphibole in the low-viscosity zone, forming a weak layer within the cratonic lithosphere. Subsequently, the lithospheric mantle may delaminate along this weak layer under mantle wind or subducted slab influence, thus separating the overlying plate from the heavily modified lower cratonic lithospheric mantle.

The Miaoxi pluton is situated in the eastern Jiangnan orogen along the Anhui-Zhejiang border, consists of monzogranite and syenogranite, with several iron ore deposits developed along its northern margin. In order to investigate the Late Mesozoic magmatic evolution and metallogenesis of the Jiangnan orogen, this study presents systematic petrological and petrographic investigations of the Miaoxi pluton, including analyses of the biotite compositions, LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating and Lu-Hf isotope geochemistry, to constrain its mineralogical characteristics, crystallization age, and petrogenesis. The results indicate that biotite is relatively iron-rich, with w(FeO) ranging from 18.88% to 25.39% (mean 21.29%), and magnesium-poor, with w(MgO) ranging from 5.91% to 9.17% (mean 7.57%), classifying it as iron-rich biotite. A negative correlation between w(MgO) and w(Al2O3) in the biotite chemical composition suggests that cation exchange between Mg2+ and Al3+ likely occurred during magma crystallization. Combined with previously published whole-rock major, trace, and rare earth element data for the Miaoxi monzogranite and syenogranite, the pluton is identified as an A-type highly fractionated granite. The zircon U-Pb age of the syenogranite is (127.13±0.71) Ma, representing its emplacement age in the Early Cretaceous, consistent with the timing of late-stage A-type granite emplacement in the Jiangnan orogen. Petrogenesis is attributed to an extensional environment following a tectonic regime transition. Calculated crystallization temperatures and pressures for the Miaoxi pluton are 753-788  ℃ and (2.73-3.08)×108 Pa, respectively. Previous studies have demonstrated that two episodes of different granite types in the eastern Jiangnan orogen exhibit consistent crystallization temperatures, reflecting partial melting of deep crustal materials and continuity of the regional tectonic stress field. Biotite compositions indicate relatively high oxygen fugacity during crystallization, which may be related to volatile release or oxide precipitation in the magma; The magma underwent multiple episodes of mixing and fractionation. High-oxygen-fugacity biotite typically indicates favorable metallogenic potential. Both biotite mineral chemistry and zircon Lu-Hf isotopes suggest that the Miaoxi magma was likely derived from partial melting of ancient lower crust, closely associated with the evolutionary history of Mesoproterozoic crust. This ancient lower crustal partial melting may have resulted from crustal thermal events, such as the tectonic regime transition during the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous, which led to partial melting of crustal materials and the generation of new magma.

To address the limitation of conventional physical plugging materials for poorly cemented fractured formations and solve borehole wall collapse and rockfall problems encountered in drilling complex loosefractured strata, sodium alginate (SA)/polyacrylamide (PAM) interpenetrating network gel material was prepared，with acrylamide (AM) as monomer, ammonium persulfate (APS) as initiator, N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as crosslinker, and D-glucono-δ-lactone (GDL) as a sustained-release calcium source. The rheological properties and microstructure of the gel were characterized using a rheometer and scanning electron microscope. The effects of SA mass fraction, mass ratio of CaCO3 to SA, and crosslinking agents on the rheological behavior of the gel were investigated. The gel formula with optimal mechanical properties was obtained through optimization, with the component concentrations as follows: 0.01 g/mL SA, 0.15 g/mL AM, 0.000 5 g/mL APS, 0.000 6 g/mL MBA, 0.004 g/mL CaCO3 and 0.004 g/mL GDL. The results show that the optimal composite gel achieves a maximum elongation at break of 810% and a maximum tensile stress of 0.11 MPa. Its viscosity and shear force increase over time, indicating the progressive formation of a multinetwork crosslinked structure within the system. Complete gelation is achieved at 60 ℃ in approximately 1.5 h. The composite gel material can effectively fill and cement fractured rock layers with different porosities， and after complete gelation, zero fluid loss is achieved under 0.69 MPa pressure. Additionally，the cemented rock sample remains structurally intact even at a compressive deformation of 50%.

To quantitatively characterize the scale effect of hydraulic properties in fractured rock masses and determine the representative elementary volume (REV) under anisotropic conditions, this study proposes a novel method for estimating the REV size based on permeability analysis. This study built a three-dimensional discrete fracture network (DFN) model based on joint data obtained from a dam site in southwestern China. From this DFN model, 504 two-dimensional sub-models were extracted, with sizes ranging from 1 m×1 m to 42 m×42 m. A series of steady-state seepage numerical simulations were conducted on these models using the finite element method to obtain the equivalent permeability. This study proposes a new method for determining the representative elementary volume (REV) size of fractured rock masses based on permeability. This method provides a reliable estimate of the REV size by analyzing the tensor characteristic of the directional permeability, as well as its constant characteristic beyond the REV size. The results show significant hydraulic property differences in different directions, with the equivalent average permeability ranging from 4.71×10-16 to 2.55×10-15 m2. The hydraulic REV sizes range from 6 to 36 m, and the REV size is negatively correlated with the permeability of the rock mass, significantly reflecting the anisotropy of the fractured rock mass. The maximum REV size occurs in the direction of the average angle of each fracture set, while the minimum size occurs along the bisector of the angle between two adjacent fracture sets. REV size is also negatively correlated with the average trace length of intersecting fracture sets. These findings suggest that the angle distribution of the fracture group reasonably explains the distribution of the direction REV extreme value, and the proposed method for estimating the directional REV size is effective.

In order to achieve the efficient development and utilization of shallow geothermal energy resource and solve the environmental problems such as haze caused by traditional heating relying on fossil energy. It also solves the problems of unclear operation parameters of heat exchangers and the optimal matching method of ground formation parameters in practical engineering, and consumes manpower and material resources. In this paper, a combination of numerical simulation and machine learning algorithm is adopted. Firstly, a heat transfer model and numerical model of shallow coaxial casing geothermal system were established based on COMSOL, and the effects of different physical parameters, operating parameters and length of geothermal well on heat extraction performance were explored. Then, the random forest (RF) model was used to predict the geothermal system mining temperature of different parameter sets based on a machine learning algorithm, and the importance of the corresponding characteristic influencing factors was obtained in the RF model, which further verified the accuracy  of RF in predicting the geothermal mining temperature. The results show that the injection flow rate and injection temperature of heat exchange fluid have a great influence on the temperature of geothermal production. The injection flow rate is maintained between 0.5 and 1.0 m3/h, and the temperature difference between the formation and injection temperature can improve the heat recovery efficiency of the system. The random forest model has high accuracy in geothermal temperature prediction, the coefficient of determination （R2） is close to 0.99, and the root mean square error RMSE is only 0.17. The feature importance diagram further verifies that different injection temperature and injection velocity have signifcant impact on the shallow coaxial casing geothermal system.

To investigate the degradation performance, influencing factors and reaction mechanism of trichloroethylene (TCE) by catalytic ozonation coupled circulating well technology, this study takes TCE, a typical pollutant in groundwater, as the target contaminant. Ozone micro-nano bubbles (O3-MNBs) were combined with groundwater circulating well (GCW) remediation technology. Volcanic rock was added into the circulating well as an ozonation catalyst, and systematic research was carried out through batch tests in a simulation tank. The results showed that the O3-MNBs coupled GCW system achieved superior TCE removal efficiency compared with single O3-MNBs treatment or independent GCW treatment. The optimal operating conditions were determined as follows: catalyst dosage of 15 g, ozone flow rate of 150 mL/min, and aeration rate of 1.200 cm3/h for the circulation well. The coupled system exhibited excellent degradation performance toward TCE wastewater at low concentrations (6.25-25.00 mg/L), while its treatment capacity was slightly limited for high-concentration TCE wastewater (37.50 mg/L). A negative correlation was observed between groundwater flow velocity and TCE degradation rate. Volcanic rock acts as a composite polymetallic catalyst containing Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO and other metal oxides, which can efficiently trigger the generation of reactive free radicals from ozone and further enhance TCE degradation. TCE is degraded via two pathways: Direct oxidation by ozone molecules and indirect oxidation by ozone-derived reactive free radicals, and is ultimately almost completely mineralized into non-toxic and harmless end products.

Multi-parameter inversion of fractured reservoirs is affected by coupling between fracture and fluid parameters, while the limited seismic bandwidth makes conventional log-derived models difficult to use as stable initial constraints. Here we derive decoupled PP-wave reflection coefficients and azimuthal elastic impedance from a solid-liquid-fracture decoupling theory, and construct extended azimuthal elastic impedance (EAEI) through an auxiliary-angle transformation. We then establish an initial fluid factor model by selecting the EAEI with the highest correlation with the fluid factor and treating it as a pseudo-fluid phase. Tests on a Marmousi model and field seismic data show that EAEI reproduces the variation of fluid factor; The correlations between inverted and logging fluid parameters are 0.91 and 0.89 for Wells C and D, respectively, compared with 0.74 and 0.87 for the corresponding fracture parameters.

Against the backdrop of continuously growing global energy demand, tight sandstone gas, as an important unconventional hydrocarbon resource, exhibits significant exploration and development potential. The development of microcracks in tight sandstone reservoirs can substantially influence reservoir permeability, thus, predicting microcrack zones is crucial for identifying high-permeability tight sandstone reservoirs. This study establishes a microcrack indicator for tight sandstone reservoirs and a pre-stack seismic inversion method. Based on rock physics analysis, an AVO equation is derived, linearly parameterized by the microcrack indicator, shear-wave impedance, and density. Further, an elastic impedance inversion method based on this AVO equation is developed to directly predict the microcrack indicator and other parameters from pre-stack seismic data. The research yielded the following key findings: 1) The microcrack indicator can reliably predict microcrack porosity and is unaffected by gas saturation. 2) Theoretical model tests confirm that the AVO equation for the microcrack indicator achieves reasonable accuracy. The equation can be further used to predict the microcrack indicator from pre-stack seismic data. 3) Real data application results show a strong correlation between the predicted microcrack indicator and permeability logging data, validating the effectiveness of the proposed method. 

This study focuses on the identification and dynamic monitoring of fluids in the development process of complex reservoirs, and conducts research on fluid seismic prediction technology based on  time-lapse seismic data. A fluid factor inversion method based on  time-lapse seismic data is proposed. Firstly, a time-lapse seismic rock physics model considering changes in pore pressure, saturation, and inelastic stress response is constructed to quantitatively describe the evolution mechanism of seismic response with fluid replacement and changes in reservoir conditions. On this basis, a joint inversion method for multi-period prestack seismic data has been developed. The Bayesian inversion framework is used to constrain and fuse multi-time seismic information, directly invert fluid factors that reflect fluid changes, and improve the stability and physical consistency of time-lapse signal extraction. The effectiveness of the proposed method in identifying fluid frontiers, abnormal response zones, and reservoir heterogeneity zones during injection and production processes has been verified through practical applications, especially in weak time-lapse signal backgrounds where it still has strong resolution ability.

Logging data plays an important role in oil and gas exploration and development, and is widely used by geologists to address various geological issues. However, due to instrument failures, operational errors, or complex geological conditions, logging data may encounter problems such as missing parameters or incomplete records. Re-logging is costly and constrained by scheduling factors, making research on logging curve reconstruction based on machine learning methods highly significant. This paper proposes an improved random forest (RF) model based on the MDA (mean decrease accuracy) feature importance algorithm (MDA-RF model) for logging curve reconstruction. The MDA algorithm is used to assess the sensitivity of input features to prediction accuracy, removing features with low relevance to the target parameters, thereby enhancing the predictive capability of the RF model. Experimental validation was conducted using actual logging data from the Huizhou region of Guangdong Province. The results indicate that the MDA-RF model improved the coefficient of determination by 1.6% and 5.0% when predicting individual wells and completing missing well intervals, respectively.

Soil erosion is a serious challenge that constrains agricultural production and sustainable development. Its types are diverse, and its driving factors are complex, making it difficult to predict its occurrence and development. This study focuses on  driving factors and occurrence characteristics of soil erosion, extracting a feature variable set from multi-source data, and selecting the optimal feature subset using the simulated annealing (SA) algorithm. A soil erosion rate (SER) prediction model is built using random forest regression (RFR), and spatial distribution maps of SER from 1990 to 2020 (at 5 a intervals) are generated. Finally, the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of SER is analyzed and discussed through correlation analysis and statistical methods. The results are as follows: The optimal feature subset consisted of climate, remote sensing, tasseled cap transformation, and topographic variables, including precipitation, vegetation and soil indices, surface moisture, and terrain metrics. The RFR model constructed based on these feature variables has a root mean square error of 0.048 mm/a and a coefficient of determination of 0.662. The SER from 1990 to 2020 fluctuated, mainly following a decrease-increase-decrease trend. The fluctuations in 2005 and 2020 were mainly influenced by increased annual precipitation. The SER fluctuated gently, with a median value ranging from 1.06 mm/a to 1.22 mm/a, primarily light  erosion, with relatively few areas experiencing moderate or severe erosion. The spatial distribution of SER showed a low-west and high-east pattern, exhibiting significant spatial autocorrelation and a clustered spatial distribution. Soil properties and topographic factors significantly influenced the SER, with notable spatial variations in certain local areas.