Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition) ›› 2026, Vol. 56 ›› Issue (10): 2566-2577.doi: 10.13229/j.cnki.jdxbgxb.20250433

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Modeling and simulation of heterogeneous traffic flow on freeway under low visibility conditions

Guo-zhu CHENG1(),Qiang LIU1,Li-zhuang FANG2,Zhi-dong YOU2,Shuang GU1()   

  1. 1.School of Civil Engineering and Transportation，Northeast Forestry University，Harbin 150040，China
    2.Transportation Management Research Institute of the Ministry of Public Security，Wuxi 214151，China
  • Received:2025-05-15 Online:2026-10-01 Published:2026-10-09
  • Contact: Shuang GU E-mail:guozhucheng@126.com;s.gu@nefu.edu.cn

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Abstract:

Considering the impact of low visibility on the safety distance， acceleration， sight distance， and lane-changing behavior of human-driven vehicles （HDV）， a car-following model for HDV is developed based on cellular automata， while the car-following behavior of connected and automated vehicles （CAV） is characterized using a model developed by the Path Laboratory. A lane-changing model for HDV is constructed， incorporating factors such as visibility and driving style， whereas CAV lane-changing decisions are modeled based on the type of preceding vehicle and lane-changing conditions. Simulation studies on heterogeneous traffic flow under low visibility conditions are conducted， and the simulation results are used to evaluate capacity， congestion rate， conflict severity， average fuel consumption， and emissions under different visibility levels and CAV penetration rates.The simulation results demonstrate that as visibility and CAV penetration rates increase， both capacity and average speed significantly improve. Compared to Nasch models， the proposed car-following and lane-changing models for heterogeneous traffic flow under low visibility conditions enhance safety by approximately 23.1%， while reducing average fuel consumption and nitrogen oxide emissions by 3.42% and 1.5%， respectively. This study enriches the theoretical research on highway traffic flow and provides a foundational model for investigating traffic-related issues in heterogeneous traffic environments.

Key words: transportation planning and management, freeway, traffic flow simulation, car following model, heterogeneous traffic, low visibility, cellular automata simulation

CLC Number: 

  • U495

Fig.1

HDV car following in low visibility"

Fig.2

Schematic diagram of lane change model"

Fig.3

Schematic diagram of lane change 1"

Fig.4

Schematic diagram of lane change 2"

Fig.5

Basic flow density diagram under different visibility and CAV permeability"

Fig.6

Velocity density diagram under different visibility and permeability"

Fig.7

Time space diagram under different visibility with density of 60 veh/km， CAV permeability of 40%"

Fig.8

（1/TTC） density diagram under different densities， CAV permeability and visibility"

Fig.9

NO x emission and fuel consumption under different visibility and permeability"

Fig.10

NO x emission and fuel consumption under200 m visibility and different permeability"

Table 1

Comparison of safety and energy consumption emission indicators with NaSch model"

能见度/m模型安全性（1/TTC）平均油耗（L/100 km）平均氮氧化物/（mg·s-1）
数值提升比例/%数值提升比例/%数值提升比例/%
50Nasch0.04226.220.3434.08118.001.7
本文0.03119.512116.00
100Nasch0.03324.017.5373.50110.681.5
本文0.02516.923109.00
200Nasch0.02119.211.0122.6867.901.3
本文0.01710.71567.00
平均提升比例-23.1-3.42-1.5
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