Abstract:

Mid-to-late stage ankle arthritis is a chronic degenerative disease that is extremely common in clinical practice. It is characterized by significant cartilage degeneration and subchondral bone sclerosis， accompanied by the formation of osteophytes around the joint， often leading to joint deformity. This condition causes severe pain in the patients during walking， severely restricts their activities， and affects their qualities of life. In recent years， with the continuous improvement of medical standards， the treatment methods for mid-to-late stage ankle arthritis have shown a diversified development trend. Non-surgical treatments primarily include activity restriction， orthotic devices， oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs （NSAIDs）， and intra-articular injections of the talocrural joint.The surgical treatments primarily include joint distraction arthroplasty， periacetabular osteotomy， total ankle arthroplasty， and ankle arthrodesis. Tissue engineering therapy， as an emerging method， has also received considerable attention. This article systematically reviewed the selection principles and research progress of various treatment options for mid-to-late stage ankle arthritis， including traditional treatments， non-surgical treatments， surgical treatments， and tissue engineering treatments. By deeply analyzing the basic principles and advantages and disadvantages of each treatment method， and combining the latest research findings on clinical outcomes， a scientific and comprehensive clinical decision-making reference system was constructed to provide clearer and more comprehensive treatment choices for both doctors and patients， thereby effectively improving treatment outcomes and enhancing the quality of life for the patients.

Key words: Mid-to-late stage ankle arthritis, Non-surgical treatment, Surgical treatment, Tissue engineering therapy, Ankle arthrodesis, Clinical decision-making