Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition) ›› 2025, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (12): 4072-4082.doi: 10.13229/j.cnki.jdxbgxb.20240355

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Wireless sensor network routing algorithm based on diffusion of multi⁃component mixtures

Jian-po LI1(),Min HE1,Ting-wen YU2,Yue-hua YANG1()   

  1. 1.School of Computer Science，Northeast Electric Power University，Jilin 132012，China
    2.Digital Grid Research Institute，China Southern Power Grid，Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Grid Technology，Guangzhou，51000，China
  • Received:2024-04-06 Online:2025-12-01 Published:2026-02-03
  • Contact: Yue-hua YANG E-mail:jianpoli@163.com;yyh0504@126.com

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Abstract:

To inhibit the formation and development of energy holes in wireless sensor networks （WSNs） and to equalize the energy consumption and hole distribution， the effects of parameters such as node density， node residual energy， and data transmission within the survival zone of hole edges， as well as the distance of multi-energy holes， on the generation and development of energy holes are systematically analyzed. To objectively describe the characteristics of energy holes， a series of definitions such as energy hole， fusion energy hole， hole edge domain， and hole distance are proposed. Drawing on the theory of diffusion of multi-component liquid mixtures， an energy hole evolution model is constructed by calculating the diffusion angle and diffusion velocity of energy holes. On this basis， the WSN clustering method based on the diffusion coefficient of the energy hole， the WSN data transmission optimization method to suppress the energy hole， and the node dormant scheduling strategy in the edge domain of the energy hole are studied. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm has significant improvement in terms of network lifetime， data transmission， energy equalization， and hole distribution compared with LEACH， UCDTS， and EHSRA algorithms.

Key words: communication and information systems, wireless sensor networks, energy hole, dynamic cluster routing, diffusion of multi-component mixtures

CLC Number: 

  • TN92

Fig.1

Diagram of energy hole"

Fig.2

Diagram of the fusion energy hole"

Fig.3

Diagram of dead zone at the edge of the hole"

Fig.4

Diagram of the survival zone at the edge of the hole"

Fig.5

Diagram of the distance between multi energy hole"

Fig.6

Diagram of hole diffusion"

Fig.7

Diagram of hole diffusion distance"

Fig.8

Flowchart of WSN clustering for energy hole suppression"

Fig.9

Flowchart for each round of data transfer"

Fig.10

Comparison of the percentage of surviving nodes in algorithms"

Fig.11

Comparison of the amount of data successfully sent by the algorithms"

Table 1

Average remaining energy of the algorithm when different numbers of dead nodes occur"

死亡节点占比/%LEACHUCDTSEHSRARADMCM
100.841 40.975 21.201 21.232 9
200.610 40.776 31.130 01.127 2
300.514 50.648 21.093 81.057 0
400.409 00.542 10.868 80.976 2
500.257 30.399 50.855 90.992 1

Table 2

Extremely poor energy of the algorithm when different numbers of dead nodes occur"

死亡节点占比/%LEACHUCDTSEHSRARADMCM
101.306 91.477 51.581 91.504 1
201.190 21.329 91.488 11.350 8
300.999 51.265 61.418 51.226 0
400.933 81.172 11.290 51.057 4
500.704 01.075 31.227 00.676 1

Table 3

Energy standard deviation of the algorithm when different numbers of dead nodes occur"

死亡节点占比/%LEACHUCDTSEHSRARADMCM
100.439 60.513 20.597 70.469 8
200.372 40.4720.618 60.432 2
300.293 80.424 90.600 40.333 6
400.248 40.372 80.529 10.317 5
500.175 00.290 10.507 90.105 4

Fig.12

Comparison of contour plots of different algorithms at 20% of dead nodes"

Fig.13

Comparison of contour plots of different algorithms at 30% of dead nodes"

Fig.14

Comparison of contour plots of different algorithms at 40% of dead nodes"

Fig.15

Comparison of contour plots of different algorithms at 50% of dead nodes"

Table 4

Energy holes for different algorithms in the presence of different number of dead nodes"

死亡节点占比/%LEACHUCDTSEHSRARADMCM
105（4）3（8）5（3）5（4）
208（5）3（17）4（6）5（6）
309（13）3（27）4（17）4（11）
408（21）6（33）4（29）3（20）
507（29）5（36）5（33）2（27）
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