In order to facilitate efficient modeling of SP-log, and investigate the influences factors quantitatively, investigation on the stimulating source for SP, the electrical double layer (EDL) was performed. Through analyzing of the physical origin of spontaneous potential and the contribution of EDL to SP, it is clear that only the EDL at the borehole wall of shale layer, sand-shale boundary with invaded zone and that between invaded zone and virgin formation would contribute to the value of SP-log. In case only the anomalies of sand layer are concerned, to calculate the contribution of the EDL between invaded zone and virgin formation is sufficient. By analog of direct current electric field and static electric field, expression for the surface current density of EDL is deduced. SP-logs for different depth of invasion were calculated for media with uniform resistivity. The results show that the form of SP-log becomes flatter with the increasing depth of invasion, the amplitude of anomaly become smaller at the same time.

We advance an efficient method to simultaneously reconstruct the horizontal and vertical resistivities and the interface depth each bed in the horizontally stratified transversely isotropic (TI) formation from the multicomponent induction well logging (MCIL) data. We first give the perturbed equation of electromagnetic (EM) fields, relation of conductivity function to the model parameters and the semi-analytic solutions of EM tensor Green function provided by the numerical mode matching method in the horizontally layered TI formation, and further set up a fast algorithm of Frèchet derivatives of multicomponent induction logging response with respect to all the formation resistivities and interfaces. Then, by combination of normalization and singular value decomposition (SVD) technique, we advance an iterative method to simultaneously reconstruct both horizontal and vertical resistivities and interface per bed so that we realize the best fit of the input data with the modeling logs. Numerical tests validate the algorithm.

By studying the relation between response characters and the lengths of Gamma ray detector, we choose 0.1 m length of NaI scintillation detectors to develop a new high resolution Gamma ray tool which measures the total Gamma ray flux emanating from the formation. To overcome the increase of statistical fluctuation errors arising from the reduction of Gamma ray count rates due to the short detector, we assemble four detectors of the same type to achieve the four logs of Gamma ray fluxes with high vertical resolution simultaneously. And we sum up the four different curves from the detectors and then execute low-pass filter to reduce statistical fluctuation error in the Gamma ray logs. After that, we apply regularized deconvolution to enhance the vertical resolution of Gamma ray logs. The theoretical modeling and field results prove that the new Gamma ray tool has the vertical resolution up to 0.15 m, whose vertical resolution is about 4 times higher than that of other conventional Gamma ray tools.

Fractured reservoir become more and more important role in reservoir exploration, and how to identify and evaluate this kind of reservoir is one of the focuses point in logging evaluation. Because of the Cohen time-frequency analysis method behave the advantages to analysis signals both in time and frequency domain, and the Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT) can be decomposed any signals into a finite number of intrinsic mode functions (IMF) ,since the IMF has the single component characteristics, this characteristics satisfied the need for Cohen time-frequency analysis method. The authors make use of these two advantages to extract the useful properties of array acoustic logging signals, the new method is used in extracting the fractured properties embedded in the array acoustic signals, the tested results had showed this method can effective extracting the time-frequency distribution characteristics of fractured formation. And this joint time frequency analysis method can further be used to extract more and more information embedded in the array acoustic logging signals to evaluate the reservoir properties.

In order to develop and enrich the qualitative identification and quantitative interpretation methods in gas hydrate investigation, a new method for gas hydrate saturation estimation using chloride concentration from well logging interpretation was studied and applied with field data. The experimental result on chloride concentration, along with the log response of the gas reservoir in certain area in South China Sea, show the well-known close relationship between gas hydrate content and pore water’s chloride concentration. Chloride concentration of pore water was calculated through porosity and resistivity logs, and gas hydrate content was estimated from it consequently. For the purpose of improving the accuracy and reliability of this method, a regression formula for porosity interpretation was built up, the parameters of m and a in Archie formula were estimated, and the background value of chloride concentration correspond to the target zone was defined by filtering and interpolation. The preliminary application show that the method for gas hydrate content estimation by using of chloride concentration from log interpretation can work as expected and the estimated gas hydrate content can match the experimental result approximately both in their mean values and distribution ranges.

Through a thorough study on measurements of micro-electric imaging logging, a resistivity scaling formula based on the low frequency components is proposed, combined with Archie’s equation and introduction of conventional logging data and processing results, an algorithm which can directly convert micoelectric imaging logging data into porosity was strictly derived. With this method, resistivity scaling process and direct application of Archie formula can be avoided, thus the processing is simplified, and impacts of a variety of uncertainties such as a，b，n，S_xo  and R_mf in Archie formula and shallow investigation laterolog R_LLS for the results can be eliminated, which maximize a self-adaptive processing of the data. Consequently, a variety of statistical analysis was made upon the porosity spectrum, an interval porosity analysis similar to NMR is carried out, a porosity radial heterogeneity analysis similar to permeability evaluation in reservoir description was also made. Programming with Visual C++, a software has been developed and applied in carbonate reservoir capacity forecast. For the first time we proposed the concept of “porosity contribution factor”. By regression analysis of the logging data and the oil testing data of the study area, a fitting formula of oil-producing intensity and porosity contribution factor was established.

The authors propose the concept and method of seismic-log and base level cycle matching. The method established relationship between well logging and seismic reflection by the synthetic notes which is anlysised the well logging and sequence stratigraphy,and as well,the relationships must have been restricted by the base level cycle in the high resolution sequence stratigraphy.This method will get more reliable relationship between well and seism,and give the main significance of seismic reflection meaning that is in the sequence stratigraphic.At the same time,it bridge gap between seismic sequences and high resolution sequence stratigraphy.The 30 wells results of seismic-log and base level cycle matching show that sequence Ⅰinclude 4 reflection axis.A1,A2 and A3 are representing three first flooding surfaces in the four-order sequences.A4 is the first flooding surfaces in high cycle of C3U of sequence Ⅰ. Sequence Ⅱinclude B1 and B2．It is the main seimic reflection horizon and representing flooding surface in the Sequence Ⅱ. Sequence Ⅲ include C1 and C2. C1 is the boundary between C2U and C3U.C2 is the first flooding surface in the C3U cycle.The seimic reflection horizons which is in the third-order sequence are representing the first or max flooding surface which in the forth-order sequence.

Utilizing comprehensive ways of field outcrops, mineral assemblages, organic petrology and element geochemistry analysis, we study the oil shale features and origins of coal-oil shale bearing and oil shale bearing sections in Dalianhe Formation, Yilan basin. Organic matter type of oil shale organisms in coal-oil shale bearing sections is II₁ and II₁-II₂ in oil shale bearing sections. Oil shale not only in coal-oil shale bearing sections, but also in oil shale bearing sections, are all characterized by weak oxidized-reduced, and with different origins.Oil shale of coal-oil shale bearing sections was generated in lacustrine-swamp systems and was located on the former swamps when the base level was rising. Because the hydrodynamic was relatively weak and oxygen can hardly be renewed, large quantities of plants and animals died and be well buried forming into organismrich oil shale. Oil shale of oil shale bearing sections was generated in deep and semi deep lacustrine systems, in which the gravity flows took place very often. Gravity flows can not only bring terrigenous clastics, but also induce oxygen into the deep and semi deep lacustrine systems. In this environment, organism was poorly preserved. As a result, the organisms in oil shale bearing sections are characterized by mixed ones (II₁-II₂) and weak oxidized-reduced.

Huadian basin, which is located within Dunhua-Mishan fault zone, is well known as a Paleogene oil shale-bearing fault-basin in China. Previous studies mostly focus on the sedimentary characteristics of oil shale, but there was little concern on provenance features and tectonic settings. The geochemical analysis based on the mudstone samples from the Oil Shale Member of Huadian Formation shows that the SiO₂ content is respectively low, The K₂O/Na₂O ratio is relatively high(＞1). The parameter of (MgO+Fe₂O^T₃) ranges from 3.91% to 11.66% and the Al₂O₃/（Na₂O+K₂O）ratio ranges from 3.77% to 6.29%, all of which demonstrate that the mudstones contain a certain amount of femic constituents and a considerable quantity of stable components. The PAAS-standardized distribution curves of trace elements show variable enrichment and depletion trends among different samples, significant variations in the REE contents, enrichment in light REE and negative anomalies of Eu. These features suggest that the material sources of the Oil Shale Member came from several provenances. The mudstone weathering and alteration indexes range from 74 to 82 and the Th/U ratio mainly ranges from 4.65 to 6.07, both of which suggest that provenances had underwent moderate weathering processes. The Th/Sc and Zr/Sc ratios illustrate that these mudstones were mainly controlled by source rocks. On the basis of source rocks, discrimination diagrams of the tectonic setting and previous research material, we conclude that the provenances of the Oil Shale Member of Huadian Formation in Huadian Basin were mainly Hercynian and Yanshanian granites, and also involve some andesitic to rhyolitic effusive rocks. Source rocks were formed in the continental margin orogenic belt and belonged to continental island arc volcanic series.

Favorable exploration areas and oil and gas reservoir can be predicted more accurately though analysis of sequence architecture pattern in different tectonic settings. Using seismic, drilling, logging, core, paleontology and so on, according to sequence interface characteristics, Lower Cretaceous in Huhehu depression is divided into 3 second-order sequences, 5 third-order sequences. On the base of structure background, Huhehu depression is divided into fault controlled steep slope zone, gentle slope fault terrace zone and depression zone. Different tectonic units show different sequence architecture patterns: fault controlled steep slope zone sequence architecture patterns, gentle slope fault terrace zone sequence architecture patterns and depression zone sequence architecture patterns. The results show that different tectonic units have specific characteristics of sequence architecture patterns and sedimentary system composing model, and different types of sequence architecture patterns control oilgas formation models. Fault-lithology oil and gas reservoir, fault oil and gas reservoir mainly develop in fault controlled steep slope zone sequence architecture patterns; Fault-lithology oil and gas reservoir, and stratigraphic overlap oil and gas reservoir mainly develop in gentle slope fault terrace zone；Authigenic reservoir lens reservoir mainly develops in depression zone. Moreover, depression edge can develop faultlithology oil and gas reservoir.

Based on the recognition and redefinition of regional angular unconformities, staggered evolution of tectonic subsidence, impulsive activities of growth faults and the change of structural framework, the episodic rifting process and its characteristics of Paleogene in Qiongdongnan basin were revealed. Ulteriorly, the controlling of episodic rifting on the generation and evolution of sedimentary sequences was elucidated systematically in association with the comprehensive analysis on sequence stratigraphy and sedimentary filling of Paleogene. The results show that there are three rifting episodes during the rifting period of Paleogene, namely rifting episodeⅠ(S₁₀₀-S₈₀), rifting episodeⅡ(S₈₀-S₇₀) and rifting episodeⅢ(S₇₀-S₆₀), corresponding to the initial faulted period, the main faulted period and the transition faulted period respectively. The evolutionary trend of rifting activities went from weak to strong and to weak，which is characterized by intense differential subsidence of fault blocks in the early stage of rifting period, while gradually replaced by homogeneous subsidence which was controlled by a combination of regional depression and weak activities of growth faults in the later. Because of the profound influences on accommodation space, tectonic subsidence rate, synsedimentary faulting activity and palaeostructural frameworks, the multistage episodic rifting and differences of tectonic activities among different rifting episodes controlled the development of sequence stratigraphy units and sedimentary cycles at various levels, and the spatial-temporal distribution of depositional and subsidence centers as well as the composition and configuration of depositional system tracts in the sequence stratigraphic frameworks.

Formation thickness of Putaohua oil layer in Sanzhao depression, Songliao basin, reduces gradually from north to south, and the thinning mode is always controversial, result in understanding confusion of hydrocarbon vertical distribution. Log curves of 1 024 wells and core data of 10 wells analyzing formation structure of Putaohua oil layer and sedimentary features of reservoirs show formation of Putaohua oil layer is a process of gradually thinning by layers controlled by uplift of syndepositional structure at the end of deltas, and surfaces of sand-clay discontinuity at the top and bottom of Putaohua oil layer is a sand-clay interface formed by gradually changing from northern sand to southern clay rather than a genuine interfaces; shallow deltas typically developed in Putaohua oil layer, concentrated and continuous straightly-underwater channels and river-dominating extremity sheet sands are the main microfacies; Putaohua oil layer vertically develops sedimentary evolution of sequence with first fast dereliction then slowly transgression, the well developed distributary channel sand body is hydrocarbon preferential transporting channel of lateral migration and enriched layer in central Putaohua oil layer (lowstand).

Taking for example the main oil and gas production formations of carbonate in Callovian-Oxfordian of Samandepe gas field, Amu Darya basin, Turkmenistan, and settings about the sedimentary facies, diagenesis means, diagenetic evolution sequence and corresponding products of geologic process, the authors make a comprehensive research on diagenetic environment and diagenetic fluid property reflected by the geochemical behavior, such as trace element, Fe, Mn, Sr, stable isotope, C, O, Sr, fluid inclusion, and cathode luminescence. According to the “hydrologic system”, CallovianOxfordian are divided into three diagenetic system, seawater-freshwater,compaction brine and deep cycle temperature and pressure water in different diagenetic stage. The deposition and diagenetic system have a good coupling relationship with reservoir in the space and time, which can be classified as: ①Platform edge reef and shallow facies control the regional distribution of reservoir. ②The early-denudation of fresh water system, and the shallow burial dolomitization of compaction brine diagenetic system in early-diagenetic stage are the key to forming reservoir. ③Buried denudation of the diagenetic system of temperature and pressure water, middle-deep buried dolomitization and tectonic disruption action in mid-diagenetic stage enlarge the reservoir scale, promote the reservoir quality, and contribute greatly to the development of high-grade reservoir.

In order to analyze the fracture characteristics, the origin mechanism and the controlling factors of Triassic sand reservoir in Dongpu sag, the techniques of field outcrop section observation, core overview, sample analysis, conventional logging, imaging logging, NMR logging, and rock mechanics experiment, and so on, were applied to study the fractures of Triassic sand reservoir in Wenmingzhai area. The research showed that there were three kinds of structure fractures as NNE, NE and nearly EW. The fracture trend was nearly parallel or perpendicular to the main faults. Fractures following tectonic highs appeared like belt. There were mainly high angle fractures (60°-90°), then low angle ones (30°-50°). They were mutually interlaced and formed the fracture network systems. Core analysis and porosity logging showed that the fracture porosity was 2.60%-3.20%, and the tectonic stress field was the external factor which controlled fracture growth in reservoir, while the reservoir lithology, the sand reservoir thickness, the rock mechanics nature were the internal ones.

The Dahu-Qinnan molybdenum deposit is located in northern belt of the Xiaoqinling gold province and metallogenically belongs to the Xiaoqinling-Waifangshan sub-zone of the eastern Qinling Mo-W metallogenic belt, Central China. Spatially associated with Au-bearing quartz veins, the molybdenite mineralization in the area is characterized by Mo-bearing quartz veins. The occurrences, textures and alterations of Mo-bearing quartz veins in Dahu-Qinnan area have been studied based on the field observation and PIMA instrument analysis. These Mo-bearing quartz veins are friable with cream color, and are of vuggy, cloddy, breccias structure. The breccias in these Mo-bearing quartz veins are mostly gneiss of the Taihua Group and porphyritic granite dyke of Mesozoic with stockwork and disseminated molybdenite mineralization. These breccias are replaced more or less by argillic minerals. Alteration associated with molybdenite-bearing quartz veins is mainly potassium alteration(only in the breccias), alteration to sericite, sillicification (residual silica), alteration to kaolinite, smectite and anhydrite. Based on field evidences, alteration in the area can be divided into 1) Potassium+sericite+sillicification+pyrite+molybdenite in early stage and 2) sillicification ( residual silica)+kaolinization+anhydrite in later stage. Molybdenite and other sulfide minerals occur as the infillings in fissures and pore space in molybdenite-bearing quartz veins. The oreforming temperatures of Mobearing quartz veins are from 134℃ to 463℃. The δD_H2O  is from －96‰ to－110‰, and δ¹⁸O_quartz  is from 10.7‰ to 11.5‰ respectively, revealing a mixing processes of magmatic, metamorphic fluids and meteoritic water. δ¹⁸O value of kaolinite is from 0.1‰ to 2.3‰, also suggesting a hydrothermal origin. δ³⁴S_pyrite is from －5.778‰ to －7.841‰,  indicating the involvement of organism in metallogeny. Based on above studies and combined with the geological setting of the deposit, it is suggested that the molybdenite-bearing quartz veins in the area are likely to be porphyry molybdenum orebodies associated with porphyry granite dyke formed probably at ca. 245-211 Ma during the continental-continental collision of the Qinling orogeny. They were leached and enriched by high sulfidation hydrothermal fluids during later gold-forming epoch.

The analysis of the micro-petrography and element geochemistry, combined with electron microprobe and SEM, shows that the extremely fine, black opaque materials in the ores consist mostly of super-microcrystalline quartz, silicate, sulfide, carbonate and the liquation of rutile, scheelite and specularite (magnetite). These materials are distributed in intergranular space, along the cracks in minerals or along amphibole cleavage. They are associated with silicification, carbonation and sulfidation in the wall rocks, mineralized rocks and gold ores in the Laowangzhai gold deposit. The special petrographical texture characters of thees black opaque matters as coexistence of liqutation and precipitating cocrystallization reveal the transitional features of the mineralizing fluid between the magmatic melt and the hydrothermal fluid. Combined with REE composition of the host rocks and ores, we suggest that these super-microcrystalline solid, black opaque materials under the transmitted-light microscope are the direct microcosmic manifestations of metasomatism of mantle fluids which are thought to be of the characters of melts and supercritical fluids. During the metasomatic alteration, the mantle fluids were transformed into thermal fluids from magmatic melts. Their simultaneous contaminations by hybridization of mantle-derived and crust-derived materials in the deep geological processes were favorable for gold metallogenesis in the area.

The Zaozigou gold deposit is located in the Tongren-Xiahe-Minxian gold metallogneic belt in west Qinling orogen. The ore bodies are hosted in fine-grained clastic rocks intercalated with limestone of the Middle-Triassic Gulangti Formation and varied dikes. The gold ore bodies are strictly controlled by the NE, NW and SN trending tensional and shearing faults with high dipping angle. The ore-forming hydrothermal period is divided into four stages: pyrite-quartz, pyrite-arsenopyrite quartz, stibnite-quartz-calcite and quartz-calcite. Quartz, calcite and sericite are the main alteration minerals. Environmental scanning electron microscope and electron probe analyses show that the gold is micro-visible or invisible. Micro-visible gold is seen in the intercrystalline space or in the fissures of quartz and silicates. Invisible gold is captured in pyrite, arsenopyrite, stibnite and other sulfide mainly as nanoparticles. Gold concentration in sulphides of ore-forming stages is between 0.003% and 0.658% with an average of 0.257%. All the characteristics above lead us to draw the conclusion that the Zaozigou deposit is a typical carlin-type. Hydrogen and oxygen isotope compositions show that ore-forming fluids came from meteoric water while sulfur isotope compositions show that the sulfur came from the sedimentary strata. The meteoric water went deep into the crust through the deep cutting faults and was heated and circulated to extract the metals from the wall rocks. Gold may be transported in the hydrothermal fluids in forms of AuH₃SiO⁰₄,Au(HS)^-₂, H₂Au(Sb,As)S⁰₂ and HAu(Sb,As)S^-₃. In the early stage, the breakup of the AuH₃SiO⁰₄ complex resulted in the deposition of Au and Si, Fe, Na, Al etc; while in the later stages the breakup of  Au(HS)^-₂, H₂Au(Sb,As)S⁰₂ and HAu(Sb,As)S^-₃  complexes led to the simultaneous deposition of sulfides and gold nanoparticles in them.

The Bairendaba ore deposit in central-east Inner Mongolia, China is a vein type deposit filled in faults of the Xinlinhot complex and Bairen quartz diorite. The deposit is divided into two parts: east Bairendaba and west Bairendaba. The No.1 vein in east Bairenda and the No. 3 vein in west Bairenda are the main veins in which  more than 77% ore of the deposit occurs. The ore bodies show obvious mineralization zonation, with Cu-bearing ores in the central and Pb-Zn-Ag ores in the external parts. Metal tonnage, grade and ratio in varied ore blocks in No.1 vein change systematically along the strike. The tonnage and grade of zinc in each ore block decrease from west to east, and the tonnage and grade of lead and silver of each ore block increase first and then decrease gradually. The Ag/Pb ratio of each block rises first and then increases gradually while the Ag/Zn and Pb/Zn ratios increase gradually. This regular and systematic variation is a reflection of cooling processes of the moderate to high temperature ore-forming fluids from west to east. Such a temperature distribution along the orecontrolling faults is the products of imbalance mixing of medium to high temperature oreforming fluids with cold meteoric water and the cooling process was accompanied by the selective deposition of metallogenic materials in the faults. The mineral assemblages observed in different ore blocks record decreasing logf(S₂), and increasing PH changes in the ore-forming fluids. Bairendaba Pb-Zn-Ag ore deposit, together with Weilasituo Zn-Cu-(W) ore deposit, makes up a zoned vein metallogenic system of low sulphidation.

The Jincang mineralized belt is very important in the Yanbian Mesozoic volcanic area. It is related to gold mineralization in the area. In the mineralized belt, there are two types of pyrite: fine veined pyrite and coarse disseminated pyrite. Main elements and trace elements of the two types of pyrite were analyzed. Both types of pyrite are all lower in sulfur and belong to the sulfur depletion type, indicating a forming environment at deep and high temperature. The contents of trace elements in the two types of pyrite are different and are related to different metallogenic epochs. Contents of Au and Ag in the two types of pyrite were low while those of  Cu, Pb, Zn are abnormally high. Among the high temperature element, content of Ni is higher than that of Co, indicating the pyrite formed at high temperature. In pyrite, not only the isomorphous replacement of Fe by Co, Ni , but also S by As, Sb are common. The pyrite in Jincang mineralized belt are not of the typomorphic characteristics of the gold metallogenesis related to volcanic hydrothermal fluids, but of the typomorphic characteristics of copper metallogenesis when compared with pyrite in the typical gold deposits related to volcanic hydrothermal fluids. The geochemical characteristics of pyrite can indicate the formed environment of the minerals and provide prospecting criterion for mineral exploration.

The Shanglüshuiqiao instrusion exposed in Ji’an area of Jilin Province mainly consists of miarolitic K-feldspar granite．The granites in the Shanglüshuiqiao instrusion are characterized by high SiO₂(75.94%-76.34%) and TFeO/MgO value（39.6-66.1），enrichment in alkali（ALK=8.29%-9.63%）and K(K₂O=5.14%-5.20%，K₂O/Na₂O=1.47-1.68)，low CaO and TiO₂．On the primitive mantle-normalized spider diagrams，the granites show positive K, Rb and Th anomalies and negative Ba, Sr,  Ti, Nb,Ta and P anomalies. Moreover，They have particularly intensive Eu negative anomalies and their chondritenormalized REE patterns are of the seagull shape. Research on the major and trace elements of these granites indicates that they are aluminous A-type granite. By LA-ICP-MS dating，the Shanglvshuiqiao intrusion was formed in the early Cretaceous (U-Pb age of (117.8±2.3)Ma).  The low ratios of Ce/Nb、Y/Nb and Yb/Ta reveal that the instrusion is non-orogenic A₁-type granite. They are the shallow geological response of the lithosphere thinning event of the eastern North China plate in the southern Jilin Province．

In this study we observe the microstructure of sheet and flake pyrite crystals systematically using the transmission electron microscope (TEM) and we discover that numerous pyrite morphologies such as square and rectangle etc can be formed under hydrothermal conditions. Pyrite sheet and flake crystals grow perfectly and have few internal defects. Our measurement indicates that most quadrilateral pyrite crystals have two sets of edges parallel to (010) and (100), and the growth crystal face is (001); and a few quadrilateral pyrite crystals have two sets of edges parallel to (010) and (101), and the growth crystal face is (101). The long axis of rectangular flake crystals growth direction is <001>. We hold that pyrite crystals have multiple morphologies, most sheet and flake crystals grow along the twodimensional growth plane (001), and extend along the <001> direction to constitute the twodimensional crystals.

Mangbang basin is a SN directed fault depression basin which was shaped when Gaoligong Mountains intensely upheaved at the end of Himalayan movement in Pliocene period, where carbonaceous siltstone of Mangbang group, a kind of soft half-diagenesis rock, is well distributed. The Baoshan-Tengchong high way section of Burma Road will pass through this basin. Field geology survey indicates that this kind of carbonaceous siltstone is characterized by weak diagenesis, easy disintegration and strong structural strength, which can cause the engineering geological problems of slope failure and roof fall of surrounding rock in tunnel. Laboratory test results show a high natural water content, high porosity, low expansibility and high organic content of it. Due to organic cementation, striking difference can be obtained in the engineering properties of natural rock and dry rock after immersion in water, which indicates the enhancement in water stability and reduction in swelling potential of dried rock. Based on typical project example, in-situ shearing test was conducted on the carbonaceous siltstone, and the results indicate that it has the characteristics of high shear strength and little difference between peak and residual strength, which is one of the main factors for the development of large unstable slope body and creeping landslide in this kind of rock stratum.

The effect of pumping on ground fissures caused by fault is obvious, but its mechanism is rather complicated. Most of the previous corresponding researches are simple qualitative analysis, while numerical simulation and quantitative analysis are few. A new method was adopted to simulate the fault effect on ground fissures during pumping, which is based on Biot seepage and consolidation theory and contact surface element considering the contact relationship of side A and B. The results indicate that pumping could arouse stress change around pumping well, the horizontal earth stress near the well ascend while descend far away from it, causing cracks come into being from above to below when horizontal stress exceed the tensile strength. Additionally, preexisting fault affect the stress redistribution distinctly. Due to the low strength of fault surface, it is easy for stratum to be tore apart or slide along the fault, promoting the activity of ground fissures. In general, the effect of preexisting fault on ground subsidence and fissures includes induction, segregation and amplification.

Ermi landslide was a stable ancient slide. The ancient slide start to slide because of the effect of artificial road excavation, precipitation and ground water, which influence regular constructing of the expressway and safety of human life seriously. The topography and rock mass in the area of the landslide are ascertained by the means of field investigation, drilling, geophysical exploration and so on. The location of the slide plane is determined, and the stability of the landslide is calculated. Moreover, the formation mechanism of the landslide is studied. By numerical analysis, It is found that road excavation in the tail of the ancient landslide is main cause of the landslide. It is in the extrusion-primary creep stage. It must be treated by the means of supporting, draining and so on.

Based on digital elevation model (DEM)，the slope in Dingjiafen, Chuxiong was taken as an experimental research worksite to study the effect of rainfall on landslide occurrence and distribution by means of landslide rainfall threshold model(LRTM). The critical rainfall for a slope unit to generate a potential sliding was simulated combined with field investigation, monitoring data, main features of the slope rock and soil mass, topography and geomorphology, rainfall intensity and duration, underground water level and other factors. Results showed that the critical rainfall to cause a potential sliding varies in each slope. In different rainfall and groundwater level conditions, according to the simulation of LRTM the potential landslide position was mainly located below Chu-Meng highway, leading to a more than 80% agreement rate with the actual landslide position. Visual analysis and prediction of slope stability can be realized through LRTM, which provide an effective method for the forecast and analysis of rainfallinduced landslide.

Research on grain size distribution law would be helpful to further analysis on rock broken mechanism of DTH hammer reverse circulation drilling. The grain size distribution of cuttings in DTH hammer reverse circulation drilling was described by distribution and fractal function, and its distribution law was obtained. Results showed that the grain size distribution of cuttings conform to Gandin-Schuhmann distribution and Rosin-Rammler distribution, and much closer to G-S distribution. The cutting grain size distribution characteristics of reverse circulation drilling follow the fractal rule and can be described by fractal method. The grain size distribution indicates that the total mass of cuttings greater than 5 mm is 74.8%, which shows a predominant volume broken of rock by DTH hammer. The size of massive particle is between 5 mm to 12 mm, indicating the size difference in volume broken accompanied by repeated crushing.

Uncertain factors associated with limited samples have significant influence on the reliability of groundwater resources evaluation result. Groundwater table is a time-dependent stochastic variable during the well field exploration and operation. Therefore, take a confined aquifer of Jining City, Shandong Province as an example, the risk of prior probability distribution and posterior probability distribution are evaluated quantitatively with the fuzzy-stochastic model using Bayesian theory in this paper. The study results show that the fuzzy risk of groundwater over-drafted is increased   from 13.67% to 15.75%. Considering the time-dependent uncertain factors, the uncertain interval spacing becomes smaller from 5.64 to 3.60. Consequently, the pumping plan should be adjusted to guarantee the safe supply.

Many hydrochemical variables were required to test in tradition methods in order to assess groundwater pollution, the cost was higher. More importantly, these methods could not consider the effect of interval water quality target limit on synthesis assessment. A new method was introduced in this paper: first the variable fuzzy set theory was employed to assess groundwater pollution; and then application of fuzzy rough set to evacuate critical variable, the min-decision rules were used to forecast groundwater pollution synthesis index, which was yield by fuzzy-rough set. This method was applied in Luoyang basin to evaluate its validity, the result indicated: there were five hydrochemical variables (As, Hg, Se, I, NH₃-N) played a controlled role in groundwater pollution classification. In testing data, 7 groups of samples' relative error was 0.104 0-0.172 5; the surplus 15 groups samples’ relative error was 0.001 5-0.093 7. Therefore, the groundwater pollution synthesis index could be predicted by variable fuzzy sets and fuzzy-rough set theory according to the above five hydrochemical variables, which could make the monitoring cost decrease and provide reliable data source for groundwater pollution control and remediation.

The conditions of shallow geothermal energy is controlled by geological conditions, hydrogeological conditions and the thermal conductivity of rocks. According to geological and hydrogeological conditions, and analysis of rock thermal conductivity , Changchun urban area can be divided into three stratum structure areas and the No.1 is bedrock fissure water belt in the west of Jiajiawazi-Balipu-Xinglonggou,the No.2 is from bedrock fissure water belt in the east of Jiajiawazi-Balipu-Xinglonggou to terrace scarp zone of Yitong River and the No.3 is the Yitong River valley region. The measured thermal conductivity are 1.168,1.401 and 1.612 respectively. According to analysis of relevant factors, we establish the evaluation index system of ground-source heat pump and groundwater source heat pump suitable areas and put forward the optimum area, more appropriate area and unsuitable zone. We use the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method to evaluate the three stratum structure areas. The results of evaluation is that the No.1 area is not suitable for groundwater source heat pump and the No.2,No.3 area are suitable.

The main component NaHCO₃ was considered as the main factor in Soda saline-alkali soil in order to study the effects of different soda salinization levels on nitrogen adsorption, mineralization, nitrification and denitrification by using laboratory incubation. The results showed that in the experimental conditions with the different NaHCO₃ concentrations, the NH⁺_４-N adsorptions obeyed Langmuir linear adsorption isotherm, while, the N mineralization could be described by the firstorder kinetic equation. With the increasing of NaHCO₃ concentration, the N mineralization potential (M₀) and mineralization rate constant (k_m) decreased from 358.48 mg/kg and 0.088 d^-1 to 337.08 mg/kg and 0.059 d^-1, respectively, and the nitrification could be described by “S” curve model, the maximal rate of nitrification (k_max) decreased from 22.56 to 16.68 mg/(kg·d); the denitrification obeyed zero-order kinetic equation, and there was no significant effect of mixed concentrations variation of NaHCO₃ and Na₂CO₃ on the denitrification rate constant (k_d). NH⁺_４-N adsorption, organic nitrogen mineralization and nitrification were inhibited with NaHCO₃ concentrations increasing in soda saline-alkali soil.

Deguessa P-25 films were immobilized on foam nickel substrate by a facile dip-coating route without any binder. The structural properties of the films were examined by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and other methods. It found that the increase of the P-25 loading in the sols led to the increment of the crystalline material (a.m. anatase (101)), agglomerates, microcracks and the specific surface area. Moreover, XPS analysis result showed that Ni element diffused from the porous nickel during calcinations can form a mixture of Ni and NiO combined on the films surface, which could restrain the recombination of electron-hole pairs, result in the enhancement of the photocatalytic activity. Ti-10 film prepared in 10% ethanol sol presents the optimum photocatalytic activity, wherein the Ni content detected by EDS analysis on the film surface is 12.29%. In order to further investigate stability and practicality, Ti-10 film was made into a newly designed three-dimensional photocatalytic reactor for the treatment of real chemical wastewater. Chemical wastewater is pretreated by slowly quartz sand filter in order to remove suspended matter and solid particles, and then flow directly into the three-dimensional photocatalytic reactor. This reactor has been running for one week, and the chemical oxygen demand of effluent can reach the first grade of national environmental standard.

In order to determine the dispersion coefficient and simulate the saline water migration, a tracer test has been designed and carried out aim at the distribution of the saline water in the aquifer,  which based on the geological background of the study area and the hydrogeologic condition. With the test data, the vertical and lateral migration characteristics of the saline water were analyzed preliminary and a push-extension method was present to predict the dispersion coefficient or dispersity under the multi-scale dependent on single-scale tracer test results. The tracer test illustrated the different effects of the saline water to the pumping well and attained the longitudinal dispersity is 7.42 m and latitudinal dispersity is 41.4 m. From the analysis of the solution of the dispersion equation, scale effect about the desperty has been discussed, and the relation has been set up to be as y=0.007 5e^{0.129 3x} and y=0.102 9e^{0.049 2x}, respectivity. These quantitative relation are suitable for the dispersion coefficient calculation and the scale-effect analyzation, thereby this will provide a further data basis for the simulation and prediction on the water-salt transport characteristics.

Batch adsorption experiments were carried out for the kinetics and equilibrium of Chlorobenzene(CB) in aqueous solutions using a β-cyclodextrin cross-linked polymer(β-CDP) as adsorbent，and the regeneration capacity of β-CDP. The removal efficiency and the stability of β-CDP treating Chlorobenzene under continuous operating conditions were simulated. Adsorption data were fitted using the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order kinetic equations, Langmuir and Freundlich model. It was found that the adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order model for CB concentration range studied in the present work, suggesting that the rate-limiting step may be chemisorption. The adsorption data fit the Langmuir isotherm model and the maximum adsorption capacity of CB at 15, 25, 35℃ were 23.36, 28.17, 27.85 mg/g, respectively.

The optimum proportion of cement clinker was determined by orthogonal test, displaying as the lime saturated coefficient was 0.92, the silicon rate was 2.5, the aluminum rate was 1.5; the best calcining temperature of cement clinker was 1 350 ℃. According to the above experiment conditions, cement clinker was prepared using industrial material as raw material. The XRD results show that mineral composition of the asprepared cement clinker is similar to the cement clinker in Yatai cement plant of Jilin Province. Oil shale, as the mixing material, is added to cement clinker directly. The relevant experimental results show that with the increasing adding quantity of oil ash, strength decreases significantly in 3 days; but later reinforcing effect is higher. The intensity of 28 days is relatively stable. If cement intensity meets the PC32.5 standards, the maxmium adding quantity of oil ash should be 35% to 40%.

Local wavenumber method is a widely used method in the interpretation of magnetic fields, the previous local wavenumber methods need to compute the derivatives of local wavenumber in the inversion, which increase the effect of noise obviously, and bring the errors to inversion results. The authors proposed using the simple combinations of different locations and heights of local wavenumber of magnetic anomaly to compute the depth and structural index of the causative source, and these methods do not need to compute the derivatives of the local wavenumber, which reduce the effect of the noise, and increase the stability of the inversion results. The new methods are demonstrated on theoretical magnetic field data without and with random noise, and the difference between the inversion results and theoretical values is less than 5% of the theoretical values. The practical application of the new methods is tested on real magnetic anomaly from Sichuan basin, Southwest China, the inversion results are consistent with the results computed by the Euler deconvolution of analytic signal. The proposed local wavenumber methods can finish the inversion of magnetic data effectively.

Ruyuan-Chaozhou MT profile was measured to study the struture of deep lithosphere, deep faults and granite distribution laws in northern Guangdong.Basing on the electrical structure from the 2D inversion, the authors study the conductivity properties of the lithosphere in northern Guangdong, find that there are three granite along the distribution profile, showing different types, and may represent different genetic model. There are three faults along the profile: between the Ji’an-Sihui fault and Ganjiang fault in Shaoguan east have a deep low resistivity fracture zone with the depth of 20 km, froming a fault basin; Crust-mantle mixing type granite and crust-mantle high conductivity layer develop along the two sides of Heyuan-Shaowu fault, have compplicated electrical structures in deep lithoshpere, this area maybe the place of  dramatic action between crust and mantle;Lishui-Haifeng fault controls the distribution of granite from Late Yanshan period. In the depth of 50-150 km between the Shaoguan-Lianping and the Longchuan-Fengshun, two huge anomolies with low resistivity develop that maybe the “channel” formed in the underplating of mantle substances, and the direction of the underplating points to the area between Lianping and Longchuan, due to the contribution of underplating, there are a series of high conductivity layers develop in the crust and upper mantle. The depth of the lithosphere in northern Guangdong decreases from 100 km to 60 km from west to east, this feature reflects the cut effect of Pacific plate to the Eurasian plate;It characerizes as middle and low resistivity under 100 km in Chaozhou, the substance with middle and low resistivity is deduced as oceanic curst from the subduction of the pacific ocean.

The fillings property and distribution density of cracks and v_s/v_p of wall rocks are introduced into P-wave and converted SV-wave elastic impedance equations in cracked horizontal transversely isotropic media, and normalization response characteristic of elastic impedance is simulated. The subsequent numerical simulation results show that elastic impedances in fractured media are azimuthally anisotropic and increase with the crack distribution densities; the range of elastic impedance for P-wave and converted SV-wave are in great differences; the elastic impedance differences may be considered as an identification of gas or water of crack fillings for the typical sandstones.

For the hard formation of high matrix resistivity the difference between formation resistivity and tight surrounding rock resistivity are caused by reservoir fractures and fluid property in the pore space when the factors such as mudstone, pore and other conductive minerals are eliminated. Based on volcanic lithology identification, the resistivity of gas-bearing reservoir and tight surrounding layer with the same lithology  were used to determine the formation true resistivity formula of gas-bearing intervals that eliminate the factors of reservoir factures and fluid property in the pore space by use of numerical inversion method. Then the differenceratio value of structural resistivity was defined as the ratio difference of formation true resistivity and deep investigation laterolog resistivity to deep investigation laterolog resistivity, and this parameter mainly reflect the influence of the reduced rate of resistivity due to reservoir fractures and fluid property in the pore space.This method can identify fluid property of volcanic fractured formation, and form the identification plate of oil layer, gas layer and water layer for volcanic reservoir. Combined with other well logging curves, reservoir performance data and gas surveying information, it can effectively evaluate and identify the natural gas layers of volcanic fractured formation.This method has been applied to volcanic natural gas layer identification in the Junggar basin research area and has got good application effect, the interpretation conclusions and oil testing results are basically consistent.

Controlled sourse audiofrequency magnetolelluric(CSAMT) is an effective geophysical method for deep resource prospecting. The accuracy of most current instruments functioning in time-sharing measurement mode is easily affected by differences of various arrangement observation condition. In order to improve the efficiency and accuracy, a distributed electromagnetic system was developed which achieves multi-point observation simultaneously in a survey line. The system consists of an electromagnetic receiver array and a high power transmitter base on series technology and it can be used for the CSAMT and induced polarization method by moving emission source location. Inversion parameters are extracted from the original multi-channel data after interference suppression. The system was applied to deep groundwater prospecting in Songjianghe area, Jilin Province. The results which were compared with GDP32II shows that multi-point simultaneous measurement not only improve efficiency, but also overcome the horizontal abnormal impact generated by time-varying and regional noise. The potential location of deep groundwater was successfully predicted according to the exploration results and it had been verified by drilling.

According to our massive digital geological map and mineral map in geological standards-based database, geological information is integrated in space by GIS-based geological interpretation. It’s utilized to implement comprehensive information mineral forecast. In this paper, a geological interpretation system is applied to 1∶20 0000 mineralization prediction about Daxinganling, in the southern of Inner Mongolia. In this work, the spatial geological information extraction and integration process can be illuminated. The geological spatial information is shared by establishing geological dictionary. First, geological ore-forming space information base and gallery space are established through making spatial analysis of classification layers of the geological model in the mineralization dense area. Then, the geological prospecting model is established through making spatial analysis about geological model unit and ore-forming spatial information database and gallery space. At last, extraction and integration of the geospatial information of prediction model are completed through the second space integration of the geological model unit to the geological oreforming spatial information database and gallery space. The amount of new target areas which should be confirmed further is increased 5 times by using this approach to evaluate target areas of comprehensive information mineral forecast of a case of Ag mineral.