It is now a hot spot to prospect oil and gas in deep of Ordos basin, North China. Seven new lithofacies palaeogeography maps on Ordos have been sketched out, according to the guideline of which tectonism controls sedimentation, applying the sequence stratigraphy theory, on the ground of field outcrops observations, core observations, logging data and seismic profiles, applying the method of single factor analysis and comprehensive mapping, and taking tectonic-sediment evolution as storyline, and reservoir-accumulation as the goal. The research has shown that there was a dynamic evolution process in Cambrian in Ordos, in which carbonate ramps formed platforms and restricted platforms. The carbonate ramps were characterized by exchanging of clear water and muddy water. The research also shows that drought in early became relative humidity in late. There was a tectonic differentiation in south-north earlier and west-east later. Southern Ordos margin appeared aulacogen. Ancient Ordos Land (AOL) was, fundamentally, covered by seawater except the parts of north and west margin in the Middle-Late Cambrian. A conversion in which land was changed to sea had been completed. The characteristic of palaeogeography was mainly a shallowwater carbonate platform on the continental sea. The forming of “Ancient Ordos Sea” (AOS) was a turning point. The west arises in Late Cambrian，which is a rudiment of “Central Paleouplift”(CP) which mainly had formed in Ordovician. The Late Cambrian uplift ran in north to south and is basically the same range as “Ordovician Central Paleouplift”. Therefore, it has been proved that the earliest age of forming “Central Ordos Paleouplift” is from Cambrian Furongian to the Early Ordovician. It has also been proved that tidal flat is dominating facies in the Early Cambrian, oliticbeachs are distributed around the land in Zhangxia Formation in the Middle Cambrian and porous dolostones which distributed in whole areas mainly occur in the top of Cambrian. Huaiyuan movement is a key reason why weathering and karstification took place on the top of Cambrian in Ordos. The subduction of ancient Qilian Ocean led to the chief geodynamic differentiation of Ordos Ancient Land. The unconformity surface of the top of Cambrian and part Lower Ordovician should be the most important deep exploration target.

In the Shun 9 well area an oringinal oil pool has been found in the Lower Member of Kepingtage Formation in Shuntuoguole region in Tarim basin. The sedimentary environment is analyzed that is from bathyal to shallow sea to delta,based on integrated interpretation of core, log and seismic data.The sandstone reservoirs are considered to be delta frontal channel mouth bar and distributary channel sand bodies form north to south,in the upper part in the Lower Member of Kepingtage Formation. Tazhong uplift that is closer to Shun 9 well area does not provide terrigenous clastic masses. But during the late deposition of Lower Member of Kepingtage Formation the environment transformed gradually into deltaic and tidal flat. Due to the late tectonic north-dip tilting, the present structure background of oil field belongs to an north dipping slope developed  locally low amplitude structures. The founded types of oil pools are dominated by lithological traps associated delta sand body upward pinchout, with partial low amplitude structure traps and lithologic-structural compound traps. Favorable traps are located in the delta front and some structural highs.

In order to research the coal bearing features of Yan’an Formation in Ordos basin, the isochronous stratigraphic framework is established, then the controlling effect of accommodation space changes to coal formation can be analyzed. By analyzing the outcrops, boreholes, logging curves, the typical sequence stratigraphy boundaries were recognized. The Yan’an Formation are divided into 3 third-order sequences, and each of them are composed of lowstand normal regression systems tract, lake transgressive systems tract, highstand normal regression system tracts, and forced regression systems tract. The thick coals mainly developed in the middle and late periods of the lake transgressive systems tract and highstand normal regression system tract. In north part of the basin, the mid-thick and stable coal seams developed on the flat landform. And in south part of the basin, thick-mega and unstable coal seams developed. From the lakeshore plain to delta plain to flood plain of river, the thick coal seams located in the bottom to middleupper part of the fourth base level uprising cycle gradually. It can be concluded that, in different sedimentary area, position of the balance between accommodation space changes rate and peat accumulation rate was different, and the thick coal beds mainly developed at the balance position. The development of thick coal beds migrated following the sedimentary changes.

Field investigation, organic geochemistry, fluid inclusion and low temperature thermochronology analysis were carried out for further understanding characteristic, formation and destroy process of the Permian paleo-oil seepage in Jingshan area, the north edge of the central Yangtze block. The Permian source rock with high organic abundance and type I organic matter is considered to be the best source rock. The hydrocarbon are mainly preserved in hole, crack or crack-hole, show olivine or brown yellow color, are easy-volatizing light oil, and are expulsed from the Permian source rock. The preservation conditions may be the key factor for the paleooil seepage. Based on fluid inclusion analysis and basin modeling, Permian hydrocarbon source rock started to generate oil during the Early Triassic, there must exist one or more thermal fluid activities which were related to petroleum migration or redistribution in the Late Triassic-Late Jurassic. By low temperature thermochronology analysis, the reservoir experienced three stages of tectonic movement after its formation: 1)Strong uplift and rapid cooling during Jurassic-Early Cretaceous stage; 2)Slow uplift stage during the Late Cretaceous-Early Paleogene； 3)Strong uplift and cooling since the Middle Paleogene, and the first event applies the greatest impaction on the reservoir and maybe even destroy it. Through the paleo-oil seepage analysis, the central Yangtze region may be gets primary oil or gas reservoirs reserved in cracks or/and hole developed within Permian strata, especially where the Yanshanian tectonic influence is weak.

Brazilian Campos and Santos basins are typical passive continental margin basins. Recently, with the increasing exploration and major oil and gas discoveries in the deep water pre-salt reservoirs in the Santos basin, the difference of tectono-sedimentary evolution and petroleum geology between these two basins becomes more obvious. The comparison of regional geological setting and hydrocarbon accumulation conditions reveals contrasting characteristics of hydrocarbon distribution in these two basins. In the Campos basin where salt windows are more common, oil and gas are mainly enriched in the supra-salt turbidite sanstones; while in the Santos basin where salt is continuous, oil and gas are mainly enriched in pre-salt lacustrine carbonates. Continuous salt and paleo-high structures such as Sao Paulo plateau, are the main controls on the habitat of oil and gas in the pre-salt sequences. Salt-related structures and deep faults, which act as the vertical migration pathways, control the formation and occurrence of oil and gas accumulations in the suprasalt sequences.

Zircon U-Pb dating results show that the intermediatebasic volcanic rocks from Changling depression in the Songliao basin formed at Early Cretaceous, rangingd from 101 Ma to 116 Ma, which belong to Yingcheng Formation rather than Huoshiling Formation. Petrologically, the volcanic rocks are composed dominantly of olivine basalt and andesite, but geochemical data show that the volcanic rocks belong to alkaline series and are composed mainly of basalt, trachybasalt and basaltic trachyandesite. The intermediate-basic volcanic rocks have low contents of MgO and small Mg^# (0.27-0.53); The chondrite-normalized rare earth element (REE) patterns indicate that the volcanic rocks show significant fractionation of HREE and LREE \[(La/Yb)_N=6.60-10.96\] and weak Eu anoalies(δEu=0.85-1.02); The trace element geochemistry are characterized by enrichment in large ionic lithophile elements and LREEs, weak positive anomalies in Nb，Ta, depletion in compatible elements (Cr, Co, Ni) and Rb，K. All of the samples display highly consistent REE patterns and trace elements spider diagrams with OIB. The magma source is situated in the asthenospheric mantle, and experienced deep mantle fluid metasomatism enrichment. These rocks were not accompanied by contamination of continent crustal materials during their magmatic evolution.

Yanji Basin is a rift basin with strong rework. Six regional unconformities which are mainly angular unconformity and overlap unconformity were identified by seismic, geological and logging data. The prototype of basin was formed by the stage Ⅰ, Ⅱof Yanshanian and the inversion stage of the basin was the stage of Ⅳ of Yanshanian. During this period，the abundant kaolinite (40%) are related to the meteoric water eluviation. After temporary subsidence stage, N-S compression during the stage Ⅴ of Yanshanian made this area suffer strong denudation. This compression led to a large height of uplift in north and south. The erosion thickness in north and south is more than 700 m while it is about 300 m in the center of the basin. The division of three tectonic sequences is based on the unconformity. The conformity between Tongfosi and Dalazi Formations is preferential for hydrocarbon generation during the Early Cretaceous. It can not only improve the permeability of reservoir but also supply the pathways of petroleum secondary migration. The oil/gas reservoirs（eroding monadnock, overlap unconformity, slope break area of fault) related to the unconformity are the favorable exploration target in future.

In broad gentle structure regions of both compact carbonates and sandstones, some fault-related fracture (FRF) traps are important domains for hydrocarbon exploration. However, the qualitative and quantitative identification of FRF is still difficult in structural geology. In this paper, a new method for qualitative identification and prediction of FRF, based on fault detachment theory, was introduced. With the establishment of replacement model between fault plane void space and FRF, qualitative identification and prediction of FRF can be carried out through observing the combination structural features among top and bottom surfaces of the fault and its fault surface. Taking Zhonggu 3 and Tazhong 72 wellblocks as examples, qualitative identification of FRF was firstly conducted for the Upper Ordovician Lianglitage Formation in both vertical seismic profiles and in plane. The predicted result based on fault detachment theory was compared with those results from logging and seismic attribute analysis, respectively. The results show that the predicted results are basically consistent with those revealed from logging data, and the plane distribution results are almost consistent with the overall characteristics obtained from RMS, with difference in details. It indicates that the fault detachment theory can be effectively used to qualitatively predict the FRF. The fault detachment theory, not only provides a new qualitative evaluation idea and method for the development distribution of FRF both ground and underground, but also provides an important theoretical basis for quantitative characterization of FRF.

Systematical field work and ore microscopy studies have been carried out in the Xinqiao deposit. The fact that the skarn-associated magnetite is cut by the colloidal pyrite in the stratiform ore body provides a new constraint on the ore genesis of the stratiform sulfide ore body in Xinqiao deposit. The Fe isotope compositions of siderite minerals from the siderite ore bodies in Xinqiao and Fenghuagnshan skarn Fe-Cu ore bodies were analyzed and compared. Fe isotope compositions of the siderite from Xinqiao deposit are different from those from sedimentary and hydrothermal vein-type deposits, but similar to those from the Fenghuanghsan skarn Fe-Cu deposit. Moreover, the fact that the heavy Fe isotope enrichment in magnetite related to siderite and colloidal pyrite indicates that the siderite and colloidal pyrite cannot be altered to be magnetite. Fe isotope compositions in sulfide ores, quartz-monzodiorite stock and limestone wall-rock in Xinqiao strata bound sulfide and skarn ore were examined. The δ⁵⁷Fe values of endoskarn and the earliest formed magnetite are lower than those of the quartz-monzodiorite, while δ⁵⁷Fe values of limestone wall-rock are higher than those of the igneous stock. Moreover,  such features as spatial and temporal zoning, evolution of Fe isotope are consistent with fluid exsolutionary and evolutionary theory, also accordant with basic theory of Fe isotopic fractionation, which suggests that two types of ores be resulted from the same hydrothermal fluid system and Fe element came from the same magmatic source. The Fe isotope characteristics, together with ore minerals paragenesis relationship, demonstrate that the Xinqiao Cu-S-Fe-Au deposit is a typical hydrothermal skarn deposit, rather than the multi-stage syngenetic-hydrothermal compound deposit.

A series of Devonian SEDEX deposits occur at the Xicheng ore field in east section of the Western Qinling orogenic belt, and the Luoba Pb-Zn ore deposit in Hui County of Gansu Province is a typical one. The Luoba deposit is hosted in the upper section of the Jiaogou Layer in the Anjiacha Formation (Middle Devonian period) and controlled by Luoba anticline and fractures developing in its north and south wings. The ore bodies are accordant with the hosting strata in occurrence. The predominately ore structures include lamellar, layered, disseminated and massive structures. Channel and quenching structures, commonly related to SEDEX, are identified by the analysis of microstructure and SEM. Ba, As, Sb, B, Ag and Hg contents in the ore and wall-rock are relatively high and LREE are enriched. Obvious positive δEu and medium positive δCe imply that the REE in the ores inherited from the wall-rocks (chert). Fluid inclusions studies show that the mineralizing temperature ranged from 168 ℃ to 350 ℃. The δ³⁴S values of the early sulfides (averaged at 9.8‰) are significantly higher than those of the late ones (averaged at 5.6‰), which indicates that the strata sulfur was involved in the late reconstruction processes. Authors suggest that the Luoba Pb-Zn ore deposit belong to the SEDEX type, and be reformed by Late Hercynian-Indosinian metamorphism. It was derived from the hydrothermal fluid at the later Qinling orogenic intraplate extension stage. A metallogenic model for the Luoba SEDEX lead-zinc deposit is also given in this paper.

Balifang gold deposit, located in the northwest part of Heilongjiang Province, is one of the recently discovered gold deposits. The ore bodies are hosted in the diorite and arkose of the Middle Jurassic Emuerhe Formation. The ore types include gold and pyrite-bearing arkoses and quartz veins. Studies of petrogeochemistry indicate that the diorite, is with medium to low ∑REE concentrations, enriched in LILE (such as K, Rb, Ba) and more mobile incompatible elements (such as U, Th, Pb), relatively depleting in HFSE (such as Ta, Nb, P, Sr, Ti). The chondrite-normalized REE patterns of the diorite samples display pronounced LREE enrichment and HREE depletion, slightly negative Eu anomalies (average 0.82), and no Ce anomalies (δCe=0.97～1.07). Geochemical characters imply that the Balifang diorite intrusion has the similar geologic characteristic to the island-arc and active continental margin magma. The arkoses has a wide range of ∑REE concentrations, slightly negative Eu anomalies (average 0.76), and no Ce anomalies (δCe=0.91～0.99). The arkoses belongs to the sandstone series in active margin. Fluid inclusions in quartz veins can be classified into aqueous two-phase, CO₂-bearing three-phase and pure CO₂ types. The homogenization temperatures of aqueous two-phase and CO₂-bearing three-phase inclusions range from 107.9 to 247.4 ℃, 269.8 to 332.7 ℃,and the salinities(w(NaCl)) range from 3.05% to 8.55%, 4.41 to 10.29%. The ore-forming fluids are the hydrothermal system with mediumlow temperature and low salinity. Combined with the geological characteristics of ore deposit, petrogeochemistry and ore-forming fluids, it can be concluded that the Balifang gold deposit belongs to the orogenic gold deposit.

The Yanqian tungsten deposit is located in east section of Nanling region, the conjunction of the E-W striking Nanling tectonic belt and the NNE Circum Pacific Ocean tectonic belt. The primary mineralization types include skarn type scheelite deposit and wolframitequartz vein deposit. The orebodies occur in the inner and the outer contact zone of the Early Yanshanian granite. Based on the studies of regional geology and deposit geology, the LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb and molybdenite Re-Os isochron dating have been carried out to accurately determine the ages of the granite pluton and the mineralized quartz vein within the pluton. The zircon U-Pb age of mineralized pluton is (160.6±0.72) Ma. The Re-Os isotopic age of molybdenite within mineralized quartz vein is (159.2±2.3) Ma. The isotopic dating results show that petrogenic age of the granite is similar with that of the mineralized quartz vein, which means that the magmatism and mineralization occurred in the same period. According to the previous research data, it was considered that the magmatism and mineralization during 160~150 Ma in the Nanling region primarily developed within the mideast section, and might be caused by the large-scale lithosphere extension. The Yanqian tungsten deposit belongs to the same sub-metallogenic series as some famous deposits in the eastern Nanling region, such as Pangushan,Huameiao and Shizhuyuan, with great exploration potential in the depth. The exploration targets in Yanqian area should primarily be aimed at skarn type and quartz vein type tungsten-polymetallic deposits in the inner contact.

The Cuihongshan deposit is one of important polymetallic deposits in the Lesser Xing’an Range-Zhangguangcai Mountain polymetallic metallogenic belt. The tungsten, molybdenum and zinc resources in this deposit are over large-scale. To determine the metallogenic age of the deposit, Re-Os dating of 7 molybdenite samples from W-Mo ore bodies in the inner contact zone has been completed. The Re content in the molybdenite varies from (0.376 9-0.973 8)×10^-6 and Os content varies from (1.272-3.234)×10^-9. The model age of the molybdenite ranges from (199.0±3.1) Ma to (203.9±3.8) Ma, the weighted mean age is (201.6±1.4) Ma (MSWD is 0.80), and the isochron age is (198.9±3.7) Ma (MSWD is 0.83). Combined the isotopic dating with the regional mineralization characteristics, it’s suggested that the Cuihongshan polymetallic deposit be formed in Early Jurassic period, contemporary with some large-scale porphyry molybdenum deposits as Huojihe and Luming in the Lesser Xing’an Range-Zhangguangcai Mountain metallogenic belt, and they are all resulted from the Early Yanshanian large-scale tectonic-magma-metallogenetic events. According to the molybdenite Re-Os ages and zircon U-Pb ages of some granitic rock bodies in the mine, we can conclude that the monzonite and alkali-feldspar granite were closely related to the W-Mo polymetallic mineralization. The content of Re in molybdenite minerals, together with data on material source of associated intrusion, suggests that the ore-forming materials should be derived mainly from the mixing source of the crust and the upper mantle.

The forming age of the Meizikeng molybdenum deposits located in Jiuling-Zhanggongshan ploymetallic metallogenic belt, northern Jiangxi Province, has been determined by the Re-Os isotopic dating method in this paper. The Re-Os dating of 5 molybdenite samples yielded average model ages from 148.2 to 150.7 Ma, with a weighted average of (150±1) Ma, and an isochron age of (148.9±4.4) Ma. Evidently, we can constrain the forming age of Meizikeng deposits at ca.150 Ma. The geological characteristics of the deposit show that the molybdenum mineralization in this deposit is closely related to the Late Jurassic magmatic activities, which accounted for the constant pressure triggered by the simultaneous subduction of the Pacific plate. The forming ages of some deposits in the metallogenic belt allows further inference about the existence of different mineralization processes. The molybdenum polymetallic mineralization was caused by the extension and reduction of the lithosphere (135 Ma±). Moreover, the Late Jurassic mineralization was also found in this metallogenic belt, which was formed by the convergence of lithosphere plate in East Asia since the Late Middle Jurassic period (150 Ma±).The accurate ore-forming age will contribute to mineral exploration in Jiuling-Zhanggongshan polymetallic metallogenic belt, northern Jiangxi Province.

The Sena gold deposit recently discovered in Duolong metallogenic concentrated area is an epithermal gold deposit. There is few  high-precision petrogenic and metallogenic geochronological data. The zircon U-Pb dating, the major elements, trace elements and zircon Sr-Nd isotopic data of the ore-hosting quartz monzobiorite in Sena deposit are reported in this paper. Weighted mean U-Pb age of the Zircon from the quartz monzobiorite, (122.0±1.8) Ma, can be regarded as the age of magmatic crystallization. The ore-hosting quartz monzobiorite in the Sena gold deposit is characterized by low SiO₂( 57.26% to 58.88% ), high Al₂O₃ (16.58% to 17.50%), high MgO (2.65% to 2.98%), (A/CNK)=0.93 to 1.09, rich in LREE (LREE/HREE=6.28 to 7.25),  Eu=0.85 to 1.05, meanwhile by high Rb, U, La, Sr, Sm contents, coupled with low Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf contents. Compared with primary mantle, the quartz monzobiorite in Sena gold deposit has respectively high Sr \[(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i=0.705 023 to 0.705 453\], low Nd\[ε_Nd(t)=-0.18 to 2.43\]. The model age (T_DM2=0.78 to 1.03 Ga) indicates that the quartz monzobiorite belongs to the over aluminum granite. Authors suggest that the Early Cretaceous magmatism and mineralization be caused by crystallization differentiation and contact metasomatism of parent magma which consist of partial melting materials, few sediments and mantle derived magma.

The Xinhualong molybdenum deposit, located in the eastern Jilin Province, is a newly discovered porphyry deposit. The orebodies are mainly hosted in granodiorite-porphyry. The hydrothermal ore-forming processes can be divided into five stages: quartz-disseminated molybdenite, quartz-stockwork molybdenite, quartz-pyrite-chalcopyrite, quartz-polymetallic sulfides, quartz-carbonate. Some conclusions have been drawn through petrographic observation of fluid inclusions in this deposit: there are mainly gas liquid two-phase (L+V) inclusions, subordinately pure gas (V) and pure liquid inclusions (L), and minor daughter minerals bearing multiphase inclusions (L+V+S). The homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions regularly change from the early stage to the late stage. The homogenization temperatures and salinities of fluid inclusions ranges from 172-385 ℃, and from 8.51%-45.44％, respectively. The peak values of homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions formed in different stages are separately 360-390 ℃, 270-350 ℃, 250-260 ℃, 220-230 ℃, 170-190 ℃. The homogenization temperatures of daughter minerals bearing inclusions mainly range from 272-385 ℃, salinities  from 35.79％-45.44％, and densities from 1.07-1.08 g/cm³ respectively. Gas liquid two-phase inclusions are mainly in ranges of 172-381 ℃, 8.51％-23.36％, and 0.7-0.99 g/cm³ respectively. Laser Raman spectroscopy of inclusions indicate that the gas components are CO₂, H₂O, N₂ and CH₄. Petrographic and microthermometric studies indicate that the ore-forming fluid of the first and the second stage, with high temperature, high salinities, CO₂-bearing, took place boiling. The fluid boiling resulted in CO₂ escaping, temperature decreasing and abundant metal sulfides precipitating. Moreover, data of oxygen and hydrogen isotope indicate that the ore-forming hydrothermal fluid was dominated by magmatic water with mixing of meteoric water in the later stage, and the mechanism for ore-metals precipitation is fluid-boiling.

The special Pleistocene strata were formed by the differential tectonic activities in Eastern Songliao Plain during the Quaternary period. Due to the difference of Quaternary strata division and the differential strata in different regions, the stratigraphic boundary between Middle and Upper Pleistocene series was not determined in Eastern Songliao Plain. Studies of the Fangzheng strata profile in Heilongjiang Province, the age of (149.6±10.4) ka by optically simulated luminescenc, the analysis of main elements, trace elements, REE as well as the correlation of strata profiles indicate that taking 140 ka as the stratigraphic boundary between Middle and Upper Pleistocene series is suitable for the strata reality situation. The Middle Pleistocene strata are composed of the sediments of stream, lake and flood facies. Late Pleistocene strata are dominated by the lower part of the limnetic and floodfacies clay and upper part of loess. The limnetic and flood facies clay may be lack in the strata profiles of the Huangshan Formation because of the facies transformation. The Fangzheng strata profile can correlate with the Donggang profile in Yushu County. The depositional environment changed obviously in middle and Late Pleistocene. Contents of main elements, trace elements, REE appeared prominent changes between Middle and Upper Pleistocene series.

To investigate macroscopic mechanical properties and microstructure evolution mechanisms of Nanjing Xiashu soil under triaxial compression, triaxial apparatus and scanning electron microscope（SEM）were used respectively to perform a series of experiments. Results show that the ratio of structural strength of Xiashu soil to confining pressure is almost a constant, and the structural strength depends on internal particles arrangements of soil, bonding capacity between particles and outer stress states. As shear strain of soil increases under triaxial compression, greater particle aggregates are sheared breakage, and smaller ones enlarge by gathering together, resulting in increase of particle area ratio but reducing its collectivization degree and scattering its planar distributions. Consequently, the particles arrangements gradually tends to disorder, and finally shear failure zone forms in the most disordered part.

Freeze-thaw cycle effect is one of the most important reasons that cause engineering problems in cold zone. Freeze-thaw cycles may lead to great changes of soil engineering properties, and subsequently cause unacceptable deformation or failure of engineering facilities. The research achievements of the soil engineering change caused by freeze-thaw cycles were analyzed and summarized from structure, basic physical properties and mechanical properties of soil. After freeze-thaw cycles, initial soil fabric was destroyed and reformed, in which clayey aggregates experienced fragmentation and recombination and formed a more uniform structure. Under different internal and external conditions, soil may form different structure. After the action of freezethaw cycle, the permeability of soil increases, plastic index decreases, porosity and density of loose and dense soils have different change trend. Soil mechanics properties show different trends in various test results. On one hand it is relate to the changes of soil structure, and on another hand different method of freeze-thaw cycle test can lead to different research results. Therefore, we need to establish the method of judgments, evaluation and prediction system for variation of soil engineering properties under the freezethaw cycle effect, which can be become the direction of future research work.

Laboratory test is the most basic method to determine uniaxial compressive strength of rock, but its value often differs significantly due to the heterogeneity of samples. Taking the sampling difficulty as well as the time and cost factors into account, it will be favorable to determine the uniaxial compressive strength with appropriate prediction models. Complete comprehension of the geological nature of rock is the bridge that leads to an accurate description of its physical and mechanical properties. The geological nature of rock consists of the intrinsic properties of rock substance, structure and occurrence state. Based on comprehensive consideration of those intrinsic properties of rock and their connection with uniaxial test, methods of regression and BP neural network are adopted to predict the uniaxial compressive strength of carbonate with basic index parameters of mineral composition, density, longitudinal wave velocity and saturation state, then grey correlation analysis is conducted to verify the rationality of chosen index parameters. Practice indicates that the regression method has a maximum error of 15.3% in prediction, while the BP neural network method shows a maximum of 8.5% error; The cause of prediction error is that the carbonate has a complex composition, whereas those selected parameters of mineral composition used in prediction are merely a simplification of the actual condition, meanwhile the expansion in marlstone is another reason that leads to the differences between the measured and predicted value of uniaxial compressive strength of carbonate.

The objectives of this study is to distinguish the macropore flow paths that have preferential flow effect in natural rainfall conditions in unsaturated zone of well vegetated slopes, not including dead-end macropores, and to analyse the differences of distribution patterns of macropore flow paths between two different vegetation communities and to investigate the influence of root systems, organic matter, particle size distribution on the distribution patterns of macropore flow paths. Methylene blue was chosen as the dye tracer. Dye tracer infiltration experiment and rainfall infiltration simulation experiments were performed together in herbaceous community slopes and in woody plant community slopes in Maka Mountain, China. The distribution patterns of macropore flow paths were obtained based on vertical sections excavated through each experimental plot by image processing technology. The differences of macropore flow paths were analysed using nonparametric test. The analysis of variance and regression analysis methods were used to analyse the effects of the mass density of root, the organic matter content and particle size distribution on the distribution patterns of macropore flow paths. Results show that: 1)the distribution patterns of macropore flow paths in woody plant community slopes were more complex and larger than in herbaceous community slopes;2)root systems had significant effects on the quantity, the scale and the distribution patterns of macropore flow paths, especially, those which had developed vertically or in a downslope direction,as the root size increased, the effects were more significant;3)the organic matter was favorable for the formation of the inter-aggregate pore;4)Clay, silt and sand didn’t produce positive effects on the evolution of macropore flow paths and gravel was favorable for the formation of macropore flow paths, especially in the topsoils; 5)root-soil interface and gravel-soil interface were important macropore flow paths. Our results indicate that the distribution patterns of macropore flow paths could be synthetically evaluated through the root systems morphology and scale, the organic matter content, the gravel content in well vegetated slopes. Further work is needed to estimate the risk of macropore flow paths to the stability of well vegetated slopes.

Rockfall threats to waterway safety in the form of directly hitting and impulsive in reservoirs. Three-dimensional fluid-solid mechanics coupling analysis is the hot spot in the present and represented future trendence in this research field. The authors take Jiandao Peak valley in Three Gorges Reservoir as the prototype, build a kε turbulence model coupling with GMO collision model with the help of Flow-3D software, assumed rockfall block amount to 1.2 × 10⁴m³. The result shows that the block bounces, rolls and slides on the slope. After it plunge into water, the water seriously effect its kinetic character, the moving object transfer a part of energy about 6.54% to water bodytransferring. Then the max impulsive wave height can reach 10 m, but it decays quickly, the wave height is 2.4 m in the middle of river and it is 0.89 m in the opposite bank. According to the wave height, the authors divide the riverway into several warning degree region, and suggest that the north waterway move 350 m southward, therefore the risk of waterway will reduce and the water safety will raise.

Rock burst is one of the main engineering geological hazards of underground rock engineering in deep zone with high ground stresses. The prediction of rock burst intensity is a complex systematic problem of uncertainty. In order to predict the occurrence of rock burst in tunnel engineering, based on consideration of all rock burst factors, selecting several factors as the judging indexes of rock burst such as the integrity index of the rock mass, uniaxial compressive strength of surrounding rock, rock uniaxial tensile strength of rock, maximal tangential stress of rock, the ratio of uniaxial compressive strength and uniaxial tensile strength of rock, the ratio of surrounding maximal tangential stress and uniaxial compressive strength of rock, elasticity energy index and rock burst tendency index, a nonlinear parameter optimization model for rock burst predicting based on RBF-AR was put forward. The RBF-AR model has applied in rock burst predicting calculation of Zhongnanshan tunnel ventilation shaft and the result is very close to the actual situation. It indicates that the model is feasible and effective for rock burst prediction.

In order to investigate the creep behavior of hightemperature and high ice-rich frozen soils, a series of pressure tests were carried out in permafrost regions on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The test results showed that it was acceptable to describe the pressure creep curve employing the engineering theory of creep proposed by Ladanyi. The average proportion of instantaneous elastic strain in the total strain under each pressure in every test was in the range of 3% to 7%. Even a slight change in temperature could cause great change of the shear modulus of warm permafrost. The primary creep strain could be calculated using a power function with the strengthening factor k=1.87 and the strain coefficient had a positive linear relationship with the absolute value of the temperature. The relationship between steady creep rate and pressure could be expressed in the Glen creep model. The parameter n increased linearly with increasing volumetric ice content and the parameter n equaled 3.85 when the volumetric ice content reached 100%, which was a little different from the results of laboratory experiments proposed by other researchers. At low temperature, the creep rate was relatively small and when the temperaute approximate to the zero degree, the creep rate increased rapidly.

Land subsidence, accompanied by the aquifer media compaction process, is a large global sphere of influence and multiple geological disasters, which is one of the key triggers that lead to hydrogeological parameter spatial variability and loss. And this variability is the real application bottlenecks to many land subsidence model. Based on the above, the authors designed a preliminary experiment on the impact of aquifer characteristics parameter caused by land subsidence. The results indicated that aquifer hydrogeological parameters, especially hydraulic conductivity and specific yield, changed significantly before and after compaction process. Hydraulic conductivity showed near-linear decreasing trend with R² between 0.959 2 and 0.997 1 as the aquifer media compaction process, while specific yield was in significant differences on complex decline trend besides the sharp decreasing process. Hydro-geological characteristics showed dramatic variability because of the aquifer media characteristics and its scale effects. There were certain linear features between hydraulic conductivity and specific yield in the case of model test scale,with linear correlation function slope of 0.001 3-0.005 1 and intercept of 0.011 6-0.038 1,which were basically similar and in the same order of magnitude.

The mixing between river water and seawater is a key interface process in the estuary.The mixing scale and rate concern the dispersion range and fate of the material transported by river. The aim of this paper is to calculate the transport rate of river plume in the estuary by using naturally occurring tracer ²²⁴Ra and ²²⁶Ra. In August 2010, we collected twenty groundwater samples, thirteen river water samples and twelve mixing samples in the estuary to measure the salinity,²²⁴Ra and ²²⁶Ra activities. The results showed that，1)²²⁴Ra and ²²⁶Ra activities in the groundwater samples were generally higher than those in the river water samples; 2)²²⁴Ra activity was generally higher than ²²⁶Ra activity in every sample; 3)²²⁴Ra activity largely increased when river water mixed with seawater, however,²²⁶Ra activity increased slightly. Based on the differences of radioactive half-life between ²²⁴Ra and ²²⁶Ra, and only eddy diffusion mixture occurring between river water and seawater, the transport rate for river plume in the estuary was calculated to be 140.2-142.5 m/h.

For the sake of accurately revealing the water-heat movement of the full-section soil, the in-situ monitoring on the soil water-heat regime of the deep vadose zone in 2011-2012 at Taihang Mountain was carried out by virtue of the calibrated TDR100 system. Results indicate that in the deep vadose zone, 1)the water-heat transport was a kind of relative hysteretic and reciprocating motion which lasted about 2-3 months because of multiple external condition controlling the zone like deep depth and heterogeneous; 2)coarse particle layer was good water delivery gallery. Fine particle layer was the key one which determined the infiltration ability. And the effect on the soil water content reached 15%; 3)precipitation evaporation and surface temperature controlled the soil water-heat movement in the superficial zone. Contrastively, in the deep zone which was below 5.0 m, lithologic distribution characteristics and groundwater level played leading role normally, while heavy percolation and human activities played key role in some instantaneous condition.

Because of the unknown faults, fractures in the cap rock, the deep stored CO₂ may move upward, the intrusion will impact shallow groundwater quality. After the leakage stopped, the affected aquifer may show self-repair capacity under the natural flow field. In this study, an injection test field was selected as example, and the reactive transport modeling software TOUGHREACT was used to simulate the self-repair capacity. The simulation results showed that, the intrusion of leaked CO₂ would decrease the pH of target aquifer, and trigger the dissolution of carbonate minerals. After the leakage stopped, the pH would be increased under natural conditions, but the concentration of Ca would increased because of the dissolution of calcite along the flow path, which means the self-repair capacity of target aquifer is not good enough to scavenge the impacts of CO₂ leakage.

As the most important component of the urban surface, impervious surface has been recognized as a main indicator of urban heat island effect. However, the quantitative relationship between impervious surface area (ISA) and land surface temperature (LST) is still unclear as different studies achieved different results. Therefore, the present paper selected six cities from different geographical regions of China to further investigate the quantitative relationship between ISA and LST. The cities involved are Shanghai, Guangzhou, Beijing, Changsha, Lanzhou and Fuzhou. The ISAs of the six cities were derived from Landsat ETM+ images by using linear spectral mixture analysis and the LSTs of the cities were retrieved from the thermal infrared band of the images. Multivariate regression analysis with a large amount of samples was implemented to examine quantitative relationship between ISA and LST. Results showed that the ISAs of the six cities were all positively correlated to the LST, but with an exponential relationship being the best fit model. The correlation coefficients of the exponential relationship were above 0.750 0 and could be up to 0.954 1. This suggested that the area with high percent ISA could accelerate LST rise and the temperature rise was higher than 0.600 to 1.700 ℃ compared to the area with low percent ISA. The weaker transpiration evaporation and lower vegetation cover are the main factors contributing to the higher LST rise in the high percent ISA area.

In order to study the influence of geophysical sampling and gridding method on mapping accuracy and provide field data collection with theoretical base, we compute a certain gravity anomaly field, and calculate absolute error values(AEV) and absolute error root mean square values(AERMSV) from different sampling intervals and grid interpolation methods. According to the data error, it could conclude:  1)In a single interpolation method, small spacing causes small AERMSV. 2)When sampling interval less than the minimum scale of abnormal geological body, AERMSV will ascend from radial basis function method, modified Shepard method, Kriging interpolation method, natural neighbor method, triangulation with linear interpolation, inverse distance weighted interpolation, nearest neighbor method, to minimum curvature method; when sampling interval exceeds the minimum geological body scale, AERMSV will ascend from radial basis function method, modified Shepard method, Kriging interpolation method, natural neighbor method, triangulation with linear interpolation, minimum curvature method, nearest neighbor method, inverse distance weighted interpolation. 3)Based on AERMSV, radial basis function method, kriging method and modified Shepard’s method have smaller values, and radial basis function method is best. 4)Based on AEV, radial basis function method, Kriging method and modified Shepard’s method have smaller error.

Ant colony optimization (ACO) is mainly applied to solve combinatorial optimization problems (COPs), but not yet used to recover the property distribution from gravity and magnetic data. We improved the mapping mechanism from objective function to pheromone amount of ants system. Theoretical simulation showes that the improved Gauss system of ACO is superior to traditional ant-cycle system regarding to convergence speed and fittingness resolution, thus the new method is more suitable to potential field data inversion. The method was applied to the gravity anomalies passing through Qianlishan rockmass and Jiuyishan rockmass in Nangling region, respectively. The granite rocks delineated by ACO inversion are in good agreement with surface geology and two-dimensional magnetotelluric (MT) inversion model. The results provide references of granite intrusion pattern and metallogenic regularity in Nanling region.

The amplitude and relaxation time T₂ of magnetic resonance sounding (MRS) signal are directly related with water content and pore size of aquifers. Average T₂, denoted by T^*₂, is often used to describe the decay characteristic of MRS signal. However, in the case of porous media rock, pore size should be described by T₂ spectrum of MRS signal. To obtain the spectrum and estimate the initial amplitude more accurately, we studied multi-exponential decomposition method based on inequality constraint in this paper. Numerical results show that extending signal length helps the accuracy of T₂ spectrum estimation. With traditional method, average relative error is less than 5% when SNR is greater than 30 dB. With our modified algorithm, a SNR about 10 dB could lead to the same error. meanwhile, the error of the estimated amplitude is reduced by at least 1/3. It can be concluded that multi-exponential decomposition method could obtain T₂ spectrum of MRS signal, and adding regularization and weighted correction to the method could improve the accuracy of T₂ spectrum inversion. Comparing to mono-exponential fitting, multi-exponential inversion can estimate the initial amplitude more accurately.

It was assumed that seismic signals follow Gaussian distribution. After analyzing the dynamic sample variance of real seismic data, the authors proposed that seismic data obeys nonGaussian α-stable distribution. In the applications of non-Gaussian α-stable distribution seismic signal processing, such as noise suppressing and seismic impedance inversion, characteristic exponent is a key parameter; And if the norm greater than characteristic exponent,  misleading results will be produced. Combining with particle swarm optimization algorithm,  α-stable distribution characteristic exponent estimation method based on fractional lower order moments was applied to real seismic data and the characteristic exponent of real seismic data was obtained. The work of this paper shows that the pulse characteristic in real seismic data are stronger than that in Gaussian distribution; The proposition that real seismic data follow non-Gaussian α-stable distribution is reasonable; The calculation of real seismic data character exponent is also helpful to the selection of seismic signal processing algorithm.

Azimuthal propagation resistivity while drilling imaging data plays important role in geosteering. The electromagnetic field of different tool face has been simulated by three-dimensional finite difference method; the azimuthal resistivity measurement principle and imaging method is then analyzed. The numerical results show that adding tilt or transverse antenna to conventional logging while drilling (LWD) resistivity tools could get azimuth of formation. The imaging is influenced by relative deviation angles, resistivity contrast and geological structure. The imaging data can be used to forecast and determine formation boundaries, azimuth and anisotropic formation strikes. The amplitude ratio resistivity imaging is better than phase shift resistivity. In homogenous anisotropic medium, the larger coils spacing and higher frequency, the greater the influence of vertical resistivity to apparent resistivity. The bigger coil spacing, the stronger directional amplitude signals and the farther prediction distance to formation boundaries.

In shallow seismic exploration, the development and application of portable controlled seismic source have still not met practical demand. The difficulty comes from the mutual restriction between the energy exited by seismic source and the portability. Vibration seismic source by frequency sweep excitation has good correlation properties, but in order to increase the output force of the source, the weight of the source must be increased, sacrifying the portability. Impact seismic source with the excitation mode of shock sequence has strong energy, one must balance the correlation noise in decoded seismic record and the cost of exploration. We study complementary combination stimulating technique with vibration and impact seismic sources. The technique keeps the advantage in energy and portability for the impact seismic source, while reduces the correlation noise in decoded seismic record without increase the length of the shock sequence. The results of correlation analysis, frequency spectrum analysis, seismic numerical simulation and actual seismic experiment all confirm the effectiveness of the complementary combination stimulating technology.

Complex structure of cracked media has been a key research resource prospecting object due to the fact that it hides huge reserves. Based on Hudson’s crack theory, responses of different well diameters in cracked medium with different crack parameters (number density, angle and aspect ratio) are simulated. Results show that when crack number density is small, compressional, shear and Stoneley wave amplitudes are sensitive to the variation of well diameter; when the crack angle is big, Stoneley wave amplitude is sensitive to the variation of well diameter; when the crack angle is small, shear wave amplitude is sensitive to the variation of well diameter; when crack aspect ratio is small, compressional, shear and Stoneley wave amplitudes are sensitive to the variation of well diameter; in two-dimensional spectrum the multi-mode wave’s initial excitation frequency becomes smaller as well diameter increases; the frequency band of the maximum excitation intensity will move to low frequency as well diameter increases. It is clear that the propagation of elastic wave in cracked medium is affected by well diameter and crack parameters, and obeys certain regularity. Applying Hudson’s crack theory to simulate the cracked medium at well-site can be used to systematically analyze the well-site response of cracked media. The results of this study can give a guide for field logging work in the case of cracked media.

Passive microwave unmixing methods are very important for successful applications of passive microwave radiometer data. We proposed a passive microwave unmixing method based on land surface classification information. Through designing the simulation study areas with the component brightness temperature distributions based on different land surface types, we compared the proposed method with the method introduced by Bellerby. Furthermore, the two unmixing methods were evaluated and the main factors affecting the unmixing result were analyzed. Bellerby’s method is more suitable for the observation area where the land component brightness temperature was stable. When obvious change of the land component brightness temperature occurs in the observation area, the proposed method can obtain more high precision unmixing results. The research results demonstrated that the accuracy of the component brightness temperature using the proposed method was better than that using the Bellerby’s method. The precision of land component brightness temperature and water brightness temperature using the proposed method is approximately 0.1 K and 0.2 K respectively, while that using the Bellerby’s method is approximately 3.1 K and 5.9 K respectively.