Abstract:  To address the theoretical and technological bottlenecks in drilling and extraction under complex utilization, and to enhance China’s competitiveness in fields such as strategic resource development, new energy and extreme environment exploration, this study defines the concept of complex conditions, and separates it into four dimensions, namely, complex geological conditions, complex surface environments, complex resource resource conditions, and complex environmental protection requirements. It systematically reviews core literature, typical engineering practice cases, and achievements in key technological breakthroughs in the field of drilling and extraction under complex conditions at home and abroad. From five perspectives such as deep drilling technology and equipment, polar scientific drilling technology, unconventional energy and mineral drilling and extraction technology, bionic drilling and extraction theory and technology, and multi-process percussion-rotary drilling technology, the study conducts an in-depth analysis of the technological bottlenecks in this field. Aligning with major national strategic demands in the deep earth, deep sea, deep space, and polar regions, breakthrough pathways are proposed to shift from “passive response to complexity” to “proactive mastery of extremes”, based on four dimensions of deep earth extreme geology, cross-border extreme environments, low-quality and hard-to-extract resources, and stringent environmental constraints. This research provides a systematic technological framework and decision-making support for safeguarding national resource security, facilitating the transformation and upgrading of the energy structure, and implementing the strategy of building China into a leading science and technology nation.

Key words: complex conditions, drilling and production technology, deep earth exploration, polar exploration, unconventional energy and minerals, bionic, multi-process impact rotation