Volcanic edifices of the Yingcheng Formation and the Huoshiling Formation in the Songliao basin are classified into 3 types. They are pyroclastic, composite and lava volcanic edifices. According to chemical composition of rocks,each type is subdivided into acid subtype or intermediate-basic subtype. Most of volcanic edifices of the Yingcheng Formation are acid subtype. The percentage of acid lava volcanic edifice is 33% in northern basin and 38% in southern basin. The proportion of intermediate-basic volcanic edifices in northern basin is more than that in southern basin.The volcanic gas pool of Songliao basin isstructural-lithological type. The depth of gas-water interface changes greatly. Internal characteristics of gas pools are controlled by volcanic edifices type.The shape of gas layer within acid pyroclastic volcanic edifice is sill or tabular, and the thickness changes little. The shape of gas layer within acid composite and lava volcanic edifice is mound or sill, and the thickness changes little. The shape of gas layer within intermediate-basic lava volcanic edifice is mound or wedge, and the thickness changes rapidly. The volcanic gas pool forming in Songliao basin is controlled by effective source rocks, faults of communicating source rocks, porosity and permeability. The industrial gas pool of Songliao basin is accumulated in acid lava volcanic edifices, which contributes 50% in northern basin and 38% in southern basin. The efficiency of gas pool formation of intermediatebasic volcanic edifices in northern basin ishigher than that in southern basin. The acid composite edifices have the maximum productivity of single well. The productivity of acid volcanic edifices is higher than intermediate-basic. The volcanic exploration direction should be focused on the targets with effective source rocks and faults of communicating source rocks. Firstly, aim at the acid volcanic edifice. Secondly, find the intermediate-basic volcanic edifice.

The Shiwu oilfield in Songliao basin is a structural lithological hydrocarbon reservoir. There are some kinds of rocks developed in the Yingcheng Formation in Shiwu oilfield, such as sedimentary rock, lava, tuff，sedimentary tuff and tuffaceous sandstone. Each kind of rocks contains a certain amount of volcanic fragments. The content of volcanic material often determines rock type and makes lower reservoir properties.Types of volcanogenic rocks and their identification reflect the characteristics of the source area. Lithologicalidentification with core is accurate, however, the number and distribution of core and drill is limited,which has made it difficult to determine the types of source sedimentary system and its distribution. Lithology identificationusing logging information,especially for volcanic clastic rocks,can make up for the lithological identification restrictions caused by inadequate coring. Lithology identification is carried out by comparison of Potassium logging content of rocks in the different layer, the logging parameter crossplot of Uranium,Thorium of rocks in the same layer,the rose diagram of logging curves of GR, DEN, CNL, AC, R_t,R_MSFL and the crossplot diagram of GR-PE, GR-DEN. Lithology identification of volcano-related rocks has been done effectively and the logging recognition pattern has been established in member Ⅳ-Ⅴof the Yingcheng Formation in Shiwu oilfield.The combination of lithology identification using logging and core has made 5 kinds of rocks types be determined，and the existence and distribution of sediments system are dominated by volcanic provenance，the normal clastic provenance derived from recycled sediments，affected by granite，affected by granite and volcanic rocks together，and mixed provenance in Member Ⅳ-Ⅴ of Yingcheng Formation in Shiwu oilfield.

The foreland basins of central-western China are mostly characterized by intracontinental-subduction, so the application of sequence stratigraphy to these basins is a new research field. Sedimentary facies analysis and sequence stratigraphic division of five measured outcrop sections and one well log arecarried out in detail. The patterns of sedimentary facies transformation, the types of sequence boundaries, sequence characteristics and the related base level changes are described as well. The result suggests that the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation of the northern Sichuan foreland basin be divided into four thirdorder sequences (TS1, TS2, TS3 and TS4). The thickness of Xujiahe Formation is about 400-600 m in Dazhu-Kaijiang basin where the four sequences are relatively complete. In contrast, the Xujiahe Formation tends to thin westward to less than 100 m in Wanyuan area where only one sequence could be recognized. Sequence stratigraphic framework is constructed based on the above sequence stratigraphic division of the six sections. TS1-TS2 is dominated by meandering river and delta depositional system, which implied stable subsidence and an underfilled basin. In contrast, TS3-TS4 is characterized by alluvial fan and braided river depositional system, which showed strong subsidence and an overfilled basin. The spatial and temporal distribution of sedimentary facies and stacking patterns were restrained and controlled by tectonics of northern Qinling orogenic belt.

Bring up a classification scheme suit foranalyzing beach bars sedimentary system basin based on Upper Es₄ in Huimin and Dongying depression. Through comparison and analysis of beach bars sedimentary characteristics, the sedimentary characteristics and distribution model of beach bars are controlled by accommodation space, lake level fluctuation, ancient shoreline change, sediment dynamics transfer zone, provenance, palaeogeomorphology and strata gradient. Sedimentary terrain differences caused by tectonic movement，provenance and sediment dynamics transfer zones play a major role in the factors. Two kinds of spatial distribution model about beach and bar sedimentary facies are summarized, a model for the facies in single fault overlap and middle rise of Dongying depression, and another model for the facies in centralrise of Huimin depression.

Systemic analysis on the potential causes of the overpressure in the northeastern Sichuan basin shows that the overpressures in tight gas reservoirs in Xujiahe Formation has been resulted mainly from the hydrocarbon accumulation and tectonic compression during the medium Yanshian to the Himalaya period, rather than compaction disequilibrium. By the SRK gas state equation, the pressure value of 25.21 MPa is calculated in Yuanba gas reservoirs, which indicates that there is an average pressure amplitude of 60.86% and resulted from hydrocarbon accumulation. Meanwhile, the pressure value of 45.81 MPa is calculated in Tongnanba gas reservoirs, which has average pressure amplitude of 72.04%. The additional excess pressures have been generated mainly by tectonic compression, which account for 39.14% and 27.96% of the excess pressures in Yuanba gas reservoirs and Tongnanba gas reservoirs respectively. The difference of the tectonic compression intensity during the Medium Yanshanian and Himalaya period controlled the distribution of present pressure, the distribution of stress release area as well as the pressure-temperature reducing extent for tectonic uplift. The Tongnanba area is located in stress release area nowadays, and the pressure reducing process after hydrocarbon accumulation and tectonic compression is the major cause of the currently lower pressure than in the Yuanba area.

The source area of sub-lacustrine sandbody in the center of basin is generally multidirectionality，with uncertain position and horizon, and different scale and distribution.Determining the direction of provenance quickly and accurately is the foundation and the key in mastering sandbody scale and distribution.The authors took the Chengdian sub-lacustrine sandbody in Biyang Lake basin for example，studied the direction of provenance and sandstone distribution based on clastic zircon dating analysis of sandstone samples from well C1 and B365 in Chengdian sub-lacustrine and samples from well B155 and B296 in the Houzhuang delta.The result shows:zircons microareaapparent age of Chengdian sub-lacustrine and Houzhuang delta mainly similarly distributes between Early Cretaceous and Middle Jurassic with single age peak of 120-140 Ma.Zircons during this period of two areas can be divided into two types.The first type occupies the main  part.Zircons of the first type are euhedral in shape and show the typical oscillatory zoning，which indicates their magmatic origin.Their Th/U ratios ranging from 0.21 to 2.94 implies that they derived from crystallization of magma.The second type is metamorphic with relatively small number.Also，there are some zircons distributing in the age populations of 210-238 Ma，416-451 Ma，663-813 Ma and 1 702-2 442 Ma.In combination with regional geological settings，the authors come to the following preliminary conclusions: the sub-lacustrine sandbody derived from Houzhuang delta and the sub-lacustrine sandbody distributes from north to south.The main formation period of source rock is Early Cretaceous to Middle Jurassic，corresponding to Yanshan tectonic stage. Moreover，the source area is mainly Yanshanian granite in Funiushan region，including Yanshanian metamorphic rocks and the metamorphic rocks or magmatic rocks of Prejinningian period，Jinningian period，Caledonian period and Indosinian period may offer contributions at different degree.

The Termit basin, which is located in the southeastern Niger and belongs to the northern part of West African rift system, is a Mesozoic-Cenozoic rift basin developed on the Precambrian-Jurassic basement. It is characterized by a great transgression and superimposition of two phases rifting. Its tectonic evolution experiences rifting, sag, rifting, with sedimentary evolution showing nonmarine facies, marine facies, nonmarine facies in the Early Cretaceous, Late Cretaceous and Paleogene, respectively. The sequence stratigraphic architecture of the Lower Cretaceous rifting of Termit basin is analyzed based on tectonic controls on strata development. The evolution of rifting can be divided into three phases that are rift initiation, rift climax and rift recession. Each phase is characterized by unique sequence stratigraphic architecture in response to difference of fault movement. The small increment of fault movement in rift initiation sequence causes a small subsidence, and the fault scarp has not been eroded. Aggradational to retrogradational longitudinal fluvial or delta will respond in footwall, and aggradational fluvial or delta will deposit in hangingwall. Rift climax sequence is characterized by strong fault movement. The footwall is deposited by retrogradational subaqueous fan, and the hangingwall is dominated by retrogradational delta due to the more subsidence and less sediment supply. Fault movement becomes weak and trends to cease in rift recession sequence. Progradational fan delta is developed in the footwall, and progradational delta is deposited in the hangingwall. This study indicates that sequence stratigraphic architecture of rift basin is greatly controlled by rifting. The sequence stratigraphic analyses based on the tectonic evolution of rift basin can predict distribution of depositional systems effectively.

The platform slope is concerned  because the lime-mud mound source and bank-reef facies reservoir are developed there and its development is controlled by the platform structure style.Basing on the comprehensive research of seismic, logging, core, and outcrop data, it is proposed that four types of carbonate platformis developed in Cambrian-Ordovician in Tarim basin, i.e. ramp carbonate platform, rimmed shelf carbonate platform, isolated carbonate platform and drowned carbonate platform. The structure style of carbonate platform has distinct diversities in different areas in the same phase and the slope distribution has migrated in different phases. The prograded ramp carbonate platform is developed in Cambrian in the central and northern Tarim basin, while the retrogradated wide gentle slope occurs in Cambrian in the southwestern Tarim basin. The retrogradated rimmed shelf carbonate platform is developed in Early Ordovician in the northern Tarim basin, while the aggraded rimmed shelf carbonate platform occurs in Early Ordovician in the southwestern and central Tarim basin.The platform slope is formed in Cambrian, distributes around the west platform, represents U shape toward west, and the platform slope is formed in Early-Middle Ordovician migrates toward platform. The integrity attributes of the slope in Later Ordovician is that the three platform slopes distribute around four islands. The existences of the platform slope of the southwestern and central Tarim basin and Tangnan area play an important role inreservoirevaluation and source predication in Tarim basin.

Various types of lacustrine shale and laminated carbonate rock are extensively developed in Eogene of Jiyang depression. Observation and analysis under microscope of more than 300 shale thin-sections show that these lacustrine shale and laminated carbonate rock are all composed of three basic laminae which are organic-rich laminae (i.e., organicrich clay mineral laminae), aphanitic carbonate laminae and clay laminae. According to the difference of laminaecombination and proportion, seven types of lacustrine shale and laminated carbonate rock can be systematically classified, which are black shale, calcareouslaminated shale, organic-rich laminated shale, mud shale, calcareous shale, laminated muddy limestoneand laminated limestone. Meanwhile, based on the laminae component, a triangular genetic classification scheme is alsoproposed. Since different laminae are formed in different ancient lake conditions, the proposed classification scheme canindicatetheir laminae composition and genesis.

The south slope of Dongying sag is a favorable petroleum exploration target. The research results indicate that Es₄ oils show typical characteristics of mixed oils. The source inputs contain dual contributions of aquatic lives and high plants, thermal maturities are varied from low mature to mature, sedimentary environments are mainly reduction with different intensities, and part samples show characteristics of mixed oil charging before and after biodegraded. According to the geochemical correlation, for the east part of south slope with Niuzhuang sag as source kitchen, Le’an and Wangjiagang oil fields are Es₄sourced oils mixed with few Es₃-sourced. For the middle part with Niuzhuang and Lijin sag as source kitchens, Liangjialou oilfield is Es₃-sourced oils mixed with few Es₄-sourced, while Chunhua oilfield is reversed. For the west part with Boxing sag as source kitchen, Zhenglizhuang and Gaoqing oilfields are Es₄-sourced oils mixed with few Es₃-sourced, while Jinjia oilfield is Es₃-sourced. Mature oils generated from Es₄-Es₃ in the subsag center are mixed by the low mature oils generated from Es₄ in the slope, migrated along faults and unconformities, and accumulated on the high parts of the south slope.

Intensive fold-thrust deformation is developed in Fusha structure zone of southwest depression of the Tarim basin. The structural deformation of gypsum-mudstone in Paleocene is more intensive and has the features of positive inversion structure. Lots of normal faults, formed in early extensive environment of Jurassic-Cretaceous, were compressed and inverted in Himalayan movement. Positive inversion faults at high angle were developed in the south. Imbricate thrust faults were developed in the center. Deformation is rather weakly in the northern frontier. Accordingly, Fusha structure zone can be divided into three belts, including inverted fault uplift anticline belt, wedge-like imbricate belt and thrust frontier belt. The inversion deformation is more intensive in western and southern part of Fusha structure zone than in the east and north. By analyzing the environmental evolution of regional structure, horizontal compression and vertical shear generated in western Kunlun’s fold-uplifting, make the pre-existing normal faults easier to invert. By evaluating structural traps formed in positive inversion, it is considered that, in inverted faultuplift anticline belt, the large scale, low relief, shallowly buried and highly confirmed traps with thin superposition gypsummudstone layers were developed, and they were seriously destroyed by thrust faults. Oil and gas dissipated easily. In wedgelike imbricate belt, the small scale, high relief, deeply buried and lowly confirmed traps with thick superposition gypsum-mudstone layers were developed, which is favorable for preservation of oil and gas. Lower relief and formation lithological trap were developed in thrust frontier belt.

The Chang 6³ low reservoir in Yanchang Formation in upper Triassic system in Huaqing area, Ordos basin is the extra low permeable oil layer, and the natural fracture distribution and validity restrict petroleum exploration and development. Based on the statistics method and associating with the rock failure criteria and the strain energy method, the fracture development degree and distribution were quantitatively predicted in the Chang 6³ reservoir in Huaqing area by the finite element simulation of the aeolotropism reservoir. According to the quantitative observations of the fractures in orientated drilling cores and thin-slices, The fracture distribution network conceptual model of Chang 6³ reservoir was preliminarily erected based on the characteristic parameters of fracture direction, interval, and density, which expressed the essential states of the fractures in the reservoir, including the natural fracture density, distribution pattern and the difference of the fracture composition. And according to the fill degree, fill probability and mechanical property of the constructional surfaces of the fractures in the reservoir and the included angle between the fracture strike and the direction of the maximum horizontal principal pressure, the validity of the fracture systems in the reservoir were preliminarily analyzed. It was held that the invalid fractures were dominant in the reservoir, which had reached 85.6%, while the valid ones only 14.4%. And after hydraulic treatment, the NEE-NWW natural fracture systems were easy to be reconstructed or change to valid ones, which could improve the vadose capacity of reservoir. These results could offer important geological reference for the further oil exploration and the reasonable development decision in the Chang 6³ reservoir in Huaqing area.

It’s the most directand effective method to analyze oil and water saturation by using sealed coring data. However,the total saturationof oil and water is only 75%-85% due to the increasingpore volume caused by the processes of raising cores, degasification by release of pressure and mud invading. There are many losses in oil and water saturation during the process. Oil and water saturation should be corrected for exact data. This paper provides experiments of volatilization process and raising cores process. The process of degassing is the main factor that causes the loss of oil and water saturation. It’s very difficult to simulate this process really. Based on the split-flow principle, the correction model of degassing caused by pressure drop is made. Pressure dropping can cause the abundant porosity of the core, as can be accurately tested in the overburden pressure experiment and can provide the basic for oil and water saturation correcting. The precision of this correction model is similar with the result of the sealed coring pressure. And the influence caused by mud invading should be considered in coring of unconsolidated sand. Oil and water saturation should be corrected for complete invading specimen and high invading specimen, and the result is less than 2%.

Extracting concealed metallogenic information is a fundamental task in exploration geochemistry. The Huangshan-jing’erquan Ni-Cu metallogenic belt, in the eastern Tianshan, Xinjiang, is chosen as a study case to identify concealed local anomalies from complex geochemical background by singularity mapping technique. The results illustrate that the Ni concentration value in the geochemical map according to primary Ni contents is obviously different from that in the geochemical map by singularity mapping technique. In the former, the Ni concentration value is high in the Tuha basin and medium to low in the tectonic-magmatic belt. While in the later, there are adverse features. Due to geological analysis, high concentration value of the element Ni is resulted from intruding of mafic-ultramafic intrusions. These intrusions are of low-degree differentiation and unfavorable to form deposits in Tuha basin so that there occur large-area anomalies in the basin. However, in the tectonic-magmatic belt, though intrusions are small and with medium to low geochemical anomalies, they are differentiated well and favorable to form deposits. The concentration-aera (C-A) method is used to analyze singularity value and delineate anomalies. Because delineated anomalies fit well with known Ni-Cu deposits, they can provide geochemical evidence for delineating target regions.

Based on field investigation and sampling from profile position within the Tongchanggou mine, mineral composition, geochemical characteristics and the ore type have been studied by microscope observation, petrochemical analysis, trace element analysis and scanning electron microscope analysis. The results indicate that there are two types of copper ore, the one is copper-containing sandstone type, and the other is altered structural breccia type. The sandstone-type copper mineralization has stratabound features and is controlled by the Triassic strata of the Feixianguan Formation. The structural breccia type copper ore bodies are controlled by faults extending in SW direction, and the copper grade change from 3.26% to 3.88%. Ore minerals in both types copper ore mainly include bornite, chalcopyrite, chalcocite, malachite, and minor in blue copper, native copper. The major wall-rock alterations include zeolite, barite-oriented, asphalt-based, silicification, chloritization, kaolinization and carbonation.The ratio of SiO₂/Al₂O₃,contents of such components as SiO₂, Na₂O, K₂O and CaO+MgO in the ore-hosting rocks of the sandstone-type copper deposit indicate that the ore-hosting sandstone is of marine origin. While the structural breccia type copper ore is resulted from the tectonic movement.

Taking the Linjiasandaogou and Xiaotongjiapuzi gold (silver) deposits as examples, authors systematically summarize the metallogenetic conditions and geological characteristics of gold (silver) mineralization in the region. Fluid inclusions and stable isotope composition in the intrusion related to the deposit, wall rocks and ores are also analyzed. The results show that gold deposits in this area mainly occur in the clastic-carbonatite formation of the 6th rock segment in the Yangjiagou Formation of the Dashiqiao Sub-Group, and the Tangjiagou Formation clastic of Gaixian Sub-Group. Ore-hosting rocks mainly include silicated marble, leptynite and schist. Types of wall-rock alteration include silication, sericitization, pyritization and carbonatization. Such gold minerals as native gold mostly occur as microscopic and invisible gold minerals. Both homogenization temperature (100-200℃) and salinity (w(NaCl)=1.91%-9.73%) of mineralizing fluids are low. The δD values of oreforming fluids in the quartz from the ore change from -48.0‰ to -93.0‰, and the calculated values of δ¹⁸O_H2O from -8.63‰ to +1.31‰, which shows that the mineralizing fluid was derived from the geothermal water and connate water. The mean value of sulfur isotope (δ³⁴S) in the ore is +8.61‰，and those of ore-hosting rocks and metallogenetic intrusion vary from -8.63‰ to +1.31‰, which indicating that most of the sulfur in minerals are from Paleo-Proterozoic strata and Late Indosinian intrusion; the values of ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb,²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb in gold (silver) ores are 17.664-19.186 7, 15.044-15.883 and 37.693-38.748, respectively. The Pb  has the mixing source of crustal materials with mantle components. The gold (silver) mineralization in Linjiasandaogou-Xiaotongjiapuzi area can be defined as sedimentary metamorphic magmatic hydrothermal superimposed deposit.

The Zhongtiaoshan area in which Precambrian rocks widely occurred is an important part of the Trans-North China Orogen (TNCO). The Neoarchean TTG is mainly distributed in the Main Range of Zhongtiaoshan Mountain extending in NE direction and the Tongshan “window” of Wangwushan Mountain in EW direction. There occurs mainly the Huping complex composed of biotite plagioclase gneiss, tonalite and Songjiashan gourp in the Tongshan “window”. LA-MC-ICPMS Zircon U-Pb dating shows that the age of the biotite plagioclase gneiss is (2 530±13) Ma and its ε_Hf（2 530 Ma）values range from 3.89 to 7.12.The weighted average ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb age of the Tonalitic gneiss is(2 551.4±2.7) Ma，and its ε_Hf（t） values from 5.49 to 9.67, which are higher than that of depleted mantle. The approximate ε_Hf（2.55 Ga） values of the Neoarchean depleted mantle in the TNCO are from 8.2 to 9.5, which is also proved by isotopic composition of the TNCO researched recently and the ε_Hf（t）of the tonalitic gneiss. It can be concluded that the mantle of the TNCO was largely depleted before 2.55 Ga. The ε_Hf（t） values of the tonalitic gneiss in Huping complex suggest that the age of the ocean ridge subduction or interocean subduction of young ocean crust is 2.55 Ga, and the subduction played an important role in formation of the tonalitic gneiss in the Huping complex.

Two 80 meters deep boreholes (BT113 and BT114) were carried in the west coast of Bohai Bay in order to clarify the revolution of sedimentary environments. Three marine sedimentary beds were identified based on sediment composition and texture, faunal assemblages (mollusk, benthic foraminifera and ostracoda) as well as AMS ¹⁴C and OSL ages. According to their order, from bottom to top, they are interpreted as Marine Bed 3 (M3) deposited in the Later Mid-Pleistocene, Marine Bed 2 (M2) in the Late Pleistocene and Marine Bed 1 (M1) in the Holocene. These marine beds, from M3 to M1, reveal three major sea level movements since the Late Mid-Pleistocene. M3, M2 and M1, corresponding to marine facies deposited in MIS (marine isotope stage) 7, MIS5, and MIS1, respectively, indicate the repeated highstands during those periods. Therefore, it can be conclude that the development of these marine beds recording the regional sea level trends in the west coast of Bohai Bay, is well accordant with the global change. Different from the previous studies, authors consider that the marine transgression which controlled sea water to intrude into the Bohai Sea did not impact the studied area during MIS3 due to the relative lowstand and shallow topography of Bohai Strait. Contrastive analysis of multi boreholes indicates that the three marine beds are distributed widely and comparable well in the west coast of Bohai Bay. Changeable elevation and thickness of the marine beds within different boreholes imply that there have happened differential depressional movements during the Late Pleistocene period.

The loess plateau covers a vast area in China and is suffered from frequent geological hazards. Multiple rotational loess landslide is a special type of geological hazards owing to its basic characteristics and complicated causes. On the basis of field investigation and engineering geological survey, basic characteristics of landslides in Weibei loess tableland edge and Heifangtai loess tableland edge are analyzed. The formation of large loess-red mudstone multiple rotational landslides in Weibei tableland that is mainly affected by neotectonic movement, river lateral erosion and lithology, while multiple rotational shallow loess landslides and loess-red mudstone landslides in Heifangtai tableland are the result of a long-term excessive irrigation. Three formation and evolution modes of multiple rotational loess landslides are first built which are extensional rotational landslide, gradually extinct rotational landslide, compound rotational landslide. Examples of respective modes are introduced and analyzed. Furthermore, failure mechanism of multiple rotational loess landslides is put forward. The whole deformation process of multiple rotational loess landslides includes five phases, namely, regional creep and squeeze, accelerated sliding, temporary self-stabilizing, new landslide initializing in crown, self-stabilizing. All these works build a foundation for stability evaluation of multiple rotational loess landslides.

The shear wave velocity of soils has important influences on response spectra. The 235 models of seismic site response, which belong to different site categories, are selected and constructed. And 12 pieces of varying amplitudes and frequency content acceleration time history are artificially made. The effects of the shear wave velocity of soil surface layer on design spectra platform are studied using one-dimensional equivalent linear wave propagation method of soil earthquake response, the functions between platform value of surface design response spectra and the variation rate of shear wave velocity are statistically provided. The results show that there is negative relationship between platform value of surface design response spectra and the variation rate of shear wave velocity and their mathematical model is a one-order exponential function.

Slope stability is influenced by numerous of factors, some of which are uncertain in order that they are difficult to be characterized by means of classical mathematical theories and mechanical models. Two-stage fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is adopted. Different methods are utilized to obtain the membership degrees of discrete and continuous factors which influence the slope stability. The weight values of each factor are afforded by meands of comparative analysis of binary. Besides, the significant impact of rainfall should be taken into account. The weight values of each factor after rain are modified and a calculation model of two-stage fuzzy comprehensive evaluation is put forward in terms of slope stability. The different characteristics and the regularity of distributions are fully considered in membership functions. Considering the changes of weight values before and after rain increasingly rationalizes the evaluation results. In the concrete project, The method of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation is applied in an example and the results have a good agreement with classical limit equilibrium method, which the slope is stable before rainfall while it is less stable after rainfall.

A back analysis for tectonic stress field in dam site of hydropower project is implemented by using three-dimensional FEM base on locale investigation and stress testing.It can be find out the reasonable numerical values and direction of boundary loads by contrasting the principal stresses between calculation and tested in-situ at the points for stress fitting by means of applying boundary loads with a different values and directions to three-dimensional model. The results from back analysis are regarded as the value and the direction of tectonic stress field in this region. The results show that the major principal stress σ₁ is 6-7 MPa and its direction is S50°-60°E and minor principal stress σ₃ is 3-4 MPa in direction of N50°-60°E in dam site of hydropower station.

The process of drainage consolidation is usually weak and construction delivery is longer as the filling will clog the plastic drainage slab in classical vacuum preloading. Thus, a new vacuum preloading with air pressure boosted was introduced to treat soft soils of a certain railway station. To evaluate this effect of new methods, settlement and pore water pressure of the foundation are monitored and compared in the period of reinforcement. It shows that settlements in the 3rd and 4th regions where reinforcement of vacuum preloading is used are much greater than in the 1st region where normal vacuum preloading is used. Moreover, the duration time of pore pressure dissipation is shorter in above areas. The settlement of area with plastic drainage slab in space of 1.0 m is about more 30% than that in space of 1.2 m. So the mechanism of this new technique is that the boosting from ram pipe speedups drainage and overcomes the jam of mud in plastic slabs.

The genesis of the high-fluorien water in Yangshapao reservoir was studied on the basis of investigation and analysis of the surrounding geological condition, hydrogeological condition and the characteristics of soil and fluorine as well as the simulating experimental results for Yangshapao reservoir. The results showed that the formation of the high-fluorine area in Yangshapao reservoir is the results of long-term evolution of the surface environment. The magmatic rocks in the Daxing’anling mountain and unconsolidated deposits in Songnen low plain provide abundant fluorine-rich matter. The river and groundwater provides dynamic condition for fluorine transportation. The typical low-lying topology becomes the geographic condition for high-fluorine formation. The dry and semi-dry climatic condition is the promotion condition for the high-fluorine environment. The fluorine in Yanshapao reservoir mainly comes from the runoff of Erlongtao river, which brings about 99% of the total fluorine annually into the reservoir. The fluorine from the surrounding runoff is 0.014%-0.28% annually. The fluorine from the rainout is 0.012%. The evaporation-concentration process can increase the concentration of fluorine in water. The release of fluorine from the bottom mud is one cause of the increase of fluorine concentration in Yangshapao reservoir, which will have some impacts on the water quality of the reservoir after the Water diversion project from Nenjiang river to Baicheng city brings into practice. It will take about 5 years for the fluorine concentration of the water body in the reservoir decreasing below 1.0 mg/L under conditions of annual water diversion. Otherwise, the strong wind and human activities also have impacts on the fluorine in Yangshapao reservoir.

The land subsidence occurred in Tianjin Plain, mainly due to excessive use of groundwater resources, is characterized by affecting a wide range of area and causing serious damages, which has been a major environmental geology problem in Tianjin. In this study, firstly aquifer system in the area of study was discreted vertically into six layers based on the analysis of hydrogeological conditions of Tianjin in combination with current situation of groundwater exploitation. The groundwater was treated as three-dimensional transient flow and land subsidence model was adopted as one-dimensional consolidation/compaction model. The simulation model for both groundwater flow and land subsidence in Tianjin plain was developed by utilizing the groundwater flow simulation module-Modflow 2005 and the land subsidence simulation module-Sub package. Total area of the model domain is approximately around 1.1×10⁴ km², and the numerical model was identified using contours of groundwater table, groundwater hydrograph, and land subsidence process curve graph. The groundwater budget during the simulation period indicated that the water of vertical leakage between adjacent water-bearing units, compaction, and lateral inflow account for 41.84％, 32.15％ and 24.17％ of the groundwater recharge of deep artesian aquifers respectively. Finally, the calibrated numerical model would be used to forecast trend of land subsidence under the control of groundwater exploitation after implementation of south-north water diversion project. The result shows that the decrease or cease in groundwater exploitation will contribute to the decrease in the rate of land subsidence. Moreover, the recovery of deformation of aquifer shows heterogeneity, with slow rate in the deeper aquifer.

In order to research temperature distribution characteristics of bedrock fracture groundwater at Zhangzhou geothermal field, a new 3-D conceptual model for bedrock fracture groundwater is established and numerically solved by Fluent software. The results show the temperature distribution is strongly controlled by the fault-fracture system and a high temperature cylinder in the northwest-southeast fault formed by convection of hot water heats top surface of bedrock and thus forms the center high temperature area. The heat flux reaches maximum of 343.02 mW/m² and 368.72 mW/m² respectively at center high temperature areas, and reduces towards the edge of the geothermal field. The Quaternary pore water movement reduces the maximum and local heat flux. The future research on Zhangzhou geothermal field should focus on the deep temperature measurement.

Due to the chemical interaction of the minerals with CO₂ stored in underground rock formations, the secondary carbonate minerals precipitated and stored in rock formations in long term. As such so, the concentration of CO₂ decreasingly discharged into the air. In this study, the mechanisms of the interaction of CO₂, H₂O and sandstone in different temperatures were investigated. Moreover, the scanning electron microscope (SEM), the weight lost and the variation of total mineralization were analyzed. The results showed that the erosion of sandstone increased with increasing temperature and the calcite and dolomite produced at 100 ℃and 175 ℃. The new minerals dissolved when the temperature increased up to 250 ℃. In general, the results in this study demonstrated that the CO₂ could be stored as carbonate minerals in underground rock formations and the optimal temperature is 175 ℃.

To research the content and existence states of aluminum in gangues and fly ash, and to discuses the extraction possibility of aluminum oxide, and to increase the aluminum resource corresponding to make the use of solid wastes from coal fields, the compositions, constitutions and structures of gangues and fly ash from north side of Ordose basin were tested by chemical analysis, XRD, SEM and granularity distribution. The result is that the contents of aluminum oxide both in gangues and in fly ash are approximately or more than 40%, it is more than the industry grade of aluminum deposit. The aluminum of gangues is mainly in kaolinite and boehmitthe, the aluminum of OF ash is mainly in mollite, and the aluminum in CFB ash is mainly in the amorphous matters. At the same time CFB ash compare to OF ash has the character of smaller grain size and equality granularity, wadding grain form and high structure activity.  The conclusion is that the aluminum in CFB ash has high activation and can be extracted easily,the aluminum in gangues can be extracted when the gangues are baked, and the aluminum in OF ash can be extracted when it is activated by chemically methods. The problem of aluminum recourse shorting can be solved by the aluminum extracting of high aluminum solid wastes.

By regulating aeration system, anoxic and aerobic areas can coexist in the micro-pressurized fluidized hybrid biological reactor(MP-FHBR). Using the characteristic and the mixed organism of activated sludge and suspended biofilm coexisting in the MP-FHBR, study was conducted for simulataneous nitrogen removal. The experimental results showed that, nitrogen can be effectively simulataneous removal under the condition of anoxic-aerobic in the MP-FHBR. Under the conditions of this experiment, removal rates of TN and COD reached 77.5% and 98.3% respectively. Reducing the DO concentration to form completely anoxic environment within the reactor have no significant influence on TN removal effect of MP-FHBR, but it reduce the COD removal rate of the system. Improving the DO concentration to form completely aerobic environment within the reactor, TN removal effect of MP-FHBR decreased significantly. With the increasing of COD/TN, the TN removal efficiency was increased. TN removal efficiency was increased from 58.4% to 78.8%, when COD/TN was increased from 2 to 10, further increasing COD/TN, TN removal effect was not significantly increased. With the increase of MLSS, the TN removal efficiency was increased, leading to a more apparent denitrification efficiency of MP-FHBR.

In order to avoid the loss of effective signal or incomplete suppression of random noise because of single threshold selection in the curvelet threshold denoising method, a new curvelet threshold denoising method based on empirical mode decomposition (EMD) was proposed. Firstly, noise signal was decomposed into a series of intrinsic mode functions (IMF) by EMD. Then according to the distributing level of noise in each IMF, different thresholds were chosen to process the IMFs with noise. Finally, denoised signal was obtained by reconstructing the denoised IMFs and the IMFs without noise. Thanks to the introduction of EMD, different threshould can be chosen to apply to IMFs with various degree noise. In this way, the method  can overcome the shortcomings of single threshold selection of Curvelet threshold denoising method. Applying this method to synthetical and real field data sets indicate that it can improve the signaltonoise ratio, meanwhile, also greatly maintain the effective signal. The method is proved to be an effective and preservedamplitude denoising way.

Based on anisotropic theory, the authors considered fractured reservoir with the horizontal axis of symmetry and high-angle equivalent of HTI media. First of all, by analysis of P wave reflection coefficient formula, it studied the characterization about amplitude versus offset and azimuth, and explored the pre-stack estimation method for anisotropic elastic and anisotropic parameters. Secondly, in order to estimate the elastic parameters of the medium: longitudinal wave impedance, I_P, shear wave impedance, I_S, and anisotropic gradient Γ better, the study made a simplification of the reflection coefficient, and analyzed the accuracy of the simplified formula. Finally, it selected 2D overthrust model to test azimuth AVO prestack inversion method. The authors used the convolution formula to produce synthetic seismic gathers in different directions, added random noise to synthetic seismic gather (signal to noise ratio is 2∶1), and applied it to the azimuth AVO pre-stack inversion algorithm test. The results showed that the value which estimated by using the azimuth AVO pre-stack inversion method, longitudinal wave impedance, shear wave impedance and anisotropic gradient, was consistent with the true value of the overthrust model basically, and the estimation value could more accurately describe the stratigraphic features of original model, and it verified the applicability accuracy of the azimuth AVO pre-stack inversion algorithm.

In order to simulate wave field generated by random sources and provide theoretic reference for research and application of microtremor,microtremor is simulated using staggered-grid finite difference method. The composition of surface waves in the simulated microtremor is estimated based on the distribution of sources in the measured area according to the generation mechanism of Rayleigh wave and Love wave. First, we establish a numerical model for simulation of microtremor using staggered-grid finite difference method and then provide formulas to estimate the composition of surface waves. Finally, the record of microtremor is synthesized using typical methods and dispersion curves of surface waves in the simulated microtremor are extracted by spatial autocorrelation method for comparison. The results show that staggered-grid finite difference method can simulate microtremor better.

To detect the hidden leakage problem of a dam body accurately, a new geophysical method, magnetic resonance sounding (MRS), is introduced, which can directly detect water molecules and quantitatively measure them. The basic principle and inversion method of MRS is research to determine the coil type and measurement mode for dam leakage problem. Field experiment of dam leakage detection was performed on Cuijiajie dam in Huanren, Liaoning Province, using JLMRS system developed by Jilin University. 15 points on the dam crest were measured with a 4-rurn square coil of 12.5 m side length for maximum depth 35 m. By data processing and inversing, the water content profile of the dam body in 2D is achieved. Furthermore, for eliminating the effect of upstream water, a correction method is used and the relative water content in 2D is updated. The interpretation results show that there are three leakage points (140 m, 180 m and 240 m away from the spillway, respectively) and two infiltration areas (rang of 100 m to 150 m and 170 m to 250 m) at depth of -20 m to -10 m inside Cuijiajie dam, which are gravel layer leakage. The measurement result is confirmed consistent with the engineering geology and downstream water percolation.

Based on SVM statistical theory, which was improved from kernel function’s construction，the original Hyperion hyperspectral data were dimensionally reduced, transformed and feature extracted by means of principle component analysis, envelope removal and spectra derivative transformation. The different regression results through the transformations were analyzed and compared. Then it was applied in the retrieval of rock’s oxide weight percent in Huolinguole, Inner Mongolia. A new mineral quantitative retrieval method was proposed for some important mineral which has not obvious characteristics of the spectral curve. Based on the hyperspectral remote sensing data, the chemical composition of mineral was inverted by improved SVM regression technology. Through the CIPW, the standard mineral percentage composition was derived. The results of the study show that：the SVM regression accuracy improved by improving the nuclear function, and the derivative of the transformed inversion precision up to 74.87%, improved 4.11% comparing to the original spectrum inversion precision. CIPW performed well in geological mapping using hyperspectral remote sensing, and provides a scientific basis on identification and evaluation of lithology.

Independent component analysis (ICA) has the advantage of handling the higher-order statistics which are ignored by principle component analysis (PCA). However, decomposed signals by ICA have the character of indeterminacy for the sequences, signs and scales which are of great importance in mineral (i.e. geochemistry) data. Therefore, a new mineral resources prediction approach based on robust ordinal independent component analysis(ROICA) is proposed.  Firstly, the mineral data are processed by robust algorithm. Then, a ICA method is applied to the data and factor analysis is introduced to eliminate the indeterminacy among the decomposed independent components. The proposed new algorithm is applied to mineral resources prediction in Shuangren ore district, Guangdong province. Compared with the traditional meanvariance method, the chemical elements (Au and Ag) decomposed by the ROICA accord well with the practical distribution of gold and silver ore bodies while combination of chemical elements (e.g. Cu, Pb and Zn) has no indication significance as they have no association with gold and silver ore bodies. This method can be used for prediction of mineral resources.

Anomaly detection of remotely sensed data is one problem of the application research fields paid more attention to. It has potential applications in many fields such as military object recognition and environmental protection. Without loss of generality, it can be assumed that background pixels of remotely sensed data distribute within a series of space-varying hyper-ellipsoids while anomalous pixels locate out of those hyper-cubes. Holding on this hypothesis, the authors first apply Weiszfeld method to estimate the centers and cross-band covariances of these hyper-ellipsoids in remotely sensed data, then compute the Mahalanobis distance of each pixel to the center of the corresponding hyper-ellipsoid and determine the threshold using Mahalanobis histogram, finally, recognize the anomalous pixels of which the Mahalanobis distance is over the threshold. The authors develop a visual C++ program for recognizing anomalous pixels from remotely sensed data on the basis of GDAL function library for input and output of remotely sensed data. The authors conduct an experimental application on the new methd using the TM image of Atlanda. The experimental results show that the method can properly recognize local anomalies in remotely sensed image data.

Geochemical and geophysical surveying data have some features of spatial structure and autocorrelation, which can be described by variogram. The authors analyze the statistical characteristics of the regional chemical elements of Cu and Au on the scale of 1∶200000 in east Tianshan.The results show that the two elements have better stability and continuality in EW direction while some stronger variability in SN direction. This regional anisotropy and linear trend are fairly consistency with the large regional EW faults of east Tianshan. The anomalies of Cu and Au were extracted and appraised. The residual anomalies extracted by universal-kriging not only highlight anomalous areas with high values, but also clearly reflect the anomalous areas with low and weak values. Therefore, universal-kriging can acquire more abnormal chemical information.