The traditional technology of exploration and recognition oil shale mainly rely on geological survey on the field, core and sample testing and analyzing. On the basis of analysis and research on geological survey on the field, the description of core, log and test data analysis, and comprehensive research, the paper proposed a qualificative and quantitative technology of recognizing oil shale effectively using well-logging data, and applied them in the Songliao basin. Properties of oil shale is high resistivity, high gamma, high sonic and low density in the well longing data. Resistivity data is the best about the correlation between oil yield of oil shale and well logging parameters. The one member linear regression relationship between oil yield of oil shale and the well logging data is better than that of two members and three members. Not only oil yield but also total organic carbon can be calculated using ΔlgR technology. The calculated results show that the deviation between calculated oil yield and testing oil yield is relatively small using the linear relationship between oil yield of oil shale and the resistivity well-logging data and ΔlgR technology.

The stratigraphic units in terrestrial basins commonly reveal some recurrent rules during sedimentary evolution, which characterize progressive evolution of sedimentary facies (lithofacies) associations, architecture, packing types, and paleontological assembles, corresponding to the potential deposit of economic coal, oil shale, and evaporite. We practically distinguished the varieties of stratigraphic units and bearing economic resource deposit during filling process from the Fushun basin, Liaoning Province, the Tongbai basin, Henan Province, and the Greater Green River basin, US via the illustrative names of coal, oil shale and evaporite-bearing stratigraphic units. Moreover, of which sedimentary evolution is controlled by integrated tectonic and climate. Tectonic and climate control the potential accumulation of terrestrial basins and eventual sediment plus water inflow into terrestrial basins, changing the basin filling status among over-compensation, balance-compensation, and under-compensation, eventually causing the alteration of lithological associations, sedimentary architecture and paleontological assembles of different stratigraphic units, which can reasonably interpret potential deposit of coal, oil shale and evaporite. Furthermore, different tectonic and climate factors in various basins may result in the absent of coal, oil shale or evaporite.

Block Sagizski (Block S) is located in the Southeast of Pre-Caspian basin, which is abundant in hydrocarbon enrichment. But the prospection has no big breakthrough in recent years, because the study of the mechanism of hydrocarbon accumulation locality is weak, especially when there is no unified understanding about salt layer effect on hydrocarbon accumulation. The authors aim at the salt layer characteristics and its effect on hydrocarbon accumulation by means of geological analysis, seismic interpretation and typical oil/gas pool dissection. Based on studies, the characteristics of the salt thereby is described as follows: As a whole, the mode of salt’s formation belongs to the deep-basin and shallow-water salifying pattern; The forming mode of the salt-dome in Block S is mostly differential loading, partly consequent flow determined by faults; Salt structure movement took place many times over the Mesozoic and Cenozoic; The salt bed trends southeastwards thin and northwestwards thick in Block S, namely it tends to be thicker from the margin to the center of the basin; Salt windows well developed herein, the area of the salt window in south (close to the margin of the basin) is bigger than that in west (close to the center of the basin) generally. The effects of salt on the hydrocarbon accumulation within post-salt strata (including the strata over and between salt domes) in Block S can be concluded as follows: trap types and its distribution of the post-salt strata are well controlled by the salt. The scale of salty window influences the accumulation degree of oil pool nearby. Overall, there are three periods of hydrocarbon accumulation within the post-salt strata, and they are the period from Later Triassic to the end of Early Jurassic, the end of the Late Jurassic as well as the period from Late Cretaceous to Eocene respectively.

Daqing Placanticline is the most important oil-gas structure in the Songliao basin, and the Fuyu oil layer is one of the main oil-bearing formations. On the basis of well drilling, well logging and high reflection seismic data and so on, Fuyu oil layer can be divided into two third-order sequences and seven fourthorder sequences. Its reservoir sand body is anastomosing river channel and meandering river channel deposit under fluvial-river environment, sand body thickness varies fast horizontally. The channel sand body is hard to predict and identify. As for sedimentary evolution, the evolutionary process of the river channel is meandering channel-anastomosing channel-distributary channel; Crevasse-splays expand from F2.2 to F1.3, and contract even to vanish along with the transgressive development; The color of floodplains changes gradually from red to sage green and gray and the distribution area contracts during the base level ascending and lakes developing. Lacustrine develops from the early isolated lake among rivers to the later stable lake all over the whole study area. Sequence architecture and sedimentary response are controlled by the tectonic background of thermal subsidence in the Songliao basin, in addition, influenced by climate and provenance.

For determining the location of provenance and direction of paleo-drainages，we investigated this key aspect of Guantao Formation in Raoyang depression by combining mineral composition, lithic fragments characteristics, heavy mineral associations and distribution, and sand body distribution. The results indicate that, during the Early Neogene, there were four independent paleo-drainage systems: flowing from north and northeast uplift to the south and the southwest, from west uplift to the northeast, from south and southwest uplift to the northeast, and from west uplift to the east. The main system was N-S-oriented along long axis of the depression, depositing N-S-oriented sandstone belts. Finally, the central part of the depression（Liulu area） is far away from source area to accumulate high-quality sandstone reservoirs and thick mudstone seal rocks, and is the most favorable area of exploration for oil and gas.

The Sanghe sub-sag in Baiyinchagan sag develops three sets of source rocks, i.e. the first Member of Duhongmu Formation, Tenggeer Formation and the second Member of Aershan Formation, with long hydrocarbon generation time, multiple-accumulation periods and well-developed faults. It is favorable for the formation of the commingle crude oil in the geological and geochemical conditions. The three sets of source rocks are the important oil sources in Sanghe region. The analytical data of biomarkers and carbon isotope from crude oil show that crude oil in the region can be divided into three types, primary low mature crude oil, primary mature crude oil, and blend crude oil. The first two types of which come from lower Member of Tenggeer Formation and the second Member of Aershan Formation, they are the hydrocarbon products in different periods of source rocks. The third type of crude oil, typical binary blend crude oil, comes from the mixing process of the first two types.

The low resistivity oil layer has become one of the main reservoirs for increasing reserve and production for each oilfield. After the research of Putaohua low-resistivity oil layers in Puao oilfield, we find that the forming and distribution of low-resistivity oil layers are controlled by structure characteristics and sedimentary characteristics. In term of structure, low-resistivity oil layers mainly develop in the west ramp region and flat gradient region on two sides of nosing structure. In term of sedimentary system, low-resistivity oil layers main develop in the delta front sheet sand, and beach bar sandstones of shore-shallow lacustrine which formed in weak hydraulic condition. Under the control of macro-geologic factors, the micro-geological characteristics of low-resistivity oil layers are high bound water saturation, high salinity formation water and the added conductivity of shale. Base on core and logging data, aiming at the actual characteristics of low-resistivity oil layers, we choose quality factor instead of porosity of tradition experience formation to compute bound water saturation. According to the characteristics of cation exchange capacity and shale, we construct low-resistivity sensitive parameter and build high accuracy model of low-resistivity evaluation, then, determine the lower limit value of each parameters based on the test data. It makes the quality identifying turn to quantity identifying. The method has been applied in this area for evaluating 26 low resistivity formations of 17 wells, and it identified 25 of them. It obtains 96.15% rate of accuracy.

Void Space Description (VSD) is a new method for quantitative recognition and prediction of faulted-related fractures targeting tight reservoir in gentle area. In this paper, this new method is applied to the study on fault-related fracture systems occurred in the Lianglitage Formation in Tazhong X well area, Tarim basin. During this course, taking Tazhong A well as an example, it is pointed out the calculation of VSD mainly include qualitative recognition of fault-related fracture by using fault plane detachment void space theory and quantitative calculation using VSD software, and the latter is composed of structure modeling, stratigraphic modeling, calibration of fracture porosity and VSD calculation. Calculation results of VSD on seismic profiles crossing three wells in the study area are proved available with cores, logging and well drilling data. Quantitative calculation for each single fault, interpreted in the study area, is conducted by using VSD technique, and the plane distribution map of maximum fracture porosity within Lianglitage Formation is obtained. There are seven effective fracture systems with relatively large scale, and the overall development and distribution pattern of fault-related fracture here are closely related to the fault system but not one-to-one correspondence. Finally, it is concluded that whether effective fracture systems are well-developed or not is mainly decided by fault plane detachment void space generated during disharmonic faulting process, that is, effective fracture systems are well-developed if there are detachment void space neighboring the fault plane in the course of faulting, conversely, it is poorly developed.

By establishing functional relation between shale gouge ratio (SGR) value of fault zone and the height of oil column laterally sealed by fault, the discussion on quantitative evaluation method of fault lateral seal ability is carried out and the lateral seal ability of faults in Beier depression is studied quantitatively. The results show that SGR value of fault zone has exponential relation with oil column height which is sealed by it, and fault lateral seal ability depends on 3-dimension distribution of SGR value of fault plane. By using the function formula of lateral seal-failure envelopes of faults established by data of reservoir in Bei 301 block, it is predicted that oil-water contact (OWC) of Huhe 16 trap is -1 025 m, which has been confirmed by drilling. Generally, the lateral seal abilities of faults in Beier depression show that seal ability above Nantun Formation is stronger vertically, and that in the southwest Beier depression is stronger in plane.

The southern Daxing’anling, where tens polymetallic deposits lie, is one of important metallogenic zones in Northern area of China. Lead and sulfur isotope geochemistry is helpful for determining the sources of ore-forming materials. On the basis of predecessors’ research, sulfur and lead isotopic characteristics of sulfides from some polymetallic deposits have been studied in this paper. The δ³⁴S values of sphalerite, galena, arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, and molybdenite rang from -6‰ to +4‰, with mean value of zero. The δ³⁴S values of most sulfides range from 0 to 2 ‰ with a pronounced tower effect, and without significant enrichment in the light sulfur and heavy sulfur, which suggests that the sulfur source is single and dominated by magmatic sulfur. Ratio values of lead isotope in both sulfides and related rocks range from 18.13 to 18.74 for ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, 15.38 to 15.68 for ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, and 37.1 to 38.93 for ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb. Their mean values are 18.38, 15.54 and 38.09, respectively. Lead isotopic compositions also show obvious differences between the western and the eastern part in the southern Daxing’anling. In the lead isotopic compositions diagram, samples from polymetallic deposits in the western part are scattered nearby the evolution curve orogenic belts, while those from deposits in the eastern part are nearby curves of the orogenic belt and the upper mantle.

Based on the analysis of fluid inclusions (including the laser Raman spectroscopy), hydrogen and oxygen isotope in the quartz grains formed in different metallogenic stages, ore-forming physical-chemical condition and ore genesis of the Taoxikeng tungsten and tin deposit in southern Jiangxi Province have been summarized. Such five types of fluid inclusions are identified as gas, liquid, liquid-rich two-phase, gas-rich two-phase and three-phase with liquid carbon dioxide. According to characteristics of ore-forming fluid, two metallogenic stages are indicated: the early silicate-oxide stage (310-390 ℃) and late oxide-sulfide stage (180-270 ℃), respectively. Laser Raman spectroscopy of seven inclusions shows that the gas-phase in the inclusions belongs to the NaCl-H₂O series rich in CO₂, and the liquid-phase to the NaCl-H₂O series poor in CO₂. The δD values in inclusions from five samples change from -64‰ to -79‰, and δ¹⁸Owater from 5.51‰ to 6.53‰, which indicates that the ore-forming fluid was derived from the deep magmatic water. According to data mentioned above and from other research in this area, it can be concluded that the Taoxikeng deposit belongs to the magmatic hydrothermal tungsten and tin deposit associated with the S-type granite.

The “C-A” (concentration versus area) fractal model has been used in the fractal calculation of Au, Cu, Zn and Pb elements in 4 830 geochemical samples from Mohe area. The fractal characteristics of elements’ space distribution and non-scale range are identified. The elements’ anomalies lower limit values of Au, Cu, Zn and Pb are 3.1×10^-9, 28.1×10^-6, 114.1×10^-6, 28.4×10^-6 respectively, and 33 Au anomalies have been delineated. According to the relationship among Au anomalies, the associated geological factors and Cu, Zn, Pb anomalies, it’s concluded that 8 regions have gold prospecting potentials. They are distributed in Baikalu Mountain-Changying station, Bijia Mountain-Malin forestry centre, Mengke Mountain-Fire station and Fule-Amulu Mountain. Five known gold mineralization sites are located in the forecasted prospecting areas. Moreover, six prospecting areas have metallogenic potential in spite of no known gold mineralization.

The eolian deposition is one useful index to know the climate change of source region and the atmospheric cycle model at that time. The eolian records indicated by Al fluxes in the low-latitude ferromanganese crusts are determined by the high-revolution microprobe technique. The results show that the average content of Al fluxes in the ferromanganese crusts during the past 70 Ma is 300.5  μg/(cm²·ka), which has recorded the incompleteness of eolian history in the southern hemisphere and the northern hemisphere. From the Late Cretaceous to the Late Miocene period, the M06 ferromanganese crust lay in the southern of the intertropical convergence zone, and its’ Al fluxes recorded the eolian deposition from the episodic volcanism in the southern hemisphere. Since the Late Miocene period, the M06 has been controlled by the wind system of the northern hemisphere, and its’ Al fluxes can reflect the change of tectonic and climate in Asian dust source area.

Geochemistry, Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd isotopic compositions of the volcanic rocks, from the Qi’eshan Group and Wutongwozi Formation in the eastern Tianshan plate suture zone have been studied in this paper. The basalt from the Qi’eshan Group is highly enriched in light rare earth elements (LREEs) and large ion lithophile elements (LILEs) such as Sr, Ba and U, and depleted in high field strength elements (Nb, Ti and Zr), with variable Eu anomalies (varying from significant negative Eu anomalies to minor positive Eu anomalies) in the chondrite-normalized REE patterns. It is charactered by  isotopic signatures of depleted mantle source, with ε_Nd(t)=5.61-6.99, and I_Sr(330 Ma)=0.703 97-0.704 26. All these geochemical characteristics suggest that the basalt in Qi’eshan Group probably was derived from the lithospheric mantle wedge previously metasomatized by fluids/melts released from the down-going paleo-Asian oceanic slab in the Paleozoic period. The basalt from the Wutongwozi Formation is characterized by enrichment of LREEs and LILEs, without obvious negative anomalies of high field strength elements. High and positive  Nd values (>+9) and relatively low ISr ratios (0.704 71-0.705 33) suggest that the basalt in the Wutongwozi Formation was derived from partial melting of the depleted asthenospheric mantle. In the Zr-Zr/Y discrimination diagram, samples from the Qi’eshan Group are mainly plotted in the field of island arc basalt (IAB), while, those from the Wutongwozi Formation in the field of within plate basalt (WPB). It’s suggested that the Qi’eshan Group formed in an island arc setting owing to the southward subduction of the Junggar oceanic slab, while the Wutongwozi Formation formed in a rifting setting that was developed upon the extensional back-arc basin.

Based on field geological survey, petrogeochemical analysis and ¹⁴C dating by high precision accelerator mass spectrometry, the Cenozoic volcanism in the Mock River region of central Daxing’anling has been studied. It’s proved that there happened active volcanisms in the Cenozoic period in Mock River region, which covered over 80 km² area and erupted in the strombolian style. The earliest volcanism started in the Late Pleistocene period and experienced four eruption cycles. There was a shortterm intermittent between the first and second eruption cycles. The volcanic rock resulted from the Cenozoic volcanism in the Mock River region belongs to the high K calcalkaline olivine basalt, and characterized by low silicon (SiO₂ content between 46.16% and 51.44%, the average is 48.66%), high Mg (MgO content between 10.08% and 13.79%, the average is 10.36%), high K(K₂O content between 1.25% and 2.31%, the average is 1.53%), high Ti(TiO₂ content between 1.80% and 2.69%, the average is 2.30%). Integrated data above with those in adjacent regions, some conclusions can be drawn as followings. Firstly, the Cenozoic volcanic rock in this area belongs to the OIB basalt derived from the reactivating deep fault under the extensional tectonic environment. Secondly, little or no crust-derived material was contaminated during the magma ascending. In addition, there happened fractional crystallization of olivine and clinopyroxene instead of plagioclase feldspar crystallization differentiation.

An external power leading to significant landslide displacement and own geological characteristics of landslide are usually ignored in most researches based on mathematical models or methods, so deformation prediction of accumulative landslides is of low accuracy and reliability. Taking typical accumulative Hefeng landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir as an example, four major controlling factors are constituted scientifically to establish the geological model of the landslide. A numerical-mechanical model was established considering emphatically the external reservoir water effect. And then comparing the data of field monitoring in strong deformation zone and the displacement track points in numerical model, the equivalent relation between the actual time and the step in FLAC3D model is obtained , and characteristics of water level fluctuations under different step is determined based on timestep relation and design operation water level curves of Three Gorges Reservoir. Then the deformation trends of landslide was forecast for next hydrological year by the extension of the step. The prediction method not only considers the based engineering geological model of landslide，but also considers the effects of groundwater, and it overcomes the shortage of pure mathematical prediction methods.

Susceptibility assessment has a great significance to predict and forcast landslide hazards in the mid and long term.The aim is to analyze the landslide susceptibility mapping combining rough sets (RS) theory and support vector machine (SVM) in the Three Gorges Reservoir area of Zigui to Badong County. Rough set theory is used to reduce the redundant information of 20 initial factors in the decision table and determine the kernel included 13 representative factors. Then, the kernel factors are used to train a SVM model, and landslide susceptibility maps were produced. The higher susceptibility zones is about 8.2% of the total study area, and primarily distributed in the right bank of Tongzhuang River, along the Guizhou River, the left bank of Qinggan River, the right bank of the Yangtze River of Shuping to Fanjiaping, Niukou to Dongrangkou and near the Badong. The stability zones are accounted for about 52.7% which mainly distribute in the Dianziwan to Badong, and the areas away from Yangtze River and the areas of high surface cover degree. Through verification and analysis of the results, it shows that the predictive power of the RS-SVM model is superior to the SVM model, and the prediction accuracy of the RS-SVM model is aoubt 85.6%. The method have advantages of excellent predict performacy and efficiency. Combining with the landslide survey data, the evaluation results are basically consistent with the status of the local landslide disasters and it is proved that the proposed method is an effective tool for landslide susceptibility assessment.

On April 14, 2010, a M_s7.1 earthquake struck the Yushu County, Qinghai Province, China. The authors observed the co-seismic deformation of Yushu M_s7.1 scale earthquake, on July, 14, 2010, using two periods PALSAR by Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) technology, and yielding a clearly wrapped InSAR image and solving a absolutely deformation map covering most earthquake impact region. Furthermore, referencing to the amount, region, direction and gradient of InSAR co-seismic deformation, as well as combining with tectonic setting and mechanics of strike-slip fault, this paper infers its tectonic activity features: 1)Yushu earthquake triggered a NWW extend, sinistral step, “S” shape strike-slip fault deformation belt, which contains 5 sub-sections, average slip dislocation ranging from 10.2 cm to 133.2 cm, maximum  up to 195 cm, and two of them near Jiegu Town and Longbao Town presented clear surface ruptures. 2)The difference of two walls’ movement in direction and amount shows that the seisgenic fault is a sinistral strike-slip and SW wall is an initiative wall. 3)The macro-epicenter can be located on mutation belt of NW 16 km of Yushu County; 4)The deformation amount, surface track and rupture amplitude of seisgenic fault indicate that the aftershocks will migrate towards NW alone fault. 5)This earthquake is the results of Qiangtang Block's activity and does not directly related with Wenchuan Earthquake induced by Bayan Har Block.

Structural homogeneity of jointed rock masses is an important problem and also is the research basics of three-dimensional fracture network modeling. A new method considering trace length of joints is suggested to zone statistical homogeneity of fratured rock mass on basis of contingency table. Through generating two compared samples, the frequency of the attributes of sample are calculated, and the Chi-square and the critical Chi-square values are determined. Then a method of structural homogeneity zoning is constructed after judging the statistical similarity among these samples.  It is proved that the result of the new structural homogeneity zoning is more reasonable and perfect.

Qinghai-Tibet Plateau permafrost region is the largest region in low latitude regions in the world. Climate warming could leads mean annual ground temperature to rise, the ground ice to melt and permafrost to degrade, and so on. By supporting of ARCGIS software the changes of ground ice content and active layer thickness are calculated by using ground ice model and Stefan equation under different climate change scenarios. The results show that: the distribution of permafrost will not have a significant change in the next few decades but a large-scale changes will take place at the end of this century.The main permafrost degradation types are the melting of ground ice and converted the low-temperature to high-temperature permafrost. The large-scale changes will accompany with the thermal hazards such as thermokarst and thermal slump. Thermal hazards are zoned on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau permafrost region according to the modified Nelson model. The greatest danger zone distributed in the south of the West Kunlun Mountains mainly, Middle of Qingnan Valley, and southern foot of Gangdise Mountains, Nyainqentanglha Mountains, and the Himalayas Mountains. Thermal hazards will be exacerbated in future several decades.

The durability and long-term strength of anchor are the key factors to influence the safety of ground anchorages, therefore it is one of hot research problems in geotechnical engineering. The different scale and degree of damages and defects in jointed rock mass provide a storage space and transporting channels for groundwater in rocks. The frost heaving and accompanied by groundwater migration caused by freezing in rocks will affect the anchorage system performance. freezing and thawing cycles will result in degradation of longterm anchoring performance and durability of anchorage system. Therefore based on the freezing theory of porous media, a hydrostatic pressure model on contact surfaces among mortar, rocks, mortar-steel and mortar-rock is constructed after analyzing the freezing mechanism. The damage mechanism due to freezing and thawing and its influence factors are studied more systematically. Considering the existing relevant achievements six modes and their corresponding mathmetical models are established to describe the degradation of anchorage performance in jointed rocks under repeating freezing and thawing.

Laozishan is a typical geothermal field in Subei Basin. We conducted a systematic study to explore into the genesis mechanism through heat flow measurement and hydrogeochemical investigation, for the purpose of further exploration and sustainable use of the geothermal resources. Results show that the background heat flow is 63.9 mW/m², and the hydrochemical and isotopic compositions of the thermal water are different from those of the shallow groundwater and surface water. Based on these data, the genesis model of the geothermal field has been postulated to be a low-medium temperature geothermal system of convective type. The recharge area is located in the Zhangbaling to the Xuyi mountain chain with a distance of about 60 km to the south of the geothermal field. The reservoir  temperature of the geothermal field has been estimated to be 73-120 ℃, with a water circulation depth of  2 350-4 200 m. The water age is about 7 800 a.The thermal water flows upward in Laozishan area in the intersection zones of the faults striking NNE-SSW and NW-SE.

In order to combine the plan and evaluation of the groundwater exploitable resources with the requirement of the protection of land subsidence in regional loose sediment area, based on the theory of seepage and soil mechanics, a coupling mathematical model between the three-dimensional non-steady groundwater seepage flow and land subsidence which considers the change characteristic of porosity, permeability coefficient and water storage rate of aquifers with consolidation subsidence of aquifer was established. A three-dimensional finite element analysis method was applied to the mining of groundwater in Nantong of Jiangsu Province, based on the control requirements of land subsidence, the groundwater exploitable resources of each aquifer in all the villages was evaluated. It is shown that the total groundwater exploitable resources is 17 870.56×10⁴ m³/a on the basis of the scientific plan of the groundwater exploitation allocation, compared with 10 902.32×10⁴ m³/a of the groundwater exploitation quantity in the present state, the groundwater exploitable resources on the basis of the scientific plan of the groundwater exploitation allocation is increased greatly. The feature of the three-dimensional hydrogeology system is able to be described more accurately by the coupling model between the three-dimensional variable parameters non-steady groundwater and land subsidence, which is more suitable for the practical situation.

Groundwater recharge is an important way of water management strategies, including the natural recharge and artificial recharge. The study of groundwater recharge test as Baoshan District of Shanghai for example, with preliminary geological, hydrogeological exploration results, the purpose of filtering out the appropriate level of recharge (the fourth aquifer), establishing of recharge test hydrogeological conceptual model accorded to the aquifer permeability, hydraulic gradient, the main mineral composition and other basic properties. Then take TOUGHREACT for the numerical simulation platform, which software of non-isothermal multiphase flow and transforming simulation, to predict the quality of groundwater after recharging. The results show that chemical composition of groundwater is mainly affected by mixing, cation exchange adsorption and dissolution of aquifer minerals and so on; waterrock interaction process of quartz, dolomite, feldspar, albite Stone and montmorillonite dissolves, calcite precipitation, illite and kaolinite precipitation is first dissolved, but the amount of mineral reaction and weak. Program at different pressure recharge, water level recovery rate with increasing of pressure, but the chemical composition of groundwater trends is almost free from pressure.

Stormwater resources for groundwater recharge is one of the effective techniques to deduce and control negative environmental effects of groundwater overexploitation, but clogging problem of infiltration system is always the key restrict factor to broaden its practices. Based on the previous studies, the influence of D₅₀/d₅₀ ratio which indicated infiltration media size and suspended solid size on clogging layer distribution has been analyzed in the paper. As the aim to set up a predictive model to describe the surface clogging process, the urban stormwater had been adopted to recharge into fine quartz sand under a laboratory scale, and the observation data of hydraulic conductivity obtained by monitoring surface clogging process. According to the clogging generation conditions of the physical, chemical and biological, and the characteristics, it drew a conclusion that clogging property of this experiment belonged to physical clogging. Due to the clogging mechanism is as well as a membrane filtration, so cake filtration model was introduced to represent clogging development during the artificial recharge. The overall results manifested calculated data had a reasonably agreement with the observed outflow rate, and parameters α and f′R′ were determined as 0.15 m²/kg and 20 000 m/kg respectively. In order to verify the application of the model, different suspended solid sizes were simulated with model under the condition of parametersαand f′R′ kept constant, and the fitness were good. Hence, it is proved that the model could depict the real condition of surface clogging development when the ratio of infiltration media size to suspended solid size (D₅₀/d₅₀) less than 5, and it can be used to quantificational predict the clogging effect of recharge rate.

In order to explore the relationships between magnetic properties and environmental pollutions, street dust samples from four functional districts (Qingshan, Hongshan, scenic spot of East Lake, development zone of East Lake) of Wuchang region were collected, and their magnetic parameters including  magnetic susceptibility, frequency dependent susceptibility, isothermal remanent magnetization, demagnetization coefficient and magnetic hysteresis were determined. The results demonstrate that magnetic remanence carriers are dominantly soft magnetic minerals which belong to ferrimagnetic minerals and  magnetite particles in the samples present characteristic of low values of coercivity. Distribution patterns of saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM)are influenced by industrial activities, vehicle flow, and road conditions. SIRM data are good indicators for environmental pollutions in the chosen four districts: heavy contamination in the Qingshan industrial district and moderate contamination in the other three districts. In addition, distribution patterns of hard isothermal remanent magnetization（HIRM）indicate the special source of antiferromagnetic minerals originating from road traffic. Due to the excessive  flow of freight cars and heavy vehicles, development  zone of East Lake and Qingshan industrial districts posses higher HIRM values than Hongshan and scenic spot of East Lake. In total, street dust samples from Wuchang region show a higher concentration of magnetic minerals compared with other domestic metropolis such as Lanzhou, Xi’an, Nanjing and Xuzhou, indicating the urban environment need to be further protected and improved.

In order to understand the characteristics of atmospheric heavy metal deposition in Daqing City, 17 deposition samples were collected using passive sampling during April 2008 to April 2009. 17 soil samples in the same places were also collected. The samples were analyzed for heavy metal concentration by Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry (AFS) and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Spectrometry (ICP-AES). According to the calculating results, enrichment factors (EF) of Zn, Pb, As, Cd were significantly elevated compared with other elements(Hg, Cd, As, Cr, Ni and Pb). Correlation between deposition flux and content in soil was processed, and it shows significant correlation coefficient for both Zn and Cd, which indicates that the soil Zn and Cd contamination are attributed to atmospheric deposition. Comparison of the flux of heavy metals were carried out and it indicates large differences between districts, pointing out that the sources of atmospheric metal pollutants are related to geographical position, climate, humans population, the types and quantities of local enterprises and other anthropogenic sources.

TiO₂/tourmaline composite photocatalysts were prepared by sol-gel method. The activities of the composite photocatalysts were studied by the photodegradation of methyl orange experiments. The results showed that the degradation activity of organic compounds could be improved significantly by added 2% tourmaline ratio in the composite photocatalyst preparation. The degradation rate (0.5 h) was up to 99.87%, increased by 20%, which was better than that of the pure TiO₂ (83.64%). By using the methods XRD, BET and SEM, it was found that the structure of tourmaline was not changed via the heat treatment at 800 ℃ for a long time, but it was destroyed via the heat treatment at 900 ℃ for the same time. The TiO₂ particles appeared as conglobulation and evenly covered on the surface of tourmaline to form a particle layer by the analysis of SEM.

The fault distributions and reference depths in Longmenshan and adjacent areas before earthquake has been obtained by Euler equation (Euler deconvolution) inversion method about gravity data of Wenchuan area. Wenchuan earthquake spreads widely and causes seriously destructions, which will results in  morphology differences in seismogenic fault and peripheral faults. A gravity profile was designed in this area to compare the fault morphology before and after the earthquake. The thrust nature of Longmenshan belt diminished, and a number of fracture zone between Yingxiu-Beichuan fault and Dujiangyan-Jiangyou fault were produced.The viewpoints of stress plane (second earthquake plane) and multi-sources were proposed according to the genesis research about Wenchuan earthquake through fault  morphology differences.

The Qiangtang terrane is located in the central part of the Tibetan Plateau, where the Mesozoic geological evolution has great significance for revealing the closure of Paleotethyan ocean and the disintegration of Gondwanaland. In order to find out the Mesozoic evolution of the Qiangtang terrane, more than 200 paleomagnetic samples were collected from the Upper Trassic Tumengela Formation and Zala Formation both in the north and in the south Qiangtang. Most samples contained two components of magnetization in thermal demagnetization experiments. The most stable high-unblocking temperature components were isolated and passed positive reversal tests at the 95% confidence level, which suggested that these high-temperature components could be regarded as primary characteristic remanent magnetization. The mean characteristic magnetization directions of the samples from north Qiangtang and south Qiangtang were D/I=28°/45.5° (a₉₅＝3.6°) and D/I=35.3°/46.5° (a₉₅＝4.0°), respectively.Nearly similar paleomagnetic polar and palaeolatitude, obtained from the north Qiangtang and the south Qiangtang, indicated that they had already belonged to one plate in the Late Triassic. The Late Triassic paleolatitude of Qiantang terrane was 27° in the Northern Hemisphere. Combined with previously reported paleomagnetic results, the paleomagnetic polar wandering paths were obtained. According to the paleomagnetic polar wandering paths, the Qiangtang terrane was located in the Southern Hemisphere during the Late Paleozoic and very close to the Equator in Late Permian. It drifted fast northward from the northeast Gondwanaland from the Late Paleozoic to the Mesozoic. The Qiangtang-Tarim plate collision finished at the end of the Triassic, and the Qiangtang-Lhasa collision might finish in the Middle Cretaceous. By then, all suture movements between Qiangtang terrane and other blocks had finished.

Four magnetotelluric sounding profiles were designed and relevant 2D electrical structure models were obtained in order to research the electrical structure of crust-mantle in southeast coastal region of South China.These electrical structures combined with geological background and geochemical information reveal that the west part of crust in this area became thicker because of the collision and aggregate effect, while the thickness of east section decreased rapidly due to Pacific plate subduction. The lithosphere structure in southeast coastal region of China does not simply have “west thick and east thin”feature. Lithosphere thicknesses at two ends of research area exceed 100 km. It is speculated that the thickness increeasing in western end is due to intracontinental compression orogeny or intracontinental collision and convergence orogeny,the thickness changes in east section may be the result of the oceanic crust retentions under the lithosphere when the period of oceanic plate subduction or the Pacific ancient land mass retentions under the lithosphere. The lithosphere gets thiner in central part may relates to the intrusion of asthenospheric material. The power of upper intrusion of asthenospheric material in large scale came from deep thermal disturbance formed by Pacific plate subduction.

For avoiding the problems caused by solving large linear equation systems numerically, we introduce the basic concept of the electrical reflectivity tensor and the basic idea of the quasi-analytical approximation into D.C. electrical potential field, and define three auxiliary functions, namely the volume potential reflection function, the surface potential reflection function, and the surface charge density reflection function. Also, we give the quasi-analytical approximations to the reflection functions for general cases and the analytical solutions of the reflection function in simple situations, i.e. a uniform or a point current source background electrical field and uniform cylinders and spheres as the anomalous body. Simple comparison shows that the surface charge density reflection function is a function of the free surface charge density on the surface of the anomalous body under consideration. In simple situations described above, the function reduces into a simple proportional relationship. The same is true for the surface potential reflection function in simple cases. However, in general cases it is difficult to establish an explicit relationship between the surface reflection function and the free surface charge density.

According to the morphology and sparse signal theory, morphological component analysis (MCA) method is used for random noise attenuation in seismic data. The key of MCA is to select the appropriate dictionaries. In view of the characteristics of seismic data and computational complexity, UWT dictionary and Curvelet dictionary are selected.One sparsely represents for local singular part of the seismic data, the other sparsely represents for smooth and linear part of seismic data. BCR algorithm is used to solve objective function, and the denoised results are obtained by decomposing the seismic data into two morphologically different components and discarding the random noise which can’t be sparsely represented in dictionaries efficiently. As a 2D denoising method, MCA denoising method can efficiently suppress random noise both in time and spatial directions; Because the sparse representation abilities of UWT dictionary and Curvelet dictionary are stronger than traditional wavelet transform, MCA denoising is an amplitude and fidelity preserved denoising method, its damage to effective information is quite smaller. Theoretical and real data processing verified the efficiency of MCA method.

A large amount of geophysical data of Tibetan Plateau has been accumulated since 1974 when the modern geophysical exploration about Tibetan Plateau began. P-wave velocities of 23 deep seismic sounding profiles are collected and relationship curve of crustal radiogenic heat and P-wave velocity (A-V_p) in each profile was plotted. The mantle heat flow contour map of Tibetan Plateau is drawn reference to terrestrial heat flow data sets. There is a very high mantle heat flow area on the Bangong-Nujiang suture zone，Indus-Yarlung suture and Lhasa block. It can be infered that the magma under the area is possible active.

Wavelet extraction algorithm based on fractional Fourier transform is presented in this paper. The wavelet and GPR medium is descried as a time integral based on the assumption that GPR medium model is linear time-varying systems and the wavelet is unchanging during propagation. Because fractional Fourier transform is a unitary transform and of norm-preserving, the wavelet extraction is transformed into optimal filtering problem in the fractional Fourier transform domain. The optimal solution is found by searching p in the range of (－2, 2\] to step 1/300. Finally, wavelet estimation signal in time-domain is obtained after an inverse fractional Fourier transform.The simulation shows that the optimal filtering algorithm of fractional Fourier transform is correct. The extracted wavelet from experiment  GPR data shows that the wavelet extraction algorithm is valid.

Spectral feature is the physical basis of rock identification. In order to remove the rock spectral noise, the spectra including common 15 rock samples belonging to 10 rock types are pretreated by averaging, resampling, smoothing, and fitting the value of water vapor absorption band. The continuum removing methods are used to obtain absorption-band parameters of spectra. Among the rock samples, the mica slate’s absorption feature is the most obvious. The normalized data studied by using R-mode principle factor method shows that the first principal factor axis represents the major absorption spectra of cations, anions and water vapor, and the second represents a small number of cation band. The characteristic spectral bands of the rock are 385-525 nm, 735-1 365 nm, 1 435-1 785 nm, 1 890-1 952 nm and 1 995-2 310 nm.The physical meanings of these bands are also identified. The rock spectra are classified into four types by two-dimensional image analysis. From first type to last type, the spectra prove the gradually shallow absorption depth, the decreasing area, the gradually narrowing width and the increasing number of absorption peaks.Iron and pelitization alteration phenomenon are obvious. The classification results verified by cluster analysis are of better correspondence. A physical basis for rock classification and identification are provided by remote sensing technology. It is of significance to abstract effectively hyper spectral data and classify hyper spectra images.