The deep-water Zhujiang Formation in Baiyun sag of Pearl River Mouth basin has been a new area for hydrocarbon exploration and development, but there is still much controversy about the genesis of massive sandstone reservoirs. Based on comprehensive analysis of composition, sedimentary structures, grain size distribution, ancient topography as well as seismic and logging data, the Zhujiang Formation was deposited by submarine fan system, and a wide range of thick massive sandstoneswere products of sandy debris flow filling withininner-middle fan channels. According to detailed features and identification signs, the sandy debris flow was related to gravitational slump and sand collapse of sandbodies from the shelf edge delta front triggered by certainmechanism duringsignificant sea-level falling, and then the “Source-Drainage-Sink” coupling model of sandy debris flow deposits in submarine fan was set up.

Based on clastic compositions, debris types, heavy minerals,geochemistry (REE, trace elements)and paleocurrent of sandstone, the authors analyze source direction, rock type and tectonic settings of the source region of Xiaoheba Formation of southeastern Sichuan Province.The provenance derives from basic rocks, ultrabasic rocks, basic-intermediate effusive rocks of Neoproterozoic Banxi Group of the west wing of Xuefengshan uplift in east of basin. Tectonic background of source area includes active continental margin, continentalarc-islandsand passive continental margin.Source rock is mainly composed of older recycled sedimentary deposits of uplifted basement rock.South China plate and Yangtze plate spliced by slowly creeping of South China plate toward the Yangtze plate in the Early Silurian Xiaoheba Period,and resulted in slow uplift of whole Yangtze plate,meanwhile, the depocenter migrated continuously to the northwest,thus formed the cycles of supply source inresearch area.

According to the need of exploration and development in Heshui area of Ordos basin, a reservoir geological model of Chang 63 was established and then analyzed the controlling factors of physical properties of lithological reservoir. The study used synthetic methods, logging technique, theories of geostatistics and stochastic methods of sequence Guass simulation, startedfrom basic geologic researches including reservoir characteristics and sedimentary characteristics. The results indicate that the Chang 6₃ sand body developedin the middle and east of region. It is successional along provenance direction and the continuity is bad along vertical orientation. The distribution area of porosity and permeability is similar to the sand body, and the area of permeability is smaller than porosity. Besides the effect of sedimentary process, diagenesis is very important to reservoir parameter distribution. The advantaged reservoir is distributed in the area of chlorite film cementation-feldspar dissolution and chlorite film cementation. The oil production of oil well is more than 10 t/d according to the test oil data.

The first application of the maximum thickness of monolayer of dark mudstone for hydrocarbon accumulation is studied in Hailaer basin, to provide new idea and method for oil and gas explorationin fault subsidence basin. The results show that: 1)The largest monolayer thickness of dark mudstone section develops high-quality hydrocarbon source rocks, with high hydrocarbon potential, and the application of the maximum thickness of monolayer dark mudstone to track high-quality source rocks is a simple and meaningful way. 2)The single-layer thickness of dark mudstone and oil and gas accumulation are closely related, the greater layer thickness, the higher productivityof single well. 3)The single dark mudstone in fault subsidence basin is related to evolution of sedimentary facies, and shows apparent regularity. It develops two high value areas from the steep slope to the gentle slope.The sand body which is adjacent to high value area of thickness of dark mudstone in gentle slope is oil and gas main enrichment zone.

Within the sedimentary basins, overpressure is occurred widespread and the generation mechanisms are various. The overpressure evolution has significant effects on the migration and accumulation of hydrocarbon. The oil test, logging data and effective stress characteristics are integrated to analyze the overpressure genetic mechanism. The research results show that the overpressure is influenced by both undercompaction and hydrocarbon generation in Dongying Formation and the hydrocarbon generation is the major factor in Shahejie Formation. The numerical modeling results of pressure evolution history prove that the combining action of fault opening controlled by tectonic activities and interbedded sandstones is the major factor of overpressure release explaining why normal pressure exists in some regions. The development and evolution of overpressure have controls over the current vertical distribution of different types of hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Huanghekou depression. Where the overpressure is well-developed, not influenced by fault activities and not released obviously, should be for searching for the Paleogene primary hydrocarbon reservoir, and where the Paleogene has been connected with the Neogene by faults, should be priority assigned to exploring the Neogene secondary hydrocarbon reservoirs.

Based on comprehensive analysis of the drilling core, thin section, FMI logging and other log data，the features of the Carboniferous volcanic fracture reservoirs in Hongshanzui oilfield of Junggar Basin were studied. According to contributing factors，the fractured reservoirswere divided into 4 categories, such as diagenesis fractures,structural fractures, weathered fractures, and dissolving fractures.Thediagenesis fractures were further divided intothree subclassesof condensation contraction fractures,gravel seam,intergranular fractures.The fractured reservoirswere also divided into4 categories, such as high-angle fractures, miter fractures, netted fractures and low-angle fractures according tofracture occurrence.With the FMI logging and other logging information,the scale logging by core method wasadopted,our study shows thatfracture intuffwas the most developed witha fracture density up to 11.46 count/m, followed by lava, fracture in sedimentary rock was the lowest level.The fracture thickness in the region about 300 m below weather crustwas accounted for 80.3% of the total thickness. Because of imaging logging is limited,the method of drilling wells trajectory calculated fracture trend was proposed. The fracture trendwas divided into two groups,NE and NW. The secondary pore-fracture formingand distribution werecontrolledby fracture systems, forming beneficial oil and gas migration system,the fracture system wasakey factor restricting oil and gas accumulation, and was crucial for volcanic rocks reservoirs.

According to hydrocarbon generation history of gas source rock, reservoir thermal history and reservoir bitumen of Minfeng area in Dongying sag, comprehended gas accumulation geological background, the genetic types and characteristics of middle-deep gaspools are analyzed, and the gas accumulation model is set up. The middle-deep gas having been discovered is mainly cracked gas and comes from the lower Es₄ source rock. There are three genetic types and gas accumulation models: kerogen-cracking gas directly entered traps and formed gas pool, kerogen-cracking gas infilledpaleo-reservoir and formed gas invasion enrichment gas pool, paleo-reservoir oil cracked and formed gas pool. Be controlled by the evolution of the source rock, the distributional characterization of three types of the gas reservoir is obtained. The central of the sag is mainly accumulated with pure gas reservoir composed by cracked gas from kerogen, and some cracked gas generated from ancient oil reservoir. Slope zone is accumulated with gas invasion enrichment gas pool. There is only oil pools charged at late stage on the relatively shallow slope edge. From the central area of sag to the high slope area, the distribution model that gas, oil gas mixed phase and oil coming in turn forms.

As the common sulfide mineral in metallic mineral deposits, the molybdenite has played an important role on the isotopic dating of the deposit. Besides the widely application of Re-Os method of isotopic dating, the new application of this mineral on the REE (rare earth elements) geochemical study is reported in this paper. Based on the studies of 14 Mesozoic W, Mo and poly-metallic ore deposits from Hunan, Jiangxi and Fujian Province, it’s a fact that the REE contents and normalized pattern of molybdenite samples from different types of deposits are different from each other. Although these differences are resulted from multi-causes, such general features of REE content, ratios and chondrite-normalized patterns can be outlined as followings:1)different types of ore deposits have different REE geochemical features. For example, porphyry Cu-Mo deposits, hydrothermal Mo deposits hosted within volcanic rocks and hydrothermal W deposits originated from granite can be distinguished by REE features of the molybdenite;2)different deposits belonging to the same type and with the same mineral resources have similar REE features, no matter what geological settings they are located in. The tungsten deposits in Southern Hunan have similar REE features, recorded in the molybdenite, as those in South Jiangxi;3)the molybdenite formed at different stages have different REE geochemical features, but those formed at the same stage and in the same geological environment might have similar features. For instance, all of the studied middle-later Jurassic molybdenites construct a trend of gradually increasing of ∑Ce/∑Y ratio with ages;4)because the molybdenite formed at different settings can have similar feature, while those formed at the same metallogenic belt might have different features, the conclusion is that the ore-forming tectonic settings cannot be discriminated only by REE geochemistry of molybdenite;5)the comparison of the molybdenite from different mines can provide valuable information for mineral exploration. Although the tracing of REE in the molybdenite is preliminary and is to be further studied, it provides a new method for studying the genesis of the ore deposit.

Such the ideas on genesis and ore prospecting of the Dongshengmiao deposit proposed by Zhang et al. (2010) are questioned in this paper as the classification of orebodies (i.e., sulfur orebodies and zinc orebodies), shapes, structure and texture, REE pattern of both sulfur and zinc ore. It was negated in this paper that, in Dongshengmiao deposit, sulfur orebodies were resulted from SEDEX process and zinc orebodies were caused by hydrothermal reworking after sulfur orebodies forming, and the further exploration be here. In Dongshengmiao-Sanguikou area, there are mainly six zinc orebodies (i.e., orebodies 9, 2, 11, 3, 10 and 4) and four sulfur ones (i.e., orebodies 1, 3, 4, and 2). Orebody 9, occurring comfortably in schist and having the same REE pattern model with the wall rock, should be resulted from the SEDEX mineralization process, similar to the mineralization of other orebodies. It is proposed that further ore exploration should be concentrated upon the deeper boot orebody of SEDEX deposit.

The Tianbaoshan polymetallic ore field is composed of Xinxing lead-zinc deposit, Lishan lead-zinc-copper deposit and Dongfeng lead-zinc-copper-molybdenum deposit. Both Xinxing and Lishan are hosted in contact zone between Jurassic granodiorite, diorite and Paleozoic marine volcanic rocks-sedimentary rock and the Dongfeng deposit occurs in rock bodies. The research on the geological features of these ore deposits shows that the Xinxing lead-zinc deposit is featured by filling of quartz sulfide in breccia pipe, similar to alteration characteristics of the mesothermal magmatic ore deposit; Dongfeng lead-zinc-copper-molybdenum deposit develops disseminated sulfide orebodies, quartz sulfide veins and molybdenite-quartz vein, showing characteristic of contact metasomatic-hydrothermal deposit; while a lot of magnetite, galena, sphalerite and other metal sulfides are found in Xinxing lead-zinc deposit, which suggests it be a representative contact metasomatic skarn deposit. Based on the research of fluid inclusions in quartz from main mineralizing stages and late ore-forming stage, it can be concluded that ore-forming process of the Xinxing deposit can be divided into three stages, quartz-pyrite, quartz-sphalerite-galena-chalcopyrite and quartz-carbonate. Homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusion formed in these three atages are  270-340 ℃, 190-260 ℃, 130-160 ℃, respectively. The salinity(w(NaCl)) of the inclusion changes from 0.62% to 9.86%, the density from 0.37 g/cm3 to 1.00 g/cm3 and the pressure from 37.31 MPa to 87.69 MPa. Laser Raman spectroscopy analysis of the fluid inclusions reveals they mainly consist of CO₂ and H₂O, with minor CH₄ and N₂. The mineralization of the Dongfeng deposit went through three stages: quartz-molybdenite（280-337 ℃）, quartz-sphalerite-galena-chalcopyrite(200-260 ℃) and quartz-carbonate(101-190 ℃), salinity and density of fluid inclusions for Dongfeng deposit range from 7.16% to 23.95%, and from 0.96 g/cm³  to 1.12 g/cm³, respectively, with the pressure raging from 28.23 MPa to 56.64 MPa， and analysis from Laser Raman spectroscopy shows the major compositions in the inclusions is H₂O. The mineralization of the Lishan lead-zinc-copper deposit can be divided into three stages, they are magnetite-quartz(210-240 ℃), quartz-galena-sphalerite-chalcopyrite(170-200 ℃) and quartz-carbonate(126-160 ℃), salinity and density of fluid inclusions from that deposit range from 2.07% to 9.47%, and from 0.89 g/cm³ to 0.92 g/cm³, respectively, with the pressure of 33.88-59.72 MPa, the study on Laser Raman spectroscopy showes that the component of fluid inclusions is mainly composed of CO₂ and CH₄. Combined with the geological features of ore deposit, properties and sources of the metallogenic fluids, the metallogenic model of the Tianbaoshan polymetallic ore field has been constructed.

The Asiha gold ore deposit is located in the east part of the middle uplifted basement and granitic belt which is one important gold and ferro-polymetallic metallogenic belt in eastern Kunlun. The Early Indosinian diorite and biotite granite are the main ore-hosting rocks，while the NNE and NW-trending faults are major ore-bearing structures in the mine area. Vein Ⅰ is one of the major auriferous veins, and is closely related to the minette spatially. Fluid inclusions in quartz crystals can be classified into aqueous two-phase and CO₂-rich three-phase inclusion. Salinities of fluid inclusions contents of NaCl range from 1.83% to 8.13%，densities range from 0.69 to 0.87 g/cm³, and homogenization temperatures range from 155.3 ℃ to 425.6 ℃. In mineralization stage Ⅰ, fluid inclusions are characterized by low salinity, high-temperature, and CO₂-rich. In mineralization stage Ⅱ, CO₂-rich fluid inclusions and gas-liquid two-phase inclusions coexist, which show the immiscibility or boiling characterized by CO₂ escaping, and resulted in salinity increasing of the residual fluid. Fluid inclusions in mineralized stage Ⅲ are the gas-liquid two-phase inclusions. Charteristics of fluid inclusions, accompanied with H, O, S isotopic compositions, indicates that the ore-forming fluid is mainly mantle-derived and additional meteoric water in the late stage. By analyzing of Laser Raman spectrum, the gas-phase in fluid inclusions chiefly make up of CO₂，CH4 and N₂. According to the diagram of isochore，the ore-forming pressure can be calculated to almost 98-132 MPa，the ore-forming depth ranges from 8.16-9.58 km. By contrast to other typical orogenic gold deposits, A conclusion can be safely darwn that Asiha gold deposit belongs to the mesozonal orogenic gold deposit, and the gold mineralization occured in the transition period from compression to extension tectonic environment during intro-continental orogenic movement in Early Indosinian.

The Daheishan Mo deposit is located in the south segment of the Xiao Hinggan Mountains-Zhangguangcai Mountains metallogenic belt. Ore bodies are mainly hosted in granodiorite and granodiorite porphyry. Fluid inclusions in ore-bearing quartz veins can be classified into aqueous two-phase（W-type）and daughter mineral-bearing multiphase（S-type） occasional containing CO₂ inclusion. Fluid inclusions formed in the early stage are W-type,S-type and a small amount of containing CO₂ inclusions, and the homogenization temperature of this type of inclusion change from 208℃ to 443℃, salinities from 2.9% to 49.8% NaCl equivalent and the density from 0.5 g·cm^-3 to 1.2g·cm^-3;The quartz-molybdenite veins from the main ore-forming stage contain W-type and S-type inclusions with homogenization temperatures from 197℃ to 398℃, salinities from 1.6% to 43.9% NaCl equivalent and density from 0.5 g·cm^-3 to 1.1 g·cm^-3. The daughter minerals in fluid inclusions from the main ore-forming stage include salt daughter mineral and metallic sulfide daughter mineral. Fluid inclusions of the late stage are major W-type inclusions, with homogenization temperatures from 171℃ to 301℃, salinities from 1.6% to 19.8% NaCl equivalent and the density from 0.6 g·cm^-3 to 0.9 g·cm^-3. Fluid boiling in the main stage is evidenced by the co-existence of different types of fluid inclusions with similar homogenization temperatures. The pressures of fluid inclusions formed in main stage change from 30 MPa to 100 MPa，corresponding to depths of about 4 km.The fluid boiling in the early ore-forming stage and fluid miscibility in late stage played very important roles in the precipitation of metal sulfides.

The Baoxinggou gold deposit, located in the south margin of upper Heilongjiang Foreland Basin, is discovered rencently and of great ore prospecting potential. Gold ore bodies are mainly hosted inner the shallow intrusion and its contact zone with sandstone formation. The deposit is closely related to the quartz diorite and diorite-porphyrite. Geochemical studies show that the two types of magmatic rocks associated with gold mineralization belong to high-K and calc-alkaline rocks and they are rich in REE,with no obvious Eu anomaly, while with significantly negative Nb,Ta, T, Zr, Yb, Y and positive Rb, Th, K. The LA-ICP-MS U-Pb isotopic dating of single zircons from the quartz diorite indicates that the age of （124.92±1.3） Ma represents the crystallization age of diorite. In light of the age of granite-aplite varying from 150 Ma to 450 Ma, it can be guessed that its diagenesis age is about 156 Ma. The Baoxinggou gold deposit was resulted from the  tectonic-magmatic-hydrothermal process associated with the tectonic stress field transition from compression to extension in early Cretaceous period and the gold mineralization took place in 107.5-124.92 Ma. Meanwhile, it can be concluded that there existed gold mineralization companying with the Cretaceous magmatism in the south part of Da Hinggan Mountains. Therefore, the districts developing the Late Yanshanian (Early Cretaceous epoch) magmatic activities, especially the shallow intrusions are important ore-prospecting targets for further exploration.

The Yangmadian Mo deposit is located in western Liaoning province, eastern part of the Yanshan-Liaoning Mo (Cu) metallogenic belt. The Yangmadian granitic pluton associated with the molybdenum mineralization is composed of three main different lithofacies, porphyraceous granite, coarse-grained granite and fine-grained granite. Their major minerals include quartz (30%-45%), K-feldspar (35%-50%), plagioclase (15%-25%) and biotite (3%-5%). Orebodies of the Yangmadian Mo deposit occur mainly in the fine-grained granite, and minor in the coarse-grained granite and porphyraceous granite. Geochemical researches show that the pluton is rich in Si (w(SiO₂)=69.26%-76.44%), alkalis (w(Na₂O+K₂O)=7.87%-8.81%), poor in Ca (w(CaO)=0.36%-1.33%), Mg (w(MgO)=0.17%-0.61%), Fe (w(FeO_T)=1.47%-3.39%), potassic (K₂O/Na₂O=1.05-1.31) and metaluminous (A/CNK=0.90-1.00). The pluton is generally enriched in Large Ion Lithophile Element (LILE, such as K, Rb, Th and LREE), normal in High Field Strong Element (HFSE, such as Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf and HREE), slightly depleted in Medium REE, and displays a “V” shape chondrite-normalized REE patterns with strong negative Eu anomalies (δEu=0.26-0.76). Both evolution characters of the minerals and geochemical characters of the rocks indicate that the Yangmadian pluton were resulted from different degree fractional crystallization of the common parent magma, which derived from the part melting of lower crust materials under high-pressure granulite facies. The isotopic dating indicates that LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb ages are (192.1±1.9) Ma, (189.5±1.4) Ma, and (189.3±3.3) Ma for porphyraceous, coarse-grained and fine-grained granite, respectively. Based on comprehensive researches on existing geological data, it can be conclude that petrogeny and metallogeny of the Yangmadian pluton were resulted from the Early Jurassic reactivation of the residual mantle wedge induced by subduction of the Paleo-Asia Ocean in Paleozoic period.

The metallogenic belt in the south of SE Yunnan is one of the important polymetallic belts in Yunnan Province. In this belt, such polymetallic sulfide deposits as Sn, W, Pb, Zn, Ag are mainly hosted in the clastic and carbonate rock formations of Cambrian, Devonian, Permian and Triassic, and distributed around three large granitic intrusions, Gejiu, Bozhushan and Laojunshan. Fifty three Tintungsten and other metal deposits have been found in recent years by ore exploration in the area. Based on studies of geology, geochemistry and metallogenic regularity of known deposits in the area, such four typical deposits, Kafang Cu-Sn, Nanyangtian W, Bainiuchang Pb-Zn-Ag and Xiaoxiban Sb deposits, have been analyzed. According to favorable geological conditions, geochemical anomalies, five ore prospecting regions are defined, including Gejiu Sn-W-Cu, Bozhushan-Bainiuchang W-Pb-Zn-Ag, Laojunshan-Malipo W-Sn, Yanshan Cu-Pb-Zn, Xichou Sb ore prospecting regions. The forecasted resource reserves, includes 1.33 million tons of Sn, 1.12 million tons of WO₃, 9.42 million tons of Pb and Zn, 3.26 million tons of Cu as well as 0.3 million tons of Sb. It can be concluded that there is great tintungsten and other metals ore prospecting potential in this area.

The Xianrenyan pluton is located in the south of Shuikoushan ore field, Hunan Province. There develops Au, Cu, Mo and Zn mineralization in inner and outer contact zones of the pluton, which shows the colse relationship between the pluton and the metallic mineralization. Zircon LA-MC-ICP-MS U-Pb age of the monzonite suggests a weighted mean age of (156.09±0.46) Ma (MSWD=1.4) which implies that the pluton was emplaced in Early Yanshanian period. The in-situ Hf isotopic analysis reveals ¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf ratios in the zircon range from 0.282 243 to 0.282 904, and ε_Hf(t) from -15.55 to 7.87 (with peak value around -10), and the two stage Hf model ages(T_DM2) from 703 Ma to 2 188 Ma(with peak value around 1 800 Ma), which indicates that parental magma of the pluton  was derived from the mixed sources of the lower crust and mantle. Based on the geochemistry of the rocks, it can be concluded that the monzonite was mainly resulted from remelting of the Mesoproterozoic basement rocks and formed in Middle and Late Jurassic when the crust was in an extension-thinning geodynamic setting. In addition, the authors compare and analyze the lithogeochemical characteristics of the Xianrenyan pluton and the Shuikoushan stock. The fact that the Xianrenyan pluton has a weaker differentiation than the Shuikoushan pluton gives the reason for its unfavorable gold mineralization.

The Luming Molybdenum deposit is one of newly discovered large porphyry deposits in Xiao Hinggan Mountains metallogenic belt. The deposit occurs in the monzonitic granite. In the monzonitic granite, SiO₂ contents are 71.98％ and 77.17％, K₂O+Na₂O  8.06％ and 9.07％, K/Na ratios 1.14 and 7.25 and A/CNK ratios are 0.95 and 1.05, with high silica and alkalirich. It’s abundant amount of HFSE. The average of FeO^T is 2.0%，Ga×104/Al is 2.75，Zr content are 76.2×10^-6 and 134×10^-6，which showed the characteristics of A-type granite. The granite from Luming area has content of δEu(0.36~0.56), and ratios of element couples (K/Rb, K/Cs, Rb/Cs, Rb/Li, Li×10³/Mg, Rb/Sr) are similar to those of syntexis-type granitoids in South China, showing the characteristics of crustalmantle magma mixing. In the trace element spider diagram, there are a negative anomaly of Ba, Y and positive anomaly of Rb, Th, Ce, Sm. To determine the age of Luming monzonitic granite, the LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating is applied and gives a diagenesis age of (187.1±1.2) Ma. The Re-Os contents of molybdenite from Luming Mo deposit are determined by ICP-MS. The results show the Re-Os isochron age of (177.4±3.5) Ma and weighted mean age of (178.08±0.79) Ma, which indicate that the mineralization is later than the diagenesis. Trace element and isotopic tracing show that both diagenesis and mineralization of the Luming Mo deposit were related to changes of tectonic environment from compression to extension. Ore-forming materials were derived from upper mantle and lower crust.

Petrography, SHRIMP U-Pb chronology of the zircon and geochemistry of the Hercynian biotite monzonitic granites in Deersi area of Urad Zhongqi are studied to constrain the genesis of the rock and regional tectonic evolution in the study area. The emplacement of the biotite monzonitic granite in this area can be divided into two periods, the earlier is medium-coarse prophyritic biotite monzonitic granite and the latter is medium-fine grain biotite monzonitic granite. Most of zircons from biotite monzonitic granites show core-mantle ring structure, fine-scale oscillatory zoning and Th/U ratios of 0.16-0.50, implying their magmatic origin. Whereas most of cores of rouded zircons have fine-scale oscillatory zoning and Th/U ratios of 0.06-0.44, which indicates their magmatic genesis and residual zircons. While, there are some zircons with weak zoning or non-zoning, indicating their metamorphic genesis. The weighted mean ages of the edge of zircons from the biotite monzonitic granites indicate that the granite formed in the EarlyMiddle Permian ((279±3) Ma and (266±3) Ma), but some results of residual zircons are (1 972±63) Ma，(1 962±43) Ma, implying the formation time of source rock. The biotite monzonitic granites belong to sub-alkaline series. Their rare earth elements (REE) patterns are right diping with LREE/HREE ratios range from 5.86 to 22.81. The biotite monzonitic granites are depleted in high field strength element Nb, and enriched in large ion lithophile elements Rb and Ba. These characters are similar to the igneous rocks from active continental margin setting. Taken all together, geochemical character of the Early-Middle Permian biotite monzonitic granites reflects the tectonic evolution including the subduction of the paleo-Asian oceanic plate beneath the North China craton and the dying out of paleo-Asian Ocean.

LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating and Hf isotope compositions of the zircon from granite at Puluogang Town, Namulin County, in the middle Gangdese belt, Tibet, have been studied. LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating of zircons form two granite samples yielded weighted mean ages of  (44.3±1.1) Ma and (44.5±1.1) Ma, representing crystallization age of the granite. Geochemical data show that these samples belong to high-K calc-alkaline series, with SiO₂ contents of 60.53%-65.28%, total alkali (K₂O+Na₂O) contents of 6.53%-7.98%, Al₂O₃ contents of 15.52%-16.13%, and A/CNK values of 0.86-0.91. The granitic samples are characterized by enrichment of the light REE, clearly negative Eu anomaly, enriched in Rb, Th, U and Pb, and depleted in Nb, Ta and Ti. Two granite samples have high zircon ε_Hf(t) values of 8.8-11.1, and ¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf values of 0.282 994-0.283 060, with Hf crustal model ages of 422-557 Ma. These geological data indicate that partial melting of newly crustal materials has contributed to the magma origin of the granite. Therefore, we can draw a conclusion that the granitic pluton were probably formed by the northward subduction of new Tethys and slab rollback and break-off.

Zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating and geochemical analysis have been carried on the mafic dyke from Sanchakou area，Hebei Province. The isotopic dating results indicate mafic dykes, with the age of （222.1 ± 1.6) Ma, were resulted from the Late Indosinian magmatism. Geochemical characteristics indicate they belong to tholeiite basalt, rich in LREE and LILE, as well as obviously depleted in Nb , Ta and Ti. Moreover, Sr-Nd isotopic composition means that the mafic dyke has high initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios and negative ε_Nd(t) (from-9.3 to -6.1). As it mentioned above, it’s implied that the studied mafic dyke was derived from enriched lithospheric mantle. The Chronology, geochemisty and previous studies suggest that the Early Mesozoic intrusion zone coexistent with mafic dykes in Sanchakou area, in northern North China block, might be formed in the early period of lithospheric thinning.

The Dongjikou pyroxene sysnite, appearing as irregular ovoid, intruding into the Palaeoproterozoic high-grade metamorphic rocks of Taihua group, and developing gneissic schistosity in Huayangchuan region, Xiaoqinling, is the only known Caledonian rock body. Detailed petrography and field work studies on Dongjikou pyroxene sysnite indicate that inner parts of the rock body, according to the different structural characteristics, can be divided into the earlier-formed fine-grained pyroxene syenite, developing optalic boeder and a little later-formed medium-grained porphyritic pyroxene syenite, developing chilled border. The mineral association in both types of rocks is composed of plagioclase, potassium feldspar, pyroxene, amphibole, quartz, etc. The phenocrysts are mainly composed of pyroxene and plagioclase. Pyroxene and amphibole have experienced the retrogressive metamorphism. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb ages of the fine-grained pyroxene syenite and medium-grained porphyritic pyroxene syenite are (214.8±3.1) Ma（MSWD=0.48）and (212.9±3.1) Ma（MSWD=5.6） respectively，which represents that the formation age of the rock is Late Triassic instead of the Caledonian period. The isotopic dating results show that the Caledonian magmatism event was extremely weak or inexistent in Xiaoqinling area. According to isotopic dating in this paper and a systematical summary of the previous research on the geological characteristics, it can be concluded that the age of the Dongjikou pyroxene sysnite is very close to that of the Indosinian magmatic and metallogenic event in Xiaoqinling area. It’s concerned that the Indosinian magmatism is related to the transition regime from oceanic slab subduction to intercontinental collision. Moreover, intensive crust-mantle interactions caused upwelling of the deep material and triggered the gold enrichment.

In order to investigate the very low-grade metamorphism of the Upper Paleozoic group in Heilongjiang Province, the crystallinity, polytype and b dimension of illites from the argillaceous rocks have been measured by XRD technique. The results showed that the illite crystallinity (Kübler index) ranged mainly from 0.31 to 0.77 °Δ2θ, while the illite (muscovite) b dimension ranged mainly from 8.983 to 9.011 A and the illite (muscovite) polytype presented three types of 1M_d, 1M_d+2M₁ and 2M₁. The mineralogical parameters of illites in above indicated that the argillaceous rock from the upper Paleozoic Group in the area belongs to the category from late diagenesis to very low-grade metamorphism. Moreover, there is a negative correlation between crystallinity and b dimension of illites, which shows crystallinity decreases (temperature increases) with the b dimension increases(pressure increases). It is suggested that the illites formed in the normal geological background from diagenesis to metamorphism related to burial depth, which reveals that both diagenesis and metamorphism of the Upper Paleozoic Group in the area belong to an unitary and continuous process in stead of two independent and unrelated geological event. Combining the regional geological background and achievements in research of illites in Inner Mongolia and Jilin Province, it can be included that the main part of the Upper Paleozoic Group in Northeast China did not undergo a massive greenschist facies regional metamorphism. Some greenschist facies(or higher degree) metamorphic rocks in parts of the area should be resulted from dynamic or contact metamorphism.

The classification of soil and rock is more difficult than classification of general terrain surfaces. The traditional methods (supervised classification and unsupervised classification) often yield to low accuracies and poor classification effects when applied to soil and rock classification, a new hierarchical classification algorithm based on characteristic multi-band image is proposed. The new algorithm is a top-down, gradually refinement hierarchical classification method which combines with both advantages of supervised classification and unsupervised classification. The new proposed method achieved the high accurate classification of soil and rock by separating rock and soil step by step hierarchically while making use of several characteristic band groups. Experimental results show that the new proposed method has better performance in improving the classification accuracies, the overall accuracy increases 10% and Kappa coefficient improves 0.1. Also, the new method can overcome “same things with different spectrums” phenomenon effectively.

Fault is an important factor to influence ground subsidence above goaf. To solve this problem, a 3-D geological model of the goaf has been built by using the numerical method. To contrast the existence of the fault, the rule of the goaf surface subsidence has been discussed. The settlement which are affected by the dip angle of a fault, its relative position with the mined-out zone, and its mechanical properties are analyzed in detail. The research shows that the fault enlarges the settlement values, and discontinues the surface deformation. The existence of the fault makes the settlement basin center deviate to the fault side. When the dip angle of a fault is between 40 to 50 degrees, the maximum volume of the surface subsidence appeared. When the dip angle is between 35 to 40 degrees, the maximum volume of the goaf roof subsidence appeared. The decline of the shear strength of fault accelerates the settlement value, and as it approaches or exceeds the soil friction angle, this relation is weakened.

In order to obtain geometric information of rock mass discontinuities rapidly and comprehensively to improve stability evaluation quality, a series of solution models，3D trace model, 2D trace model of random projection plane and the orientation solution model with detailed criterion were put forward and established under the theories of spatial geometry, azimuth conception and projection transformation on the basis of obtaining spatial coordinates of discontinuities through digital close range photogrammetric technology. In the first place, more detailed information about trace distribution status could be displayed through 3D trace model, and in the second place, trace information of any important projection plane could be obtained through 2D trace model, therefore, its physical significance was highlighted. In addition, orientation obtaining precision based on orientation solution model was discussed through the theory of error. The experimental results demonstrated that the problem of orientation obtaining of approximate linear discontinuities could be solved when position measurement error was less than 2 cm on slope 3D model established by digital close range photogrammetry. On the whole, more abundant, detailed and comprehensive discontinuity information could be obtained and applied to the stability analysis and evaluation with the combination of digital close range photogrammetry and geometric information solution models of rock mass discontinuities.

Based on the principle of weighted distance discriminant analysis, a classification model of debris flow risk assessment is built. Considering from ten key factors including watershed area, valley length, watershed relative height difference, valley incision density, bending coefficient of major ditch bed, population density, the length ratio of sediment supplement, forest cover rate, the most volume of once flow and frequency. Weights are obtained for ten factors based on entropy method.A model of distance discriminant analysis is established though training debris flow samples which come from the field investigation. The result preferably coincides with the normalization method, it was shown that the model of distance discriminant analysis performed excellently with high prediction accuracy and could be used in practical engineering.

Debris flow risk assessment has become a focus and difficult problem. Multiple correlation analysis of several factors about debris flow hazard assessment is carried out based on the infinite irrelevance method, it eliminates information overlap too much. The weights for factors are determined based on using subjective rank correlation analysis (G1 method) to improve objective scatter degree method. Thus a new method for risk assessment of debris flow is obtained. The method is verified by an example including 10 debris flows which combined geology disaster investigation and zoning of Helong City, Jilin Province, and contrasted with the traditional method. The result indicate that the improved scatter degree is easy operated and has advantages comparing with two methods. Four of all debris flow valleys are higher hazard level which close to the critical of traditional method. It can embody difference between the same level hazard in traditional method, and the evaluation results are better in agreement with reality.

The undisturbed concretion black and sandy loam soil samples in the Wudaogou (Anhui Province, China) were selected to study the subsurface evaporation-filtration experimental system of the hydrology and water resources. Based on the observation data of phreatic water evaporation from 1992 to 1994 at this site, the relationships between phreatic water evaporation and influencing factors, and the relationships between the phreatic water evaporation coefficient and water surface evaporation were analyzed for bare lands. Based on the above analyses, the goodness of curve fitting of existed empirical formulas such as Ye Shuiting formula and Aviriyanover formula were tested and analyzed by using a nonlinear least squares algorithm, and the improved empirical formulas were developed. The results show that the fitting and prediction results of the improved formulas are much better than the existed formulas, and there is only one parameter to be determined in the improved formulas.

Identification and estimation of the groundwater contaminant source based on the obtained monitoring data is a groundwater inverse deduction problem. These problems can be defined as optimization problems which the location and strength of contaminant sources are taken as the decision variables. In this study, a new method named hybrid Hooke-Jeeves attraction and repulsion particle swarm optimization method (HJ-ARPSO), based on the hybrid HookeJeeves particle swarm optimization method, is proposed and incorporated with the contaminant transport model MT3DMS to identify the location and strength of groundwater contaminant source. In HJ-ARPSO method, the population diversity is guaranteed by combined with repulsive operator in ARPSO. Afterwards, HJ-ARPSO method, HJ-PSO method, and GA method are adopted to identify two source identification cases (under known source position and under unknown source position). Under both cases, HJ-ARPSO method achieved high optimization rate (100 percent and 90 percent respectively); while the optimization rate of HJ-PSO method (without coupling the repulsive operator) is reduced to 60 percent under unknown source position case; among these three methods, the efficiency of the GA method achieved the lowest efficiency. The results indicate that HJ-ARPSO is applicable to groundwater contaminant source identification.

For the issues of brackish water capacity of soil salt content for safe irrigation in the low plain around the Bohai Sea, it is expounded that characteristics on the soils profile of different salinity accumulation types are that distribution of soil salt content is accumulation in the upper of the soil profile, or in the middle of the soil profile and in bottom of the soil profile. The formation of different salinity poly types are with evaporation, infiltration of rainfall or irrigation and water table depth change related, according to the data from the field monitoring and sampling. The formation of different characteristics of these polymer profiles are in different hydrodynamic condition. The soil moisture potential gradient profiles point to the surface, its absolute value is much larger than 1.0 cmH₂O/cm with the formation of salt accumulation to the upper of the soil profile. The soil moisture potential gradient point to groundwater table in the upper of the profile and point to the surface in bottom of the profile with the formation of salt accumulation to the middle of the soil profile. The soil moisture potential gradient profiles point to groundwater table, its value is much larger than 1.0 cmH₂O/cm with the formation of salt accumulation to the bottom of the soil profile. The brackish soil is not suitable for land and crops irrigation using slightly salty water.

In order to understand the environment distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in soil, Chinese gridded industrial pollutants emission and residue model (ChnGIPERM) was developed based on ChnGPERM (Chinese gridded pesticide emission and residue model), which has been used to study environmental behavior of PCBs in soil. Characteristics of PCBs in different types of soil, including urban soil, dry soil, paddy, grass, forest and uncultivated soil, contaminated by emissions of a single PCB source were investigated. The results showed that, the residue concentration of PCBs in soil depends on contents of air and water in soil, as well as the physicchemical properties of PCBs, the correlation between quality fractions and contents of water in soil was pretty high (R=-0.999 5，P<0.000 1). With the increasing soil depth, the residue concentrations decrease with higher chlorine content in PCBs. Because of the higher water solubility, PCBs that contains less chlorine enters soil more easily, and their vertical distributions in soil change fast with time, while PCBs containing more chlorine have weaker abilities to diffuse in soil, and their vertical distributions in soil are quite stable with time.

The impact of acidified soil and the subsequent effects on terrestrial ecosystems has raised public concern and become a hot research topic over the past decade. From 2002 to 2004, a systematic soil geochemical survey was conducted with the aim of studying the changing trend of the soil chemical elements in the catchment area of Liaohe in Liaoning Province. The results showed that the pH is unaffected by acid inputs when CaO+K₂O concentration in soil is more than 3.86%, which may buffer against the acidity inputs, whereas the soil pH drops rapidly when CaO+K₂O concentration in soil is lower than 3.86%. A map of buffering ability was developed, and it predicted that the soil in the eastern region of Liaohe catchment is much more vulnerable to further acidification. We then discuss the effects of increased Cd leaching upon soil acidic processes, biogeochemical processes, areas susceptible to Cd in rice and maize seeds are manifested.

Multi-velocity gradients along the up-flow direction was develped in a fluidized bed reactor based on the fact that different heavy solid particles could achieve a hydraulic classification under fluidized condition. Based on the results of the flocculation kinetic characteristics of fluidized bed flocculator, the characteristics of a multi-velocity gradient fluidized bed flocculator (MGF) filled with 800 μm and 1 200 μm resin particles was studied in the gradient distribution characteristics, flocculation efficiency and morphological characteristics of the flocs. The results obtained in the MGF were compared with a single-velocity gradient fluidized bed flocculator (SGF) filled with 1 200 μm resin particles directly. It was found that the environment for collision of colloids or fine particles was more suitable for the MGF, and thus the continuous growing of the clusters could be created. As a result, bigger and denser flocs could be formatted in MGF, and then the sedimentation ability of the flocs improved obviously which also confirmed by the improved flocculation efficiencies. The flocculation efficiency of kaolin suspensions and dispersed red increased 2%-4% and 7%-20% respectively in the MGF compared with the SGF.

By using the correlation analysis of aeromagnetic and gravity anomaly, the characteristic of correlation coefficient has been estimated over single and three abnormal models. The absolute value of correlation coefficient at the center of gravity and magnetic anomaly regional is equal to 1 when gravity and magnetic anomalies coincide, otherwise less than 1. However, where thare no gravity and magnetic anomaly, the absolute value of correlation coefficient can also approach 1. In this case, the correlation coefficient not only makes no sense but also gives an illusion away from the field. Therefore, the adaptive correlation analysis is developed. The adaptive and traditional correlation analysis methods have been applied to northern margin of Shanxi and Hebei to western Liaoning metallogenic belt, both revealing the gravity and magnetic anomalies in Luannan, Macheng and southern Sijiaying region. In east Xinji, southwestern Xiaomazhuang, northeastern Shimen, there are no gravity and magnetic anomalies, which is also confirmed by the adaptive correlation analysis. However, the traditional method shows the abnormal.

The downward continuation of potential fields plays an important role not only in gravity and magnetic data interpretation, but also in geomagnetic navigation. The downward continuation problem is essentially the solution of the Fredholm integral equation of the first kind. This paper presents a correlation coefficient method for downward continuation of potential fields adapted from the principle of probability tomography. Model experiment and real data application arrives at following conclusions: 1) when the downward-continuation distance reaches 10 grid intervals, the RMS error is about 0.23% of the maximal theoretical potential value; 2) adding white noise of MSE amplitude 1% and 5% of the maximal potential value to the theoretical potential field, MSE propagation coefficients 1.18 and 0.54 are obtained; 3) the result of realdata downward continuation by 10 grid intervals proves that the method has high precision, strong antinoise ability and good stability.

Seismic interferometry allows us from records at any two receivers to synthesize waves that propagate between the receivers as if one of the receivers behaves as a source. From chaotic disorder seismic signals, this method can extract useful information, which can be used to infer the geological structure. Based on the theory of deconvolution seismic interferometry, the authors have made a more detailed derivation for the imaging formula. The implementation of imaging method demonstrates the feasibility of deconvolution algorithm in passive source seismic interferometry. We also compare the signal-to-noise ratio and resolution from deconvolution method with cross-correlation algorithm. More numerical calculations show that the vertical resolution from deconvolution is higher than cross-correlation,method and after summation over sources deconvolution has a high signal to noise ratio.

In order to study the correspondence between logging information and geological property, we use laboratory data to calibrate logging data, and develop geological interpretation model between petrology and 12 traditional logging concerning common volcanic rocks, as well as 8 FMI methods. The results show that the characteristics of log response from volcanic rocks are common; basic, intermediate and acid volcanic rocks can be distinguished by GR and density curves; resistivity and three porosity curves have a significantly response to texture, structure and aperture. Imaging modes of 8 kinds are summarized as following. Tuff structure shows highresistance and highlight spot mode. Primary stomata shows low-resistance and dark spots mode. Rhyolite structure shows yellow and white and mid-high-resistance and sine curve mode. Breccia structure shows high resistance light block and low resistance dark spots mode. Low angle fracture shows low resistance sine curve mode. Sedimentary volcanic breccia structure shows yellow and orange mid-low resistance sine curve mode. Pyroclastic solution pores show light block containing some dark spot mode. Massive structure shows light block mode.

Liuhua carbonate platform was developed in Dongsha uplift in Early Miocene with maximum thickness of more than 600 m. It was overlain by huge thickness of mudstones. A lot of sinkholes were imaged in upper carbonate platform based on coherent slices and three dimension visualization from seismic data. The sinkholes were larger depressions with diameter generally ranging from 200 to 700 m, the maximum more than 900 m, and depth varying from 10 to 90 m. Based on the characteristics that sinkholes developed along the NWW oriented faults which terminated at T₁₀ unconformity or continued to transform into syn-sedimentary faults, and depressions of mudstone stopping at T₁₀ unconformity, Dongsha Movement is considered to be the key factor leading to the occurrence of sinkholes. Concretely, basal magmatic activities might provide acidic hydrothermal fluid to dissolve the carbonate rock. NWW oriented faults produced by Dongsha Movement served as pathways for fluid flow and rooms for fluid exchange. At the end of Late Miocene, exposure caused by Dongsha Movement accelerated the dissolution rate of carbonate rocks. With continuous corrosion, the dissolved cavern became larger and larger until the carbonate strata over the cavern couldn't hold the upper loading, and then carbonate strata collapsed and the sinkhole formed.

Numerous hypocenters’ spatial data were used to characterize the crustal structure in the southern section of the North-South seismic belt. The results show a variation, corresponding to the tectonic features of the distribution of hypocenters’ density along latitudes in study area. According to the Hypocenters’ density distribution on the profiles, seismogenic layers distribute widely in middle and lower crust. Spatial distribution of hypocenters can also be considered as a geophysical feature of continental crust. It is found that the seismogenic layers are usually at the top of low velocity and resistivity layers, which are assumed to be detachment shear zones between ductile lower crust and brittle upper crust. The low velocity and resistivity layer are possibly related with partial melting, rheological fluid containing etc. Seismogenic layer is corresponding to the hard brittle upper crust, which is prone to result in sudden ruptures and earthquakes. As a result, the more active of the low-velocity & resistivity layer, the higher the density of hypocenters of the seismogenic layer. Tectonic activities, including tremender earthquakes, are controlled by differential movements between different layers and blocks in the crust of southern section of the North-South seismic belt, and the most important factor is the differential movement between flowable lower crust and brittle upper crust which occurred in the detachment shear zone in middle crust.

It is a challenge to identify lithological type by satellite hyperspectral remote sensing under dense vegetation cover. In this study, Huma area, Heilongjiang Province is taken as an example. The Hyperion data from EO-1 satellite are pre-processed to estimate vegetation indexes. The vegetation cover information, background, rock-soil distribution information and anomaly, are clearly separated on the 2D scattering points diagram generated by employing principal component analysis (PCA) method. By the field spectrum measurements, after the continuum removal of field spectrum from Hyperion image spectrum, main lithological types are identified by spectral feature fit (SFF) method. A technical flow chart is brought forward to classify lithology from hyperspectral data. Applying these methods, the deduced lithologic classification and boundary lines of different geologic units in the study area coincide with the known geology map, proving the ability of the methods in the paper to do lithology classification from hyperspectral data at dense vegetation cover area.

Mineral prediction could be realized by compiling regional mineral prediction map. It includes three parts: compiling formation-structure map, building interpretation model of integrated geological information and statistical analyzing. On the guidance of metallogenetic series, this paper supplied thinking and method for mineral prediction, and developed a integrated interpretation model of regional mineral prediction map.

The author introduces the boost weights of evidences method (BoostWofE), a new and generalized model of weights of evidence which relaxed the requirement of the ordinary weights of evidence model on conditional independency among evidential layers. It integrates evidences in sequential order and calculates the weights for the first evidence and the conditional weights for subsequent evidences. The BoostWofE is developed to calculate the conditional weights in just the same way used to calculate the ordinary weights but on the basis of a progressively weighted training sample. The method is applied to a case study of involving four layers of binary patterns and 20 training samples of mineral deposits and occurrences for prediction of gold mineral deposits in Nova Scotia, Canada. The results obtained by the ordinary weights of evidence method show strong bias due to significant conditional dependency of evidences with respect to the training sample, but results of posterior probability and subsequently estimation of number of mineral deposits obtained using the new BoostWofE method show significant reduction of bias.