Twenty types of volcanic materials ejected from Changbaishan volcanos were classified, such as columnar joint, pyroclastic flow deposits and lahars. Each of them can comprise a stratigraphic unit recognizable in the volcanic successions. Volcanic architectures are composed of these volcanic units bounded by some kind of eruption surfaces or unconformities. Monogenetic volcano fields, flood basalt field, lava shield volcanos, central volcanos and stratovolcanos described by Walker (2000) seem to develop successively from Miocene to Holocene in the area of Changbaishan volcanos. The potential volcanic hazards including both primary and secondary ones should be concerned there. The former indicates re-eruption of Changbaishan volcanos, which can not be predicted at the present but the giant water of 2×10⁹m³ contained in the Tianchi lake would trigger intensive phreatomagmatic eruptions and very large lahars in case of eruption some day. The secondary hazards would mainly come from large scale re-transportation of the pyroclastic deposits and rock slide-avalanche of the columnar joint basalts. Because the basaltic lavas are commonly situated on a soft sediment layer of ca. 3-7m which are composed of polymict gravel, sand, silt and mud. Differential subsidence of the basal sediments above the erosional surface of basement would easily cause the unstable volcanic architectures collapse. Geological survey on volcanic hazards and risk assessment are urgent task in the region of Chanbaishan volcanos.

Based on outcrop/core, thin-section, cathodoluminescence, scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffractions, physical properties and carbonate contents, we studied the characteristic of petrology and diagenesis of Laiyang Formation in Laiyang sag. It shows that feldspar sandstone is mainly developed in the eastern Laiyang sag, while litharenite in the western Laiyang sag. The Laiyang Formation contains variety of plastic lithics with low compositional mature and medium textural mature. Laiyang Formation is tightly compacted, and rich in pressure solution and cementation. The characteristic of diagenesis in the eastern Laiyang sag is strong cementation, while weak compaction, and carbonate cement is the major cement which reduced the porosity. In the western Laiyang sag, the sandstone diagenesis is dominated by compaction, and the presence of pore lining chlorite cement can restrain compaction and is beneficial to preserve primary porosity. Secondary porosity is the most important reservoir space in the Laiyang Formation, physical properties of sandstone reservoirs can be improved by dissolution, especially, of feldspar during the middle period of diagenesis. Secondary pores are vertically developed in Longwangzhuang (K₁llw) and Shuinan (K₁ls) Members, and diagenesis reaches A-period of middle diagenesis stage. Secondary porosity developed by dissolution is one of the main porosity-type of this period. These zones are the favorable reservoirs area.

The carbonate reservoir spaces in the upper Ordovician Lianglitage Group carbonate formation within Tazhong No.I slope break zone include pores, caves and fractures, and micro pores. The micro ones contain intragranular pores, moldic pores, intergranular, pores intercrystal pores and micro fractures. The above results are based on the study of carbonate reservoir diagenesis of 16 wells in the region. It reveals that the micro-pores in limestone were developed in a burial environment. It is indicated that burial corrosion should contribute to the reservoir spaces. The evidences are as follows. 1)The carbonate cements contained abundant high temperature inclusions. 2)The character of oxygen and carbon isotope abundance in carbonate cements indicated cements and pores developed in burial environment. 3)Abundant dolomite in carbonate rock formed due to burial diagenesis, which indirectly demonstrated the pores formed due to burial corrosion. 4)Massive H₂S distributed in the Lianglitage Group carbonate rocks. In addition, laser Raman spectroscopy analysis indicates the components of corrosion fluid inclusions include CO₂,H₂S and organic acid.

Based on systematic analysis of 13 passive margin basins in South America, the authors conclude the characteristics of salt development: In plane, the salts mainly distributed in the middle 7 basins; In vertical, the salts developed at Cretaceous Aptian and migrated from north to south; There are 3 types of salt structures including unconformity type,conformity type and transitional type, 8 types of hydrocarbon traps. According to the planar distribution characteristics, the salt is formed in three mode, thin, transitional and thick mode. The development of salt controlled hydrocarbon accumulation in eastern area of South America: The plane distribution of salt controls hydrocarbon plane accumulation, the middle 7 salt developed basin accumulated more than 95% of the total hydrocarbon resource; The salt layer splits the basin into two parts in vertical, which formed post salt and presalt sets of hydrocarbon bearing reservoir. Hydrocarbon mainly accumulated in pre-salt formation in thick salt area while in post salt layers in thin and fierce change salt area due to the development of ‘salt window’; Salt related traps are the main hydrocarbon accumulation traps; The ‘salt window’ which formed by salt movement is the main pathway to connect lower source rock and upper reservoirs; Thick salt layer provides perfect sealing condition for pre-salt hydrocarbon accumulation.

Both domestic and abroad petroleum production demonstrate that carbonate inner platform shoals have been the most important targets for hydrocarbon exploration. But domestic researches on the creation and development of inner platform shoal reservoirs are relatively inadequate, the authors provide a new typical case of inner-platform shoals concerning Xiaohaizi Formation of Late Carboniferous in Bamai region, Tarim basin. Based on the integrative investigation of outcrops, cores, thin sections, logs, and seismic data, it is found that inner platform buildup is composed of fusulinid bioclastic, algal oncoid, and bioclastic and superficial oolitic, and sand shoals, and thereby deduced that these shoals formed in inner ramp micro-paleo-uplift environment under the global transgression setting, and controlled by tectonic deformation and sea level change. Also it is inferred that most high-quality reservoir rocks occur vertically in the lower part of Xiaohaizi Formation, and that horizontally the excellent reservoir rocks (reservoir rock typeⅠ) extend from the northeastern well Bt 8 to the southwestern corresponding to the highest relief in the open-marine inner platform paleoenvironment，and the good reservoir rocks (reservoir rock typeⅡ) appear scatteredly corresponding to the higher relief. Ultimately, it is concluded that the formation and distribution of high-quality inner platform shoal reservoirs are primarily influenced by openmarine inner platform shoal sedimentation and the early diagenesis.

In order to study the shale gas exploration potential of Upper Paleozoic in Ordos basin, organic-rich shale samples of Shanxi Formation are selected to test the organic geochemistry, physical properties and isothermal adsorption, etc. then the parameters are dealt with mathematical statistics methods and the corresponding logging characteristics are analyzed. Effective shale thickness changes greatly and it can reach more than 15 meters, the main part of TOC content is more than 1%, organic matter types are mainly type Ⅱ₂ and type III, vitrinite reflectance is 1.66% on the average and it belongs to mature-high mature stage which is good for the formation of pyrolysis gas. The Shanxi Formation has the essential conditions to form shale gas reservoir. Clay minerals are mainly composed of 44.9% illite and 33.6% kaolinite, shale porosity is 3.98% and permeability is 0.133×10^-3 μm² on the average, shale adsorption content is 1.94 m³/t. Considering the effective thickness of mud shale, organic matter content and type, degree of thermal evolution, gas content and other factors, the favorable shale gas areas  of Shanxi Formation are mainly located in the northwest corner of Tianhuan depression, the north-east corner of north Shaanxi slope and the central-southern part of Ordos basin.

Rare earth elements (REE) with stable geochemical characteristics are good indicators for studying the provenance, paleoenvironment and paleoclimate of fine lake sediments such as oil shale, etc. and have important research significance. The authors test and focus on analyzing the REE geochemical characteristics of Eocene oil shale in Huadian basin, the results show that the contents of rare earth elements in oil shale member of Huadian Formation are lower than that of the mudstone and carbonaceous shale in the upper and lower members, the total content of rare earth element (∑REE) of oil shale varies from 91.51×10^-6 to 355.98×10^-6 with an average at 162.56×10^-6, which is higher than the global average content of continental crust (UCC) and lower than North American shale. The geochemical parameters such as the ratios of ∑LREE/∑HREE, (La/Yb)_N indicate an obvious differentiation of ∑LREE and ∑HREE. The REE distribution patterns are characterized by rich in LREE and middle negative Eu abnormity and weak negative Ce abnormity. The Ce abnormity can be used to reveal redox of lake water, Huadian oil shale formed in hypoxic reducing environment. The differentiation degree of REE can be used to reveal the sedimentary rate of oil shale. (La/Yb)_N of Huadian Formation varies from high to low to high from bottom to up, the sedimentary rates of oil shale member (E_2-3h²) are generally lower than the upper and lower members, the results is consistent with the sedimentary rates calculated by the stratum thickness after recovered compaction and pollen ages, which indicates that lower sedimentary rate is beneficial for the enrichment and conversation of organic matters. The vertical change of ∑REE can be used as substitute index to reflect the fluctuation of paleoclimate. Usually, high ∑REE indicate warm and humid climate and low ∑REE indicate cold and arid climate. Huadian oil shale formed in an interchangeable climate with warm-humid and cold-arid, the climate controls the change of lake level by influencing the balance between the evaporation and rainfall of the lake water, and then controls the layer numbers and thickness of oil shale.

Ore genesis and source of ore-forming materials are always be debated in the study of the metallogenic theory and ore prospecting. In the paper, helium and argon isotopic characteristics of the pyrite from five gold ore samples formed in different stages are analyzed. It is showed that the R/R_a ratio in the fluid ranges from 0.008 33 to 3.612 00, with an average of 1.400 00; the ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar ratio ranges from 465.7 to 4 674.7, the ratio of ⁴He/⁴⁰Ar^* varies from 0.36 to 1.36. The ratio of the mantle fluid in ore-forming fluid is from 3.73% to 45.87%，average value is 17.67%. Combined with the characteristics of H-O isotope, magmatic rock, wall rock alteration and fluid inclusion etc., it is suggested that ore-forming fluid belongs to the mixture of mantle-derived and crustal-derived fluid. It is mainly derived from the crust, and mixed by the mantle-derived fluid and the small amount of meteoric water in the metallogenic process.

The Guoluolongwa gold deposit is one of the most typical and largest gold deposits in Eastern Kunlun belt, Qinghai Province. Combining predecessors’ researches, authors  divide the hydrothermal mineralization in Guoluolongwa deposit into four stages, i.e. sulfide-barren and quartz, quartz and polymetallic sulfide (major metallogenic stage), quatz-barren and sulfide (minor metallogenic stage), as well as quartz and carbonate ones. Then we carried microthermometric and H-O isotopic analysis for quartz veins formed in the major and minor mineralization stages. The results indicate that types of primary fluid inclusion include two-phase aqueous, three-phase CO₂-bearing and two-phase CO₂ fluid inclusion. The ore-forming fluid is the CO₂-NaCl-H₂O hydrothermal system, with the homogenization temperature from130.0 ℃ to 357.3 ℃ and salinity from 1.83% to 20.11wt%NaCl. The quartz mineral formed in the quartz-polymetallic sulfide stage has the δ¹⁸O_V-SMOW value from 14.8‰ to 17.2‰ and   values from 5.5‰ to 8.5‰. The δD_V-SMOW value in fluid inclusions within the quartz mineral  varies from -61‰ to -96‰. The quartz formed in the quartzbarren sulfide stage  has δ¹⁸O_V-SMOW value from 15.7‰ to 16.9‰, calculated   values from 4.1‰ to 5.3‰, δD_V-SMOW values from -84‰ to -101‰. According to the data in this paper, we thought that the major ore-forming fluid derived from mixed fluids of high-temperature, low-salinity, CO₂-rich metamorphic water with low-temperature, intermediate-high-salinity magmatic water; and the minor ore-forming fluid was changed into more homogeneous intermediate-low-temperature and intermediate-low-salinity fluid, with apparent mixing of the meteoric water in the late stage. In a word, it can be concluded further that the Guoluolongwa gold deposit belongs to the orogenic gold deposit due to the origin, characters and evolutions of ore-forming fluids.

The Shijinpo gold deposit is an important middle-size lode gold deposit in the Beishan orogenic belt, northwestern China. The gold mineralization is hosted in the early Devonian granite and consists primarily of auriferous quartz veins that are controlled by the EW-trending faults. Wall-rock alteration is dominated by sericite+quartz+sulfide assemblages in close proximity of gold veins. The pyrite is the predominant sulfide mineral, variably coexisting with minor amounts of galena, sphalerite and chalcopyrite. Laser incremental heating ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar analysis of hydrothermal sericite yields a plateau age of （364.6±3） Ma (2σ), which suggests that the gold mineralization took place in the late Devonian period. The comprehensive fluid inclusion study shows that there are three major types of fluid inclusions in the early stage: liquid-rich, gas-rich aqueous and CO₂-bearing fluid inclusions, with intermediate homogenization temperature (280-325℃), and low salinity (7.86%-9.21% NaCl eqv). The fluid boiling is evidenced by the co-existence of three types of fluid inclusions with similar homogenization temperatures. There is only liquid-rich aqueous fluid inclusions in the late stage,with hqmogenization temperatures and salinities varying from 160 ℃ to 230 ℃,9.47% to 11.10%Nacl equivalent. Fluid pressures declined from ca.113 MPa to ca.11 MPa through the early stage to the late stage, and the ore-forming fluids are assumed to undergo boiling in a transitional setting (from compression to extension). Oxygen and hydrogen isotopic contents in the ore-forming fluid range from 1.39‰ to 3.39‰ and -71‰ to -99‰, respectively, suggesting that the ore-forming fluid was mainly derived from the metamorphic water, and mixed by the meteoric water in the late stage. The measured δ³⁴S values in sulfide minerals range from 4.44‰ to 11.33‰. Both the Precambrian metamorphic rock and granitic wall-rock might be the sulfur sources. Based on the paper and the regional geologic data, we conclude that the Shijinpo gold deposit belongs to the orogenic-type gold deposit.

LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating of zircons from the Liangzihe Formation and Honglin Formation of the Dongfengshan Group in the Lesser Xing’an Mountains, eastern Heilongjiang Province, are presented in order to constrain their forming age and tectonic attribution. Most of zircons from the Dongfengshan Group are euhedral and subhedral in shape and display striped absorption or oscillatory zoning in CL images, implying their magmatic origin. The others show dark accretionary rim, implying their metamorphic origin. The dating results indicate that zircons from twomica schist in the Liangzihe Formation near the Dongfengshan iron ore deposit yielded age populations of 821 Ma, 1 286 Ma, 1 396 Ma, 1 504-1 595 Ma, 1 800 Ma, and 2 500 Ma; zircons from biotite quartz schist and metamorphic siltstone in the standard profile of the Liangzihe Formation yielded age populations of 425 Ma, 453 Ma, 485 Ma, 506 Ma and 288 Ma, 452 Ma, 486 Ma, 699 Ma, 801 Ma, 900 Ma, respectively; and zircons from carbon-bearing silty slate in the Honglin Formation yielded age populations of 275 Ma, 760 Ma, and 781 Ma; whereas zircons from granitic gneiss (a granitic intrusion intruding into carbon-bearing silty slate) in the Honglin Formation yielded age of 271 Ma. Based on isotopic dating results above and the regional magmatic events, we conclude that the sedimentary processes of the Liangzihe Formation near the Dongfengshan iron ore deposit could take place during the Late Neoproterozoic period, and it is the firstly discovered Precambrian terrane in the region; the biotite quartz schist and metamorphic siltstone near the standard profile of the Liangzihe Formation formed in late stage of Early Paleozoic and Late Paleozoic, respectively; and the sedimentary process of the Honglin Formation in the Dongfengshan Group should take place in the Late Palaeozoic period (275-271 Ma). The research results in the paper imply that the Dongfengshan Group in the Lesser Xing’an Range is composed of sedimentary rocks and metamorphic igneous rocks with different ages, its principal part formed in the Palaeozoic period, and the other strata formed in the Late Neoproterozoic period. The major material source of the Dongfengshan Group could be the Paleozoic geological bodies and minor Precambrian basement relic around the study area.

The western-Kuoktagh alkaline pluton is located in eastern part of Quruqtagh area, 0.5 km to the Xingdi fault. It’s an over-shape stock with the outcrop area of 17.5 km2. Northern and north-western parts of the pluton intruded into the middle segment of the Late Proterozoic Xingditage Group composed of marble, schist and gneiss. Southern and southeastern parts of the pluton intruded into the Middle Proterozoic biotite quartz syenite and biotite hornblende monzonite, respectively. The pluton could be divided into three lithofacies belts, from edge to center, i.e. aegirin albitite lithofacies, aegirine hornblende syenite lithofacies and amphibolite hornblende syenite lithofacies. A medium-sized REE-Nb-Ta-Zr deposit occurs in inner contact zone of the pluton. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating of the pluton obtains an age of (224±2) Ma. Major minerals in the rock include microcline, perthite and arfvedsonite. The rock is of typical characters of alkaline rocks: high alkali and low silicate. Geochemically, the alkaline rock is characterized by enrichment of Nb, Ta, Th, Hf, LREE and depletion of Sr, P, Ti as well as negative Eu anomalies. Hf isotopic characteristics in the zircon indicate that the magma derived from enriched lithospheric mantle. Its geodynamic setting belonged to the inner plate evolution stage post orogenic process.

The Late Cenozoic and present-day deformation of the Asian continent is characterized by rigid motions of active blocks with different motion patterns and velocities. To research different structural deformation and interaction among these active-blocks, we establish four different finite element numerical models based on the tectonic framework of the Asian continent. By comparing the modeling result with the GPS data, focal mechanism solution and geological survey, we quantitatively explain the distribution characteristics of the principal stresses. Then, the major factors influencing the present-day deformation of the Asian continent are discussed accordingly. The results are summarized as followings. Velocity of active blocks movements in the Western China mainland was influenced by the continuous northward compression of the Indian plate gradually decreasing from south to north across a series of lithospheric-scale active tectonic zones. This kind of variety can change stress environment from compressional-tensional area in the central Tibet to completely compressional area in the Tarim basin and the Tianshan Mountain. In the model, the calculated stress of the North China block displays very weak compressional environment, but the seismicity and extensional structures extensively developed in the inner North China block. This puzzle probably means that deep dynamics cause the North China block reactive. Because of the compression between the India plate and the Philippines plate, the motion senses of the South China block and the Taiwan orogenic belt are opposite, resulting in the formation of strong compressional-tensional domain south of the Qinling-Dabie orogenic belt. As “extrusion window” of the South China and the Indochina block, the Sunda block shows particular stress distribution, which has an arc-shaped weak compressional area centered by the South China Sea and there is a relatively strong compressional-tensional area around it.

Investigation and analysis on 2008.5.12 Wenchuan earthquake damages shows that some  major security hidden trouble problems for projects will leave out because of misjudging large earthquake by means of taking investigation based on active faults and historical earthquakes as the key evaluation method for engineering regional tectonic stability. Taking Longmenshan active nappe as an example, based on the research results on the crustal rock mass structure, new tectonic activities, historical earthquakes, using rock mass structure cybernetics, Byerlee’ law, mechanics characteristics of the Longmenshan crustal rock mass, the relationship between the shearing-slip strength of the controlling-seismic structural layer and earthquake magnitude, the relationship between earthquake magnitude and the seismic fortification intensity are quantitatively studied, the key problems to assess the regional tectonic stability are discussed. The main result is that the detachment layer within nappe boundary zone plays a main control role which is called a control shock layer. There is significant correlation among the earthquake magnitude, buried depth of the detachment layer and shear strength, namely, 8 earthquake focal depth close to 20 km, 7 earthquake focal depth close to 14 km, 6 earthquake focal depth near 10 km. Based on depth of ancient earthquakes ratified, possible scope of 6 above earthquakes and corresponding seismic fortification intensity are delineated in Longmenshan nappe-Minshan block and adjacent area. The result makes up drawbacks of the previous evaluation method based on the relation among active fault, seismogenic fault, historical maximum magnitude and corresponding seismic intensity, in which such problems as oversight of historical earthquakes, limit of scope and depth of fault zone and ignore the essence of rock mass mechanics in regional tectonic stability for proposed construction project lead to miscarriage of justice and leakage evaluation.

In order to analyse the Coulomb failure stress change on the most likely ruptured fault at four large earthquake concerned zone which is delimited by multidisciplinary research on northeastern Tibetan Plateau, we set up a regional rock model by combining the Coulomb failure stress change in a layered viscoelastic media, which is resulted from 18 times M_s≥7 earthquake between 1920 to 2010 and the accumulative Coulomb failure stress caused by secular tectonic loading. Our study shows that the stress change of Xiqinling fault and Liupanshan fault earthquake concerned zone are both in status of accelerated accumulation, but the other two earthquake concerned zone are in status of accelerated unloading if the secular tectonic loading is not considered. According to the average recurrence intervals and the elapsed time of large earthquake, we consider that Xiqinling fault is needed to pay most attention, Haiyuan fault is in second and Dongkunlun fault is followed as well as Liupanshan fault.

The plateau edge on the north bank of Baoji-Fufeng section in the middle reach of Weihe River is the concentrated development zone with large loess landslide, which consists of 58 places each with the area above 10 million cubic meters. Based on the detailed survey on the regional active fractures, geophysical survey, and detailed survey on typical slide structures, the authors studied the slope structure and mechanisms of landslides along the plateau edge. The study shows that: 1)Active faults in northern margin of the Weihe River, as graben-like structure, control the terrain and physiognomy of slope zone of the plateau edge on the northern bank. The details are that principal fracture surface is S-dipping and the dipping angle is 68° on average controls the angle of plateau edge in bank slope; and the assemblage of secondary faulted structure controls the slope structure and affects the structure of large loess landslide on the plateau edge. 2)The principal fracture surface of the plateau edge is consistent with smooth wall of back scarp of many large loess landslide, and it has influence on the configuration and occurrence of large landslide. The maximum distance of fault offset is 7.1 m. 3)Active faults have graben-like structure and local secondary fracture surface controls the structure of multi-order sliding surface of plateau edge and its formation and evolution. For instance, in the Yangjiacun landslide, local landslide is controlled and sheared by faulted structure and the shearing angle reaches 72°. The toe of surface of rupture of most landslides are not affected by fracture surface and their angles are 23° on average. 4)The clay content of clayey layer in the Sanmen Formation overpasses 35% and the average plastic index is 23. It is an interlayer shear zone of landslide. 5)The major pattern of new landslide development is reactivation of old ones induced by the precipitation. Many old landslides on northern bank were formed in the denudation period of second-order terrace in 0.009 Ma BP, while ancient landslides in the period of third-order terrace in 0.13 Ma BP.

In order to improve the prediction accuracy of mining subsidence, a method based on improved genetic algorithm and Holt-Winters model is proposed. Improved genetic algorithm (IGA) is put forward due to the defects of genetic algorithm. With the aid of the improved genetic algorithm, parameters of Holt-Winters model can be greatly optimized. Then the IGA-Holt-Winters model is applied in a mining subsidence forecast of Changchun-Siping highway. The result shows that the improved genetic algorithm enhances convergence speed and precision of the algorithm. Furthermore, the convergence of method improve forecast accuracy with percentage error less than 2% and mean errors less than 0.79% for longterm prediction of the mining subsidence. The model has better prediction accuracy and can be used for long-term prediction of mining subsidence.

Weihe basin is the most developed area of ground fissures and its hazard is also the most serious in China, even in the world. Based on the deep structure mode of Weihe basin, a numerical analysis with finite element method is made to study the stress and strain response of superficial ground subjected to the deep tectonization of upper mantle uplifting, middle crust lateral stretching and upper crust tension. The germination relationship between deep structure activities and ground fissures development is revealed. Results show that the tensile tress environment is formed by upper mantle uplifting and middle crust lateral stretching, which combines with stretching stress fields induced by surrounding blocks activity and faults dipslip, constitute the main motive resource of ground fissures development.

Based on detailed study engineering geological conditions of slope at left abutment of Wudongde hydropower station, using a combination research means and methods of engineering geological analysis evaluation，limit equilibrium method and numerical calculation, the global and local stability of artificial slope at left abutment of Wudongde hydropower station is studied. The results show that the slope is stable as a whole from 3D distinct element simulation. The safety coefficient is 1.4-1.6 of the artificial slope is among 1.4 and 1.6 and its deformation is dominated by a small amount of rebound deformation and deformation characteristics without highlighting. Based on analyzing boundary condition of block formed after excavation, block instability mode was proposed. Starting with block stability influencing factors：geometric features, property and unloading and relaxation feature of structural plane, a block stability engineering geological evaluation standards is established and is applied in this project.  A 3D rigid limit equilibrium method is used to analyze the stability of the potential failure block in abutment slope. The results show that most block was basically stable. Then some reinforcement measures are put forward for the high slopes based on global and local stability of slopes.The research results provide an important basis for design and construction.

A certain scale underground permafrost is chronically existing in northeast certain regions, it can form a nature cold source and has a great influence on the application of groundwater source heat pump. In order to improve operational efficiency of groundwater source heat pump, the authors use laboratory and field tests and numerical simulatiion method to study influence rule of cold source on groundwater heat source pump. Thermal physical experiments and field thermal response tests of the cold source site for Jiagedaqi region are carried on. It has been shown that thermal physical parameters of sand and gravel such as specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity present discrete phenomenon with the depth in the region; thermal physical parameters of sandstone and granite have a little change; thermal conductivity of granite is the largest and sand and gravel is the smallest and sandstone is in the middle in these samples; specific heat capacity is obvious fluctuated with the depth, specially for sand and gravel layers. Based on geological conditions, a numerical model is constructed and numerical simulation of heat breakthrough and influence radius of pumping and injecting system of multiple well are studied. The results show that influence range of cold source is within 150 m and cold source has the greatest effect on water source heat pump within the range of not more than 75 m. The results will provide theoretical basis and reference for groundwater source heat pump designing and site selection.

The authors studied the influence of indigenous microorganisms on dissolution and precipitation of the minerals under conditions of high-pressure CO₂ presence in deep saline geological formations. A series of experiments in shake flasks at ambient pressure and autoclaves were performed, in order to simulate the underground temperature, pressure and water environment. The results showed that calcium carbonate deposited on the surface of the minerals with the growth of bacteria. However, the dissolution rate of some carbon sequestration ions increased with the growth of fungi. Deposition amounts of iron carbonates on the surface of the minerals were enhanced by the growth of actinomycetes. Both the bacteria experiments and the autoclave experiments showed a kind of un-identified mineral precipitated on the surface of the rock samples, which potentially promoted the fixing of CO₂ in underground. If the reaction time was long enough, the bicarbonate could turn into some carbonate minerals, such as CaCO₃, MgCO₃, and FeCO₃. Thus, it is possible to store CO₂ underground permanently.

Tween80 solution was employed to flush naphthalene contaminated groundwater. Two factors influencing remediation efficiency including Tween80 mass concentration and flush velocity were evaluated. Before the flushing experiments, a series of solubilization and sorption batch experiments were also carried out. Sorption experiments showed that the isotherm of Tween80 was fitted with Freundlich model; whereas the sorption isotherms of naphthalene were all linear with or without Tween80. Only when Tween80 mass concentration were greater than 2.0 g/L, the sorbed naphthalene can be desorbed into water. The solubilization experiments data indicated that the solubility of naphthalene in 10.0 g/L Tween80 solution increased to 500 mg/L, which equals to 17 times of the naphthalene saturation concentration in water. Column experiments demonstrated that the maximum removal efficiency(≥90%) was achieved at the conditions with the Tween80 concentration of 10.0 g/L and flushing flow rate of 3.0 mL/min.

Based on the multi phase flow simulation model and radial basis function artificial neural network surrogate model, sensitivity of design variables, which affected the surfactant enhanced remediation efficiency of NAPLs contaminated aquifer, was analyzed using the Sobol global sensitivity analysis method. The coefficients of determination were 0.977 8 and 0.981 6 when the number of training data were 12 and 22, which demonstrated that with the number of training data increasing, the approximation accuracy increased. The results of sensitivity analysis indicated that total pumping rates had the greatest percentage contribution to the remediation efficiency (total sensitivity was 0.491 2), and the next was remediation duration (total sensitivity was 0.468 5), surfactant concentration had the smallest  percentage contribution to the remediation efficiency (total sensitivity was 0.124 2). The interaction of variables also had contribution to the remediation efficiency, but the interaction effect was small. Sensitivity analysis results lay a foundation for optimization design of aquifer remediation.

Through sampling and analyzing rice grains and cultivation-layer soils , the distribution characteristics of soil trace elements and the main factors influencing elements transfer in soil-rice system were studied in the anomalous areas of eastern of Zhejiang Province. The results showed that mass fractions of some trace elements were higher than the regional geochemical background values in each study area. Especially, the average mass fraction of Hg was six times more than regional geochemical background value in the south of Wenzhou, Cd was five times in the Zeguo of Taizhou, and Hg was three times in the north of Shaoxing area. In these seven studied area, only in Xinsheng of Jiaxing area, the average mass fracrion of As was higher than regional geochemical background value. Industrialization rapidly and anthropogenic influence were the main reasons of the pollution. As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Se and Pb mass fractions in rice did not exceed tolerable concentrations in the north of Shaoxing, Xinfeng of Jiaxing, Xinsheng of Jiaxing, and Chongfu of Tongxiang.The transfer factors of potential toxic elements from soil to rice grains usually had a good relationship with soil properties including organic matter, pH, CEC and granularity. The transfer factors of As, Cd, Cr and Ni tended to increase as soil organic matter increased and decrease as pH increased. CEC, fine silt and clay component had negative effects on rice's transfer factors of As, Cu, Hg, Mn, Pb, Se and Zn.

Estrone (E1) and its sulphate conjugate estrone-3-sulfate (E1-3S) are chemicals that interfere with endocrine in animals. This disruptions can cause developmental disorders, birth defects, and cancerous tumors. Both chemicals are released to the environment in animal waste in significant amounts, and direct exposure occurs in grazed pasture systems. Both compounds have been shown to potentially contribute to endocrine disruption in wildlife, and knowledge about the sorption behavior of these compounds is necessary for a sound riskassessment. For labile compounds such as E1 and E1-3S, however, the standard protocols might overestimate sorption by not considering metabolite formation or allowing for equilibration that exceeds the commonly reported half-lives of these compounds. Modified batch sorption experiments with mediator solution of 555 mg/L calcium chloride (CaCl₂) and artificial urine solution were therefore conducted to determine the influence of these mediator solutions on the sorption of E1 and E1-3S in three agricultural soils from Nasarawa state of Nigeria. Sorption isotherms of both compounds were nonlinear, and the Freundlich equation was found adequate to describe the isotherms. The sorption potential of E1-3S (2.4-6.4 L/kg) was about one order of magnitude lower than for the free counterpart (34.2-46.8 L/kg), and the Kf values significantly changed between the two mediator solutions. Different organic carbon content (Lafia: 8.2%；Doma: 4%；Azara: 5%), clay mineralogy and pH value were the main causes of various adsorption ability. Effective distribution coefficients of estrone in Azara soil with CaCl₂ and artificial urine solution were 71.7 L/kg, 39.8 L/kg respectively. The calculation of concentration-dependent effective distribution coefficients (K_d) revealed that for a range of realistic exposure concentrations in a grazed farming system, the common approach of using CaCl₂ would deliver incorrect inferences for a sound risk assessment.

Based on RS and GIS technologies, the temporal and spatial dynamics of sandy desertification in China under climate disturbance were studied by pixel based grey correlation method during the recent 32 years. The data used in this paper incorporated MSS imageries in 1975, ETM imageries in 2000, CBERS imageries in 2007, temperature，and precipitation data. The results showed that the area and degree of sandy desertification reduced from 2000 to 2007, but, still showed slightly increasing trend from 1975 to 2007. Over the past 32 years, the whole area increased 6 179.8 km², and the greatest increased area occurred in heavy desertification. With the application in Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang, the grey correlation analysis in China indicated that, compared with precipitation(0.884, 0.882), temperature played a more important role (0.973, 0.976) in sandy desertification change. Under the disturbance of climate factors, the general tendency of sandy desertification was positively correlated with temperature and negatively related to precipitation. The tendency was more distinct in the west of Gansu and Shaanxi. The most obvious area concentrated in the north and east of Xinjiang, and the north of Tibet.

Due to poor positioning precision and weak recognition capability of structur edge in conventional potential-field data processing, we present normalized differential method. According to the relationship between three-directional differential and the character of potential-field anomaly in position of structured edges, we give expressions of n-order normalized differential which can protrude the character of anomaly gradient zones. It is shown in a test of single body model that x-and y-directional firstorder differential after 90° phase shift and z-directional first-order differential can compress the width of anomaly gradient zones, and the contours of anomaly gradient zones center coincide the model edges. In order to improve positioning precision, we adopt second-order differential to pilot calculation. The results show that three-directional second-order differential further enhance edge recognition capability, and reveal the true model bodies. Thus it clarifies that the second-order normalized differential has higher positioning precision in edge detecting. Numerical test with noisy data shows that second-order normalized differential has strong edge recognition capability and high positioning precision when the difference radius is small, while normalized differential can effectively reduce the noise effect on data with larger geologic bodies’ boundary when the differential radius is large. In an application, normalized differential method detects 28 faults in Hulin basin of Heilongjiang, and 13 faults confirmed by geological survey on profile line DB1.

The authors introduce a method to generalize the computation of Green’s functions from primary sources buried in stratified earths. A fictitious interface paralleling to layer interfaces through source is inserted. This new interface makes all the electromagnetic vector potentials, which can be split into TE and TM modes, satisfy homogeneous Helmholtz equations, with up-and down-going wave functions as the solutions. The amplitudes of wave functions in any layer could be recursively calculated from the initial amplitudes in the layers bounding the fictitious interface, while the initial amplitudes can be related with the discontinuity of tangential electric field and continuity of tangential magnetic fields on the fictitious interface.The Green’s function in standard Hankel transform, transformed from these potentials, can then be estimated. The methodology was applied to calculating the E and H field from VED source in marine electromagnetic exploration. Numerical results demonstrate the feasibility and accuracy of the formulation.

Angle domain illumination can be used to analyze underground complex geological body. In this paper, we proposed a method of angle-domain illumination analysis at rugged surface. The main process is using local slant stack technique to decompose seismic wavefield, and judging weighting function for rugged surface to determine the aptitude of the Green function within local time window to distinguishing whether it is above or underneath the surface. Semblance function to calculate local plane wavefield for anti-aliasing is introduced. According to the relationship between local slope of the plane wavefield and angle of incidence, we obtained the local angle domain seismic wavefield. Using the relationship between time-angle domain illumination and Paz Val equation, we calculated the illumination intensity in angle domain. During a test on an ore body under rugged surface, we acquired the angle domain illumination intensity and the relationship between the intensity of the underground point and the position of shot and the incident angles of the wavefield in the given observing systems. This method could be applied to optimizing observing systems on ragged surface and pre-stack AVA analysis.

We divide underground medium into a certain number of grid cells and construct an exponential function that simulates the magnetic distribution at the center of the magnetic body grid, and through Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO) algorithm, the functional parameters is inversed. Then, according to the parameter of the function, the magnetization of each grid cell is computed, from which, magnetization fast imaging is carried out. Theoretical model test shows that this method not only is capable of solving a physical property distribution of a 20 × 10 grid-scale problem simplifying to a problem of solving 10 parameters of an exponential function, but also, when adding 20% random noises to anomalies of different geological models, can achieves satisfactory result with fewer adjusted parameters. Thus demonstrates the robust of the algorithm. Applying this method to the process of a field magnetic profile over the iron ore district in Palishan, Laos, a strong magnetic body with a thickness of nearly 140 m was obtained, confirmed by the drilling which reveals the cumulative maximum thickness 130.6 m of the actual orebody. This further indicates the feasibility and effectiveness of this method for practical data processing and interpretation.

This paper derived a formula to analyze tomographic velocity in pre-stack depth migration based on angle domain common imaging gathers (ADCIGs) and proposed a pre-stack migration velocity analysis method using sequent optimization which gets the initial velocity through the pre-stack time migration velocity analysis on the basis of common scattering point (CSP) gathers and obtains velocity update through pre-stack depth migration velocity analysis on the basis of ADCIGs. The implement steps can be summarized as follows: (1)mapping pre-stack seismic data to CSP gathers and getting root-mean-square velocity by stack velocity spectrum of CSP gathers; (2)transforming root-mean-square velocity to interval velocity in order to model the initial tomography velocity field; (3)obtaining pre-stack migration velocity field by pre-stack depth migration tomographic velocity inversion based on ADCIGs. Examples of fault model and field dataset proved the correctness and validity of this method.

Under the constraint of drilling and well logging，a series of techniques combined with  the drill data and territorial sedimentary facies in Lishu fault depression are taken to research the lithologic character, physical property, hydrocarbon potential of subject reservoir. These techniques involve high resolution seismic data processing techniques based on tuning-frequency-enhanced method, time-frequency analysis, seismic facies analysis technique, seismic multiple-attributes analysis technology, seismic data interpretation techniques under sequential framework, logging constrained impedance inversion, and so on. In the inversion, reconstructed-log seismic inversion technology and high-resolution inversion technology based on tuning-frequency-enhanced method are used. The method to predict reservoir physical properties based on artificial intelligence technology in seismic attribute analysis is also used. Using the above methods，we successfully predicted the spatial distribution and geometry of sand body，and recognized the subtle traps in Lishu fault depression. We completed the work of evaluation and prediction of beneficial sand in different wellblocks. The wellblocks relate to the exploration stage and development stage.This research results played a significant role in the exploration and evelopment in Lishu fault depression.

There are many iron deposits under the covered area in southwest of Shandong province. In Shanxian County of Heze City, the iron ores are sedimentary metamorphics deposits. These iron bodies occurs in the Shancaoyu formation of the Neo Archean Taishan Group, buried under Quaternary to Paleocene stratum with the thickness from 458 m to 549 m, appearing as stratum, stratoid, lenticular, and consistent with its surrounding rock, with occurrence of NW-SE strike, tendency SW of dip angle 45°-60°. The iron average grade is TFe 25% and mFe 20%. This paper introduced a prospecting process including geological methods and geophysical exploration methods in detail. With the help of the analysis from geophysical data in Shanxian County iron area, important geological information, such as the geological characteristics of bedrock, the buried faults, has been abstracted. Further with large scale geological information and geophysical information, a forecasting model that concludes geological environment, deposit characteristics and geophysical characteristics (higher magnetic anomaly, higher gravity anomaly, and its gradient zone) is established. Following the exploration of Daliuzhuang iron deposit under a thick stratum, a exploration flowchart is depicted as the following: aeromagnetic anomaly selection, comprehensive and systematic data collection, exploration areas selection, magnetic and gravity survey, analysis of the geological information, the large scale magnetic and gravity section survey, CSAMT and SIP survey, mineralization position selection, deep drilling exploration magnetic survey in drilling hole.