China's continental shale oil resource has great potential, and is an important alternative energy source for the petroleum industry. The First Member of Qingshankou Formation in the South of Songliao basin is rich in shale oil resources, and industrial and high-yield oil flows have been found in many wells through oil testing. Taking the Lower Part of the First Member of Qingshankou Formation as the research object, and the occurrence state of shale oil as the pointcut, this paper focuses on the quantitative evaluation of the amount of swelling oil, adsorbed oil, and free oil in shale oil enriched in high-quality lithofacies such as high organic matter lamellar shale and medium organic matter laminar shale, so as to reveal the occurrence characteristics of shale oil in underground shale reservoirs, and to provide guidance for further exploitation of shale oil in the South of Songliao basin. The shale oil is mainly stored in shale reservoirs in five states: Kerogen swelling state, kerogen adsorption state, organic pore free state, inorganic mineral adsorption state, and inorganic pore free state; Among them, the occurrence state of shale oil in high organic matter lamellar shale is mainly organic occurrence oil such as kerogen swelling oil, kerogen adsorption oil and organic pore free oil, and the organic occurrence oil amount can be as high as 253.0 mg/g TOC. The shale oil amount of well TY1 is the largest, followed by well CY8, and the amount of well H238 is the lowest; The occurrence state of shale oil in medium organic laminar shale is mainly inorganic occurrence oil such as inorganic adsorbed oil and inorganic pore free oil, up to 167.0 mg/g TOC. Well CY8 has the largest amount of shale oil, followed by well H258, and well H238 has the lowest amount of shale oil. Well TY1 and well CY8 are located in the semi deep-deep lake, where a large set of mud shale is developed, while well H238 is located in the outer front of the delta and closed to the source area, resulting in significantly lower shale oil accumulation than the wells in semi deep-deep lake. Therefore, the sedimentary environment is the main reason for the difference of shale oil accumulation in different areas.

The oil and gas exploration potential of the Jurassic-Cretaceous reservoirs in  eastern part of the southern margin of Junggar basin is huge, but the limited understanding of its provenance conditions and sedimentary background evolution seriously restricts the subsequent oil and gas exploration and development. In this study, the source characteristics of the Jurassic-Cretaceous sediments in eastern part of the  southern margin of Junggar basin are determined and the evolution process is restored through the analyses of sandstone clastic composition, conglomerate gravel composition, heavy mineral type and combination, paleocurrent characteristics, and stratigraphic lithology proportion, and the evolution process is restored combined with the regional tectonic evolution background: Olutio the Bogda Mountains did not uplift in the Early Jurassic, and the provenance system of the quasi-southeast segment was controlled by the northern Kelamey Mountains and the southern Tianshan Mountains；The original sedimentary boundary in the southern part of the study area is far away from the current basin boundary. In the Middle Jurassic, due to the uplift of the surrounding mountains and the influence of Yanshan movement, the Bogda Mountains began to uplift and gradually exposed to the surface, which had a certain impact on the provenance system of the southeast section, however, from the Late Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous, the Bogda Mountains continued to uplift and eventually became the dominant source area in the southeast；At the same time, the uplift of Kelamey Mountains increased from the Late Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous, which enhanced its supply capacity. On the whole, from the Early Jurassic to the Middle Jurassic, the quasi-southeast segment was jointly affected by the southern Tianshan provenance system and the northern Kelamey provenance system. During these dimentary period of the Middle Jurassic-Early Cretaceous, the southern Tianshan provenance system, the northern Kelamey provenance system and the Bogda provenance system coexisted, however， their influence on the Jurassic-Cretaceous system in the southeast segment is different.  

The Ordovician carbonate rock of Yingshan Formation in Tahe area is an important exploration and development target in Tarim basin, and the analysis on the reservoir characteristics is  important for deep oil and gas exploration. Based on the core, thin section, logging and seismic data, in this paper the authors discuss the rock types, reservoir space types, physical properties, and reservoir types of Yingshan Formation, comprehensively analyze the main controlling factors affecting the development of Yingshan Formation carbonate reservoir, and summarize the development rules and models. The research shows that the carbonate rocks of Yingshan Formation are mainly bright crystal grain limestone, wackestone and micrite, and the reservoir space is composed mainly of inter-granular pores, inter-crystalline pores, fractures, dissolution pores， and karst caves. The reservoir types can be divided into four types, including fracture, cavity, fracture-porosity, and fracture-karst cavity. The reservoir of Yingshan Formation is the combined result of paleo-topography, sedimentary environment, diagenesis, etc. The paleo-topography is the background of reservoir development, and the paleo-topography of sedimentary period and supergene period has different functions. Sedimentary environment is the basis of reservoir development, and the rock porosity and permeability in different sedimentary facies are obviously different. Diagenesis controls the formation of reservoirs, among which the most critical ones are dissolution and fracturing: Multi-stage and multi-type dissolution is the key to the formation of reservoirs, and fracturing promotes the formation of reservoirs.

For the safe and continuous operation，further development and construction of Jintan gas storage, based on the observations of core and thin sections, the analysis of well logging and seismic and testing data, the sedimentary facies characteristics, development characteristics, controlling factors and sedimentary pattern of salt-bearing sequence in the study area were studied. The results showed that the salt-bearing sequence rocks can be divided into five categories: salt rocks, sulphate rocks, carbonated rocks,  and silt rocks, six types of bedding structures, and two types of chemical genesis structures，and their sedimentation was in arid， hot and high salinized water. The salt-bearing sequence has the characteristics of box-shaped, bell-shaped, tooth-shaped, funnel-shaped and flat-shaped on logging curves, and there are three types of seismic reflection characteristics in the seismic profile of the salt-bearing sequences: parallel, irregular hummocky, and lobate isolation. The salt-bearing sequences in the study area are salt lake sediments, which can be divided into three sub-facies, including depocenter of gypsum-halite, transitional zone of carbonatite and edge zone of sand shale, and seven micro-facies are identified. The salt-bearing sequences have different sedimentary characteristics and distribution pattern in each sequence. The highstand system tract is characterized by the biggest salt thickness  in the middle stage of depositional progress. The paleogeomorphology controls the type and distribution of the sedimentary microfaces, the openness of water body controls the sedimentary sequence evolution and lithological combination, and the alternation of lake level controls the rock type and distribution law of the salt-bearing sequences. A salt-forming model of localization and superposition is established in the study area, and the low-lying area in the lake-basin center is favorable for further development and construction.

In order to understand the pressure sensitivity of porosity of volcanic rocks with different lithology,the representative rock samples of andesite, breccia tuff and tuff in Changling fault depression were collected to measure porosity by gas method under the overburden pressures of 3.4, 8.3, 13.1, 17.9, 22.8, 27.6, 32.4 and 37.2 MPa respectively. The results show that with the increase of pressure, the porosity of the three lithological types of  samples decreases in different ranges, and the decreasing level is tuff, breccia tuff and andesite from large to small，whichindicates that the pore stress sensitivity of tuff is the strongest, breccia tuff is in the middle, and andesite is the weakest. The analyses of whole rock X-ray diffraction, rock slice identification under polarizing microscope, high-pressure mercury porosimeter experiment and nuclear magnetic resonance experiment based on CPMG pulse sequence show that rock composition, particle sorting and pore type are the key factors affecting pore pressure sensitivity; The larger the volume fraction of plastic minerals, the smaller the particles and the smaller the pore size, the stronger the pressure sensitivity of the corresponding porosity.

The deep water area of southeast Hainan basin has become one of the most important natural gas exploration areas in the northern continental shelf of the South China Sea. A total of 108 samples were collected from the depth of 3 261.25-5 079.00 m in  Well WN-A for spores and pollen analyses in order to determine the stratigraphic age and reconstruct the paleoclimate conditions. The results show that the fossils are rich in species and distributed continuously, and can be divided into four sporopollen zones including Pinuspollenites-Polypodiaceoisporites-Juglanspollenites-Quercoidites E -Quercoidites D, Pinuspollenites-Juglanspollenites-Polypodiaceoisporites-Dicolpopollis kockelii, Quercoidites E-Polypodiaceoisporites-Pinuspollenites-Polypodiisporites, and Pinuspollenites-Polypodiaceoisporites-Randiapollis reticulatus-Quercoidites E from the bottom to the top of  WN-A well. The sporopollen at 4 425.00-5 079.00 m is dominated by Pinuspollenites, Juglanspollenites and pollen from deciduous Quercus, indicating tropic-subtropical cool conditions, and developing evergreen broadleaved, deciduous broadleaved, and coniferous mixed forest; however, the sporopollen at 3 261.25-4 425.00 m, is dominated by pollen from evergreen Quercus, suggesting tropic-subtropical warm climate conditions，and developing evergreen broadleaved and deciduous broadleaved mixed forest.  This  big climate change from relatively cool to relatively warm is comparable  to the global climate change of Oligocene to Miocene. The depth of recorded climate change, i.e. 4 425.00 m should be the boundary between Oligocene and Miocene.  

The Jiulongnao ore field is located in the Chongyi-Dayu-Shangyou W-Sn polymetallic ore concentration area of the eastern Nanling tectonic-magmatic metallogenic belt. It is polymetallic deposit characterized by the kind of mineralization combination of W-Sn-Ag-Pb-Zn-U-Nb-Ta, and produced around the Jiulongnao metallogenic rock body. There are five mineralization types, including quartz vein type, skarn type, broken altered zone type, greisen type, and altered granite type. The metallogenic period began in the Indosinian period and erupted in the Early Yanshanian period. The metallogenic parent rock is re-melted “S” type granite which is rich in ore-forming elements such as W and Sn. Based on the systematic research on the geological, geochemical, and geophysical data, this paper discusses the metallogenic geological characteristics and ore-controlling roles of formation, structure, and magmatic rocks. The metallogenic and geochemical zones of high temperature W-Sn deposit—medium-high temperature W-Pb-Zn-Ag deposit —medium temperature Au-Ag-Pb-Zn deposit are developed around the inner and outer contact zone of the Jiulongnao metallogenic rock body, showing an equidistant spatial distribution pattern of “east-west horizontal, NNE-NE vertical”. It can be  concluded that the tungsten-tin polymetallic deposits in this area are controlled by the combination of structure and magmatic rocks. Through this study, the metallogenic model of “multi-part integration” with genetic connection in the Jiulongnao ore field is established, the metallogenic prediction is carried out, and the ore-prospecting direction in Jiulongnao area is proposed.

Intelligent prospect prediction method is the leading edge of digital geoscience. In this paper, an intelligent prospect prediction method based on two-dimensional convolutional neural network is used. On the basis of 25 elements and aeromagnetic data on geochemical survey of stream sediments and taking known ore occurrences as monitoring samples, the training data set is obtained by step shift data enhancement. After training the convolutional neural network, it is applied to prospect prediction of unknown areas. The intelligent prospecting of copper deposits in the area of Chounidun-Xixiaokouzi, Gaotai County, west Longshoushan, Gansu Province is predicted. From 3 known copper occurrences, 22 934 training data are obtained. After 200 rounds of training, the prediction accuracy reaches 98.1%, and 5 prediction areas are delineated. In consideration with the previous research results and field work, the delineated areas have good prospect for copper mineralization.

Taking the tailings sand of Lutang lead and zinc mine in Guangxi as the research object, the activation and migration law of Cu, Cd,  Zn,  Pb, As  and other elements in tailings sand under different oxidation and reduction conditions was studied by leaching experiments. The results showed that the tailings treated with high concentration oxidation and high concentration reduction conditions showed the acidic environment with pH <7, and showed weak acidity to weak alkaline environment with pH>7 under the treatment of low concentration oxidation environmental conditions. The activation and migration of Cd is obviously affected by pH, that is, high concentration reduction, high oxidation, and acidic conditions can promote the migration of Cu and Cd; While reducing conditions can effectively promote the release and migration of Pb and As. The surface resistance of lead and zinc ore is small in the pre-filtration experiment,  and the migration ability of heavy metal elements in the initial stage is strengthened. The adsorption energy level of the initial tailings for heavy metal elements is changed by the change of ambient acidity and alkalinity. Later in the leaching period, the surface resistance of the mineral particle is increased due to the redox reaction, the dissolved amount of heavy metal elements is decreased, and the migration ability is inhibited.

The Late Permian Linxi Formation is widely distributed in the northwest of Jalaid Banner, Middle Part of the Greater Khingan Mountains. The formation is mainly composed of arkose，siltstone，feldspar lithic sandstone containing pebbled sandstone, and limestone of different scales, and the middle part contains abundant bivalves and plant fossils. In this study, LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating was carried out for the arkose litharenite sandstone in the lower part of the Linxi Formation, and a total of 98 effective ages were obtained. Based on the test data, they are roughly divided into the following groups according to the characteristics of age value and frequency distribution: Upper Devonian-Late Permian（380.0-246.1 Ma）,Silurian-Late Cambrian（489.0-413.8 Ma）,  Mesoproterozoic-Neoproterozoic（1 239.5-808.1 Ma）, Paleoproterozoic（2 554.0-1 784.3 Ma）. The above six groups of age peaks are basically consistent with the time of the regional magmatic activities. The comprehensive study shows that the lower deposition limit of the Linxi Formation in the study area is in（253.4±1.5） Ma, the remaining zircons are mainly from the Xingmeng-Mongolia orogenic belt, the Northern Margin of the North China plate, and the various blocks in Northeast China. The detrital zircons with 1.8 and 2.5 Ga ages are more likely to have come from the northern margin of the North China plate. The collision of the North China plate and the Siberian plate was completed before（253.4±1.5）Ma, the ancient Asian Ocean was closed, and the Xingmeng Trough was formed. The discovery of the marine  oncolytic in the Linxi Formation also confirms that the marine environment should still be dominant in the Middle Part of the Greater Khingan Mountains in the Late Permian, then it gradually changed into the continental sedimentary environment.

Western Luxi is the only area in the world where the Early Neoarchean TTG and greenstone belts are completely preserved, which are typical for study the evolution types of Archean magma, the crust-mantle interaction, and the Archean tectonic model. Based on field geological surveys, in this paper, the geochemical characteristics and formation background of the Neoarchean granites and monzonites in western Shandong s are discussed by means of trace element geochemistry, isotope geochemistry, and isotope chronology. The U-Pb ages of Neoarchean granites and monzonite granites in western Luxi are mainly 2 537 Ma and 2 566 Ma. The granite (TA1802) εHf (t) value is -1.4-2.9(average 0.65), and the two-stage model age is about 2.9 Ga; The monzonite granite (TA1812) εHf (t) value is -0.4-2.7( average 1.31), the age of two-stage model is 3 073-2 886 Ma(average 2.8 Ga), the monzonite granite (TA1817) εHf (t) is 0.3-4.7, the average is 3.35, the age of the second-stage model is 3 032-2 762 Ma, the average is about 2.8 Ga. On the εHf(t)-t diagram, the age evolution lines of the Neoarchean granites and monzonites in Luxi fall on the 2.9-2.8 Ga crustal evolution line, and are roughly the same as that of the second-stage model, which indicates that the Luxi Neoarchean granites and monzonites originated from the re-melting of the ancient crust at 2.9-2.8 Ga. The Neoarchean granites and monzonites in western Shandong are characterized by high w(SiO2), w(Al2O3), and w(Na2O), and they are all quasi-aluminum rocks. In the standardized distribution pattern of rare earth element chondrites, they all show light rare earth element (LREE) enrichment, heavy rare earth element (HREE) depletion, and medium-heavy rare earth element fractionation. There are two samples (TA1801-1 and TA1824) showing Ta enrichment and the rest samples showing large ion lithophile element enrichment, such as K, Rb, Ba and Th, and Nb, Ta, and Ti depletion. The monzonites also show the enrichment of large ion lithophile element such as K, Rb, Ba and Th, the depletion of Nb, Ta, Ti, and the partial molten residual minerals include garnet, rutile, and a small amount of plagioclase and amphibole. Based on the above geochemical characteristics, combined with the regional geological characteristics, the tectonic background of the Neoarchean granites and monzonites in western Shandong is syn-collision, which is the reason of the effective accretion of continental crust.

As an important directions of geoscience, high pressure and high temperature experimental research can understand the physical and chemical properties of the materials, the internal structure, and dynamics of the Earth by simulating the temperature and pressure environment in the deep of the Earth. Amphibole is a double chain silicate mineral, which is an important component of mantle lithosphere and widely distributed in oceanic crust, subduction plates, metamorphic rocks, and igneous rocks. As one of the most important hydrous minerals in subduction zones, wide distribution of amphibole  and its dehydration under high temperature and high pressure play an important role in water content and water migration on the occurrence of earthquakes, high conductivity anomalies, seismic anomalies, and magmatic activities in subduction zones. In the past 100 years, scholars have conducted a lot of researchs on the physical and chemical properties of amphibole at high temperature and pressure. The chemical composition and structure of amphibole are very complicated, which results in significant differences in the physical and chemical properties of different amphiboles, including the difference of element migration under the dehydration and dehydrogenation, the influence of alkaline elements (K+Na) and H2O content on thermal stability during the formation and decomposition, high-pressure structural phase transitions in different space groups, conductivity anomalies in different crystallization directions, and the wave velocity anomalies in different crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO). Previous studies have provided a lot of knowledge on the physical and chemical properties of amphibole and its role in subduction zones, however, some issues such as the high-pressure dehydration kinetics , thermophysical properties, and deformation mechanism of amphibole are still unclear and deserve further study.

In order to study the deformation mechanism of landslide accumulation and  treat it more effectively, taking Donglingxin landslide accumulation in Jianhe county, Guizhou as an example, the geological conditions of Donglingxin landslide accumulation  were  investigated  based on the detailed geological exploration, indoor test and drainage tunnel construction， the surface displacement, surface fracture, in-hole fracture, and deep displacement were comprehensively analyzed, and the deformation characteristics of landslide accumulation   were discussed. Finally, the stability of the slope  was evaluated by numerical method. The results show that the initial storage of the reservoir starts the deformation and instability process of Donglingxin landslide accumulation, and then，the slope enters into the creep deformation stage. The rise of river water level and continuous heavy rainfall lead to the rise of the groundwater level of the slope, which results in a step development of the slope deformation curve . The slope safety factor reaches the highest value (1.14) in the pre-flood dry season and the lowest value (1.01) at the end of the flood season. Main attention should be paid to lower the slope groundwater table by drainage measures.

Buckling landslide is a common failure mode of bedding rock slopes. It is very important to carry out quantitative research on the development mechanism and instability failure of buckling deformation for engineering exploration and prevention of landslides. According to the geological environment and mechanical mechanism of slopes, a simplified model of a three-dimensional compression plate is established in this paper. Combined with gravity, seismic force, hydrostatic pressure, and plastic deformation of the rock material, based on the stability theory of elastic-plastic compression plates, a critical equation of buckling deformation and failure of slopes is derived by using the energy equilibrium theory. For the structural instability and sliding instability of the buckling slope, the corresponding stability judgment methods are put forward. The corresponding prevention measures are proposed for the slopes of different status. Taking Xiaguiwa slope in Batang area in Sichuan Province as an example, the correctness of the proposed method is verified. The calculation results show that the critical buckling length (a1) of the slope is 483.8 m, indicating that the buckling deformation of Xiaguiwa slope may occur. The field investigation shows that the actual buckling length (a′) of the slope is 530.0 m, and a′ is greater than a1. According to the quantitative relationship between a′and a1, the slope is stable. This result is consistent with the actual situation, which proves the feasibility of the proposed judgment method.

The response time of a tensiometer  can be used to estimate the hydraulic properties of unsaturated soils, and it is also a critical parameter to assess the applicability  to the measurement of the transient matric suction. In order to determine the response time of tensiometer more reasonably and efficiently, Jingyang loess, Dingbian loess and Maowusu sand column tests were conducted to investigate the characteristics of time response curve of tensiometer. In addition, the numerical optimization methods based on the universal global optimization (UGO) algorithm were used to evaluate the response time of tensiometer. The results of soil colum tests show that the time response curve of tensiometer for soils can be divided  into three stages: Tensiometer installing stage, delayed response stage (pressure difference response stage), and equilibrium stage. Comparing  the results of the graphical method and the numerical optimization method, it is recommended that the delayed response stage and equilibrium stage  are fitted by a quartic function equation and a linear function equation, respectively. Moreover, the Levenberg-Marquardt optimization method with UGO algorithm (LM+UGO), BFGS quasi-Newton method with UGO algorithm (BFGS+UGO), and conjugate gradient method with UGO algorithm (CGM+UGO) are the appropriate numerical optimization methods to determine the response time of tensiometer in general conditions. 

A large-scale groundwater depression cone has been induced by over-pumping groundwater in the plain of Daqing River basin. As the main current recharge way of groundwater， river infiltration has limited effect, which calls for comprehensive management of aquifer recharge for groundwater level recovery to avoid further adverse effects on ecological environment and social environment. In this study, a potential evaluation system for artificial aquifer recharge was established involving 5 indexes: Elevation, slope, groundwater level, recharge water source, and distance to available water sources. ArcGIS was applied for mapping the potential of managed aquifer recharge in the study area. Besides, a series of field tests were carried out in the typical high-potential recharge areas to explore appropriate and feasible recharge methods. The results show that the aquifer recharge potential is huge in the northwest and south part of the study area, but low in the central, north and southwest parts. For the best potential area along the Baigou Channel, the permeability of vadose zone and aquifer is suitable for surface recharge with the overall permeability coefficient is 5 m/d or higher, while the permeability of riverbed is poor (0.01-0.09 m/d). Measures, such as silt removal are recommended to be taken before recharge through river in such area. Finally, three artificial recharge methods are suggested in different sections: Artificial or natural infiltration ponds can be adopted along the upper and middle-lower reaches of the river where water comes from river through ecological channels; Well injection can be used in the east of middle-upper and lower reaches under the condition of river water purification by strict water treatment processes before recharge; Dams can be built in the lower reaches of the Baigou Channel to increase infiltration through the channel bed.

In the groundwater flow-land subsidence model based on MODFLOW-SUB, the vertical hydraulic conductivity of clay interbed is set as a constant. However, during the compression process of clay interbed, its vertical hydraulic conductivity will change accordingly, so the prediction of long-term land subsidence by using this model may be not realistically suitable. In this study, a variable hydraulic conductivity model was established through improving the source code of SUB combined with the change law of vertical hydraulic conductivity and the head of clay interbed during subsidence. Taking the typical structure of Antelope Valley in California established by the USGS （U.S. Geological Survey）as an example, the constant hydraulic conductivity model and the variable hydraulic conductivity model were used to simulate the process respectively. The results show that the two models have good consistency in the first 20 years of mining. With the continuous development of mining, the accumulated subsidence calculated by the variable system model is gradually smaller than that calculated by the constant model, and the accumulated subsidence in 80 years decreases by 15.6%. With the increase of mining amount, the time at which the two models differed is advanced and the final subsidence difference value is increased. With the increase of the interbed thickness, the time the two models differed gradually delays but the final subsidence difference value increases. The results indicate that both the constant model and the variable model have good applicability in the early stage of mining with desirable accuracy, but with the extension of mining time, the variable model can better reflect the actual compressive subsidence process.

In order to  evaluate the sustainable utilizing ability of the U-shaped well closed cycle geothermal system in the eastern plain of Handan and design a reasonable exploitation scheme of geothermal energy, the numerical simulation method was adopted. Based on the short-term measured data of the test wells in the study area, the multiphase and multicomponent wellbore reservoir coupling flow simulation program T2WELL was used as the tool  to explore the feasibility of using U-shaped well closed cycle geothermal system and to develop geothermal energy for heating in the site, as well as the productivity state of geothermal wells under long-term operation and the  influence of different factors. The results show that when the length of horizontal well section is 400-500 m, and the circulation velocity is set as 80 m3/ h and the injection temperature is set as 20 ℃, the average heating power of 20 a can meet the heating demand, so this method is feasible for heating.

Saltmarshes in coastal area can reduce flow velocity and stabilize sediments. In this study, we took Scirpus mariqueter in Chongming Dongtan of the Yangtze Estuary as the research object, and set up three observation transects with the pattern of “mudflat-vegetation frontier-vegetation” to measure the flow velocity, direction and water depth in different phenological periods. The results show that Scirpus mariqueter has a significant capacity to reduce flow velocity：The average velocity in saltmarsh is lower than that of the mudflat, the capacity of attenuation is stronger than that of the mudflat, and the flow attenuation rate is 1.47 to 3.48 times that of the mudflat. In different phenological periods, the flow attenuation rates in Scirpus mariqueter saltmarsh rank in the following order：Mid growing period > late growing period> withering period, which are 1.15%, 1.06%, and 0.50% m-1, respectively. The capacity of flow attenuation is positively related to the flow velocity, and the correlation coefficients of the three phenological periods are all greater than 0.80. Except for the withering period, the capacity of flow attenuation is negatively related to water depth, and the absolute value of correlation coefficient is greater than 0.90.

In order to solve the urban waterlogging caused by  rainstorm and provide technical support for emergency management, the SWMM-CCHE2D coupled model was established considering the urban rainstorm process and the characteristics of the sponge surface, combined with the principles of urban hydrology and hydraulics and the Chicago rain pattern. With high-precision topographic data and real-time monitoring data of rainfall and runoff, SWMM stormwater model was used to simulate the runoff of sponge city under rainstorm conditions, coupled with high-precision two-dimensional hydrodynamic model CCHE2D to simulate the corresponding waterlogging conditions. This method is easy to implement. The results show that under heavy rainstorm, the runoff and confluence in Tongzhou has the feature of slow seepage and collection. Major LID facilities have good effects on improving the runoff reduction rate by 9.0%-40.6% and alleviate the inland flooding. Among the design rainstorm, the effect on the five-year return period is the most significant. For all LIDs with the 100-year return period, the effect of bioretention is relatively significant up to 28.4%. The pavement permeability and the effect of green land are also good.

Forward numerical simulation is the basis of inversion imaging. In order to realize fine inversion imaging and quantitative interpretation of magnetic exploration, in this paper, the authors make a full use of the idea of decomposing a large problem into several small parts, and propose an efficient and high-precision numerical simulation method for two-dimensional magnetic anomalies in a space-wavenumber mixed domain based on Poisson equation. In this method, the partial differential equation is transformed into an ordinary differential equation with different wave numbers by one-dimensional Fourier transform, and then the ordinary differential equation is solved by the one-dimensional finite element method with quadratic interpolation, and finally, the magnetic anomaly value in spatial domain is obtained by inverse Fourier transform. In the model example, the two-dimensional models of constant susceptibility and variable susceptibility with rectangular cross sections are designed respectively, and the calculation accuracy and efficiency of the algorithm are verified. The modeling results of synthesis models show that the algorithm has high accuracy and efficiency, the absolute values of relative error are less than 1%, and the simulation time of 2 501×2 501 model nodes is 4.18 s. What’s more, it is suitable for any complex terrain model.

The energy spectrum precision of surface wave dispersion is an important factor affecting the acquisition of near-surface cross-wave velocity, and the effective extraction of surface wave dispersion curve is an important link of the subsequent inversion stratigraphic structures and medium physical parameters. The article discusses the basic principle of seven different wave dispersive energy spectrum methods, including τ-p transform, high resolution linear Radon transform, frequency decomposition, phase shift transform, frequency wavenumber transform, slant frequency wavenumber (SFK) transform, and vector wavenumber transformation methods. Through the modeling with a three-layer horizontal layered models with velocity increasing with depth and by using the above-mentioned methods to generate surface wave dispersive energy imaging, the energy spectra are calculated and compared with the theoretical dispersion curves. According to the obtained scattered energy spectra, the characteristics and applications of different methods in data processing are analyzed. The results show that the precision of dispersion curve extracted by high-resolution linear Radon transform and vector wavenumber transformation method is better; the precision of the dispersion curve extracted by frequency wavenumber transform is the lowest,  the low-frequency information and the high-frequency information cannot be effectively identified; the SFK transform and high resolution linear Radon transform have strong anti-noise performance; the calculation of τ-p transform, frequency wavenumber transform and phase shift transform is shorter than that using other methods. 

Complex shallow gas anomalies will severely complicate and distort wave fields and degrade seismic bandwidth, which destroys the imaging of subsurface layers and causes the diapir fuzzy area. The quality factor Q is the attenuation attribute of rocks during the travel of seismic waves, and Q pre-stack depth migration is an imaging technique considering absorption and attenuation of seismic waves, which is proved to be an effective method to improve the image of gas clouds. Successful gas cloud imaging requires both accurate velocity model and accurate Q model, however, when the distribution of gas-bearing sand bodies and the diapir structures becomes more complex, common Q tomography often fails to provide the necessary resolution to build an accurate Q model. In this paper, we propose a method, by which a high accuracy absorption model can be obtained through the ray-based Q tomographic inversion guided by the highly detailed velocity information from FWI (full wave inversion). The iteration flow of velocity tomography, FWI velocity inversion, and Q tomography is called FWI guided Q model building technique. Through the application of the Q PSDM (pre-stack depth migration) imaging project in Baiyun sag, the FWI guided Q model building technique and the Q PSDM flow are proved successful and essential to improve the imaging of gas cloud areas and reduce the multiplicity of seismic exploration in the presence of complex gas clouds.

With the change and development of petroleum exploration types, it becomes very important to identify fractures in the formation efficiently and accurately. In this paper, a theoretical model of Stoneley wave propagation in fractured formation is constructed, and the results show that the reflection coefficient of Stoneley wave is higher when the Stoneley wave passes through the fractured zone. On this basis, Stoneley wave field separation (median filtering) is performed on the acoustic logging data of igneous formation in Liaohe basin, the reflected Stoneley wave is obtained, and the reflection coefficient of fractured formation is calculated. At the same time, the porosity distribution spectrum and interval porosity of the formation are analyzed based on the electrical imaging logging data. The results show that both the energy of the reflected Stoneley wave and the reflection coefficient increase in the fractured formation; The distribution spectrum of electrical imaging porosity is significantly wider, and the proportion of large pores in the electrical imaging interval porosity increases in the fractured formation, which indicats the development of secondary pores (fractures).

The logging response research of coal seam and coal quality is of great significance to the precise mining of coal and the exploration and development of coalbed methane. Taking a coal seam of  Taiyuan Formation in Renjiazhuang coal mine in Ningxia as an example, the correlation of coal quality logging response was analyzed by means of experimental test, statistical analysis, and data test. The results show that moisture and volatile matter in coal are negatively correlated with lateral resistivity, and positively correlated with spontaneous potential, natural gamma value, and short source distance gamma-gamma value. Ash content is negatively correlated with short source distance gamma-gamma value and lateral resistivity, and positively correlated with natural gamma value and spontaneous potential. Fixed carbon has a positive correlation with short source distance gamma-gamma value and lateral resistivity, and a negatively correlation with natural gamma value and spontaneous potential. Based on the analysis, a multivariate prediction model of coal seam logging parameters is established. F-function test and experimental sample prediction show that the model can better serve coal mining.

Accurate prediction of porosity and permeability of carbonate reservoirs is of great significance to the evaluation of carbonate reservoirs. Fractures and dissolved pores are widely developed in carbonate reservoirs, and the prediction of reservoir porosity and permeability from logging curves based on the empirical formulas has large errors. Taking a carbonate reservoir in the Middle East as the research object, we selected 914 core wells to determine porosity and permeability. By using random forest (RF), K-nearest neighbor (KNN), support vector machine (SVM), and long short-term memory  (LSTM) machine learning methods and logging data, we predicted porosity and permeability, optimized machine learning parameters, and screened out logging porosity and permeability prediction methods suitable for carbonate reservoirs. The research results show that there is little difference between the four machine learning methods in predicting reservoir porosity. By adjusting the types of input parameters, the porosity and permeability prediction results can be further improved. When using neutron (NPHI), lithological density (RHOB) ) , and acoustic time difference (DT) logging parameter data as input, the prediction accuracy based on LSTM is the highest, the root mean square error (RMSE) of the porosity prediction result is 4.536 2, and the permeability prediction is poor due to the strong heterogeneity of carbonate reservoirs when using only NPHI as the machine learning input parameter, the RF-based reservoir permeability prediction has the highest accuracy, and its RMSE  is 45.882 3.

There are many parameters in the three-water model, including  cementation index, lithological parameters, and saturation index of free water pores of the three types of waters (free-water, micro-capillary water, and clay-bound water). These parameters are difficult to determine and have been plagued by the conductivity of the three waters. To solve the problem of low accuracy of logging reservoir parameters caused by low porosity， low permeability and uneven distribution of oil-water interface in  shale sandstone reservoirs in a block of a basin, the authors proposed a method to determine the cementation index and lithological parameters in the new three-water model equation when there are only rock electricity, mercury intrusion data, and cation exchange capacity experimental data, and further used the new three-water model to calculate its water saturation. To verify the feasibility of the parameters determined by the experimental statistical method in this paper, the reservoir interpretation and evaluation were carried out for  section 1 880~1 895 m of well XX  in the study area, and the parameters were brought into the new three-water model to calculate the water saturation, which was compared with the sealed coring water saturation. The results show that the calculated water saturation is consistent with the water saturation of sealed coring, which proves the accuracy of the parameters determined by the new three-water model. 

Aerial image has become a practical visualization product and decision-making tool because of its rich geographical information. Usually, it is necessary to splicing multiple aerial images along the seamline to cover the research areas. So how to select the optimal seamline is of research significance. This paper presents a  new method for selecting aerial image seamlines: firstly, an exponential cross-correlation method is constructed to express the dislocation degree of the corresponding area of the aerial images with high quality; secondly, the Dijkstra algorithm is optimized to find the path with the least dislocation difference in the overlapping region as the optimal seamline; finally, two sets of aerial images from the designated cities and urban areas are used to compare with the  related methods. The results show that the seamline obtained by the proposed method passes through fewer independent ground objects, and it takes less time.