Based on the accumulation of previous research on deep strata and the progress of oil-gas prospecting in northern Songliao basin and its surrounding areas in recent years, this paper first introduced the characteristics of regional geology and geophysical fields, and then according to the features of the target stratum of deep strata, studied the structural and stratigraphic characteristics of the deep strata in the northwest Songliao basin by comprehensive geophysical prospecting methods such as broadband seismic and wide-field electromagnetic method. The petrophysical parameters of Songliao basin and its surrounding areas were sorted out, and the physical characteristics of strata with different formation ages were summarized, with emphasis on the analysis of the physical differences between the Upper Paleozoic and its upper and lower strata. It is concluded that there are obvious differences in physical properties between the Permian and its overlying Meso-Cenozoic, the underlying strata and various types of rocks in this area, which is the precondition to study the distribution of the Upper Paleozoic by geophysical methods. On this basis, this paper expounds the progress of combined geophysical investigation of gravity, magnetism, electricity and seismic in the key target area. The quality of broadband seismic imaging for the deep strata is significantly improved compared with the previous seismic explorations, and we have obtained clearer geophysical information. According to the above geophysical information, several geological survey wells were deployed, and successively drilled into the argillaceous rocks with anomaly of gas logging in deep Permian. In addition, this paper also discussed the challenges faced by the deep hydrocarbon geological survey and the future research directions in the study of petrophysical properties and integrated geophysical prospecting methods.

In order to reveal the provenance and geological significance of the Paleogene in Sunwu-Jiayin basin, this paper studies the detrital zircon dating and geochemical characteristics of samples from Paleogene Wuyun and Sunwu Formations. The age peaks of 72 measuring points of detrital zircons in Wuyun Formation are 57, 97, 188, 262, 380, 496, and 1 854 Ma, and the age peaks of 64 measuring points of detrital zircons in Sunwu Formation are 52, 65, 92, 181, 220, 472, 1 884, and 2 318 Ma, indicating that the provenance of Wuyun Formation and Sunwu Formation is complex and diverse. The contents of MgO, Al2O3, CaO, K2O and Fe2O3 in the samples are relatively low. The chemical alteration index CIA value ranges from 64.30 to 81.72, and the composition variation index ICV value ranges from 0.44 to 0.70. Th/Sc values are positively correlated with Zr/SC values. The total amount of rare earth elements (∑REE) changes from 97.44×10-6 to 154.87×10-6 and 85.65×10-6 to 315.62×10-6, respectively. La/Yb ratios vary from 10.94 to12.84 and 13.26 to 20.74. Combined with the characteristics of major, trace and rare earth elements and the age peaks of detrital zircon, it is concluded that the Paleogene sources are the Paleoproterozoic geological body in the eastern margin of Songnen-Zhangguangcai range Massif and the felsic igneous rocks produced by magmatic events in various times. The tectonic background of the source area is active continental margin and continental island arc. There are apparent differences between Paleogene and Upper Cretaceous provenance in the basin. Combined with the characteristics of regional tectonic evolution, we speculated that it was caused by the Pacific plate retreat or drawback and subducted direction changes in the process of Pacific plate subducting to the East Asian continent. 

Based on the composition of natural gas, stable carbon isotope, light hydrocarbons composition characteristics and geological background, the geochemical characteristics, genetic types and sources of natural gas in the Shahejie Formation of Niuju-Changtan sag were analyzed and discussed. The following research results were obtained. First, the natural gas is methane-dominant, and the content of heavy hydrocarbon is relatively high, mainly characterized by wet gas. The non-hydrocarbon gases are mainly N2 and CO2. Second, the δ13C1 value of natural gas is between －42.8‰ and －31.2‰, and the δ13C2 value is between －27.3‰ and －24.7‰. Carbon isotope reverse of natural gas is caused by the mixing of homologous different period gases. Third, organic matter types of gas source rock are mainly humic-prone and humic type. The δ13C-Ro relationship and the maturity-depth relationship curve were used to calibrate the maturity of natural gas. The natural gas in the middle and south of Niuju-Changtan sag is mature coal-type thermal degradation gas, which is derived from the source rocks in and Ess3, while the natural gas in the north is oil-coal pyrolysis gas, which is derived from the source rocks in Esz3 and Esx3.

As one of migration channels between sediment source and sink, the influence of paleochannel on sedimentary budgets has attracted much attention from marine sedimentologists. In order to study the sedimentary characteristics of buried paleochannel in the Shapa area of Yangxi, Guangdong, paleochannels on coastal shelves have been characterized in western Guangdong. Based on the survey data of shallow strata profile of offshore wind farms and boreholes, several buried paleochannels have been firstly identified by the acoustic pulse characteristics. The results show that the channel cross sections are mainly in the shape of wide “U”, with width of 768-2 743 m and a maximum incision depth of 16.90 m, and there is a local confluence of paleochannels. Based on the modern river type discrimination method, the regional paleochannel belongs to the gravel branch type, mainly transporting sand and gravel, with an average annual transport volume of 3.87×108 m3/a. Regional paleochannels were formed in the early to middle Holocene originating from the ancient Moyang River system, and covered by the shallow marine deposits since the middle Holocene. This finding makes up the gap in the distribution of paleochannels in the shallow coastal area of western Guangdong.

In order to investigate the genesis of high quality reservoir, we compare the diagenesis characteristic and the genesis of tight sandstone within sequence stratigraphical framework based on sequence stratigraphical framework division in the Shahezi Formation by making full use of thin-section, SEM, physical properties, X-ray and trace elements analysis. We divide the Shahezi Formation into four 3rd-order sequences and fourteen system tracts. The distinguishing characteristic of diagenesis within the sequence framework is made up of sequence boundary and sequence unit. Cementation and dissolution are under the control of sequence boundaries. The cementation content and compaction strength in sandbody above the sequence boundary are greater than below. There are many more dissolutions in sandbody below the sequence boundary than above. Diagenetic events within different system tracts correspond to periodic evolution of formation fluid and medium environment. The diagenesis is mainly featured by chlorite and calcite cementation in LST, intense feldspar dissolution and illite cementation in TST, mechanical compaction and authigenic quartz in HST, feldspar and rock debris dissolution and kaolinite cementation in RST. The sedimentary environment differences in various positions within the sequence framework influence the sedimentary characteristics and control the physical fundament of diagenesis and primary porosity. Because of the periodic evolution of water properties and environment, the early diagenesis is differentiated in LST, TST, HST, and RST, which makes the sandbody in RST and TST the best reservoir for gas accumulation.

In order to quantitatively characterize the complexity of shale pore structures of Longmaxi Formation in Zhaotong national shale gas demonstration zone, Yunnan Province and its influence on shale gas, 24 pieces of shales collected from Longmaxi Formation were tested for TOC mass fraction, whole rock mineral composition and low-temperature nitrogen adsorption. And their influence on fractal dimension of shale pores was analyzed and discussed from two aspects of shale pore structures and mineral composition. The results show that there is a strong heterogeneity in pore development among different sub-layers in Member 1 of Longmaxi Formation in Zhaotong area, with the highest content of organic matter in the Layer 1, with a “three-stage” variation of decreasing-increasing-decreasing in the longitudinal direction. Shale pores are segmented, with fractal dimension D2 ranging from 2.699 4 to 2.912 4, with an average of 2.826 5 and fractal dimension D1 ranging from 2.617 4 to 2.719 4. The pore structures are complex and the fractal dimension is highest in the Layer 1 and gradually decreases upwards. The correlation between fractal dimension of shale with pore structure parameters and geological factors shows that TOC mass fraction and quartz volume fraction control the development of micropores, provide the main specific surface area, and have a good positive correlation with fractal dimension, which is conducive to the occurrence of shale gas, with higher total gas content and adsorbed gas ratio; The volume fraction of clay minerals and dolomite mainly controls the development of mesopores and macropores, provides the main pore volume, and has a negative correlation with fractal dimension. The combination of hydrocarbon generation, reservoir and development factors suggests that Layer 1 and Layer 3 are beneficial to shale gas retention due to their high TOC content, large fractal dimension and strong brittleness, making them become favorable horizons for shale gas development.

In order to realize effective classification of low-permeability and tight sandstone reservoirs and clarify the classification boundary, and effectively guide the selection of reservoir development countermeasures, this paper used the methods of grey correlation, multivariate analysis, information superposition and cluster analysis to carry out comprehensive reservoir classification and determine the classification boundary. In this paper, firstly, based on grey correlation, the reservoir quality factor IRQ, main throat radius, movable fluid saturation, sorting coefficient and displacement pressure are selected as the main controlling factors for reservoir evaluation. Secondly，the comprehensive quantitative evaluation of the reservoir is completed by the information superposition of the multivariate analysis and the grey evaluation results, and K-means clustering method combined with probability distribution function is proposed and the boundary of each factor is clarified. Finally, a clustering method combined with probability distribution function is proposed. The results show that the average error between the calculated value of IRQ conversion model obtained from logging and experimental data and the measured value of core is 8.60%, which confirms the reliability of the model. The average errors of the optimized clustering algorithm and the single factor classification method are 13.57% and 19.63% respectively, and the former is more accurate. The rationality of the method is verified by the single well productivity: The daily oil production in stable production period of type Ⅰ well is above 7.48 t/d, that of type Ⅱ well is 4.37- 7.48 t/d, and that of type Ⅲ well is less than 4.37 t/d. 

A typical vertebrate assemblage has been discovered in the Cretaceous Quantou Formation in Changchun area of Jilin Province. It is represented by eight main fossil vertebrate groups, including the basal Ornithopoda, Iguanodontia, Ceratopsia, Theropoda, Sauropoda, Crocodilia, Eutheria and dinosaur eggs. The basal ornithopod Changchunsaurus parvus is the most dominant taxon, with a large number of fossil bones. Herein, we define this assemblage as “Changchunsaurus Fauna”. In order to study the diversity of this fauna, the theropod dental materials in our collections have been studied in detail. The selected measurement data from the specimens are plotted on a two-dimensional scatter diagram for analysis, and the morphological comparison and identification of the specimens are carried out in combination with the features of the teeth. The study found that there are at least four different types of theropods in the fauna, respectively allosaurs, dromaeosaurs, tyrannosaurs, and a large indeterminate theropod. Among them, dromaeosaurs are reported for the first time in the Mesozoic strata in Songliao basin. The high diversity of theropods in Changchunsaurus Fauna indicates that this assemblage should be a vertebrate community with a rich species composition.

The Jiapigou gold metallogenic belt is one of the important gold concentration areas in the marginal-Pacific metallogenic belt. The Shajingou gold deposit is located in the southeast of Huadian City, Jilin Province, which is in the eastern part of the northern margin of the North China plate, the southern side of the JiHei orogenic belt and the central part of the Jiapigou gold metallogenic belt, with superior metallogenic geological conditions. A number of large, medium and small gold and silver deposits have been discovered in the exploration area and surrounding area, such as Erdaogou gold deposit, Miaoling gold deposit, Yunfeng lead-zinc deposit and Majiadian gold deposit in the northwestern area, Bajiazi gold deposit in the north area and Dayangcha gold deposit in the exploration area. With the same geological background as the above gold deposits, the Shajingou gold deposit has the geological conditions of producing large and medium-sized gold deposits. Based on the comprehensive study of geophysics, geochemistry and geology, it is concluded that the ore-bearing structures in study area are characterised by low resistance and high polarization. The development of low resistance areas often indicates the existence of fracture structures, and the medium and high resistance zones within the low resistance zones are striped and have more potential for mineralisation. The soil geochemical anomalies are Au-Ag-As-Cu-Hg-Sb and so on. The distribution of ore bodies in the northwest and northeast of study area is equidistant, the ore bodies are spatially correlated with the vein rocks, and the ore bodies are enriched in elements, and the multi-causal coupling of mineralisation is discussed. The next prospecting should be fault-controlled ore and magmatic intrusion system controlled ore.

The tectonic environment of the formation of the Zaheba ophiolite, an important component of the Aermantai ophiolite belt in East Junggar, Xinjiang, remains highly debated. In order to determine the physicochemical condition and tectonic environment of the formation of the Zhaheba ophiolite in Xinjiang, fresh unaltered chromites were selected for electron microprobe analysis. The result shows that chromites contain uniform compositions of Cr2O3 (52.62% to 56.66%), Al2O3 (7.87% to 12.69%) and TFeO  (16.70% to 19.56%), with Cr# values of 73.58-83.80, Mg# values of 55.30-63.09, Yfe values of 4.02-8.00 and Fe2+#values of 36.91-44.70. They are mainly  chromites and a few high-iron spinel-rich chromites. The estimated average temperature and pressure for crystallization of the chromite are 1 307.84 ℃ and 4.08 GPa, respectively, inferring a formation depth of approximately 126.34 km. It is inferred that the Zhaheba chromite-hosting peridotite could be derived from the garnet lherzolites in the depleted upper mantle with mantle oxygen fugacities of 0.14 to 1.21 log units (average 0.59 log units) and degrees of partial melting of the mantle from 22.67% to 23.23% (average 22.91%). Therefore, the chromites show the characteristics of a super-subduction zone, and we suggest that the Zhaheba ophiolite was formed in the intra-oceanic back-arc basin in a subduction zone.

Sulfur is an important non-metallic mineral and one of the dominant minerals in North China. North China is an important production area of pyrite and natural sulfur with abundant and concentrated sulfur resources. Based on the summary of resource endowment, deposit type, spatial and temporal characteristics, main ore controlling factors and metallogenic evolution, this paper comprehensively analyzes the main characteristics and metallogeny of sulfur deposits in North China. From the perspective of ore genesis, sulfur deposits are classified into five types, including sedimento-metamorphic type, sedimentary type, magmatic hydrothermal type, skarn type and natural sulfur type. There are 18 mineral prediction types based on mineral prediction factors, of which sedimento-metamorphic type, sedimentary type and magmatic hydrothermal type pyrite are the most developed. Sulfur deposits are mainly distributed in rift zone, uplift zone, arc-basin system, active continental margin, etc. The metallogenic age, type and scale of the deposits formed in different tectonic environments are different. According to their regularity, they can be divided into five metallogenic stages: Including Archean, Mesoproterozoic, Late Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic. The sulfur mineralization has undergone multiple phases of tectonic evolutionary cycles. which are divided into volcanic eruption-sedimentation events during Neoarchean-Paleoproterozoic accretion and amalgamation of continental crust, exhalaive hydrothermal-sedimentary events during Neoproterozoic-Mesoproterozoic extensional rifting of North China craton, volcanic eruption-intrusion events during uplift of North China block and deposition of epicontinental basin in Late Paleozoic, tectono magmatic events during the superposition and transformation of the Paleo-Pacific tectoinc domain in Mesozoic, salt lake deposition during extension and thinning of intracontinental basin in Cenozoic. On the basis of the evaluation of mineral resource potential, 22 important sulfur prospecting areas are divided in North China, showing good metallogenic conditions and prospects.

The Triassic granites in the Lancang-Menghai area of western Yunnan belong to the southern part of the Lincang granite belt, which are distributed in a nearly north-south direction. The main lithology is biotite monzogranite with weathered crusts, which has favorable metallogenic conditions for ionic rare earth deposits. In order to understand the internal relationship between the Triassic granite and REE mineralization, the petrological and geochemical characteristics of the Triassic biotite monzogranite and its weathered crust have been studied. The medium-grained (medium-coarse) or porphyritic biotite monzogranite in the inner facies zone of Triassic granite is more favorable for mineralization than the fine-grained biotite monzogranite in the outer facies zone. Under the effect of weathering and leaching, rare earth elements in biotite monzogranite are separated from rare earth independent minerals or rare earth-containing accessory minerals and then adsorbed into the whole weathered regolith clay minerals for mineralization. The biotite monzogranite is characterised by high silicon, rich potassium and rich aluminum. The completely weathered layer is more aluminum-rich, while the contents of MgO, TFeO and CaO decrease, and the content of trace element Ce decreases significantly. The characteristics of other major elements, trace elements and rare earth elements inherit the characteristics of parent rocks. A comprehensive study shows that the Triassic biotite monzogranite in the study area has the basic condition for the mineralization of adsorbed rare earth deposits, and the contents of dissociable rare earth independent minerals and rare earth-containing accessory minerals are important factors for the formation of ionic rare earth deposits.

Zhangguangcai Range is located in the central-southern part of Heilongjiang Province and the central part of Jilin Province. The north-south magmatic arcs developed in the Zhangguangcai Range are the products of collision-collage of microplates, which can effectively determine the collision-collage age of Songnen block and Jimusi block. In this paper, systematic zircon U-Pb geochronology and petrogeochemistry of the Middle Jurassic porphyritic monzogranites in Qingsong, Southern Zhangguangcai Range, have been carried out to explore its geological significance. The zircon U-Pb geochronology shows that the petrogenic ages of porphyritic medium-fine grained monzogranites and porphyritic medium-coarse grained monzogranites are (172.1±1.3) Ma and 172.1-172.4 Ma respectively, indicating their diagenetic ages belong to the Middle Jurassic. Geochemical results indicate that the porphyritic monzogranites are low in Si and Al, high in alkali, K and TFeO/MgO values. The chondrite-normalized REE patterns of porphyritic monzogranites with a slight dipping to the right display enrichment in elements of (Rb, K,  U, Th, La and LREE and depletion in elements of Nb, P, Ti, Y, Yb, Lu and HREE The porphyritic monzogranites belong to type I granites, and their magma originatesd from the crust-mantle mixed source area. Combined with the characteristics of chronology and geochemistry, the Middle Jurassic porphyritic monzogranites were formed in the syncollisional tectonic setting, which is closely related to the collision-collage of the Jiamusi block and the Songnen block.

The Shabaosidong pluton located 5 km east of the Shabaosi gold deposit in Mohe area, Heilongjiang Province, is a newly discovered Early Paleozoic granitic intrusion in the Northern Great Xing’an Range. In this paper, LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating, major and trace elements, and isotope geochemistry were carried out. Zircon U-Pb dating results indicate that the formation age of the intrusion is (509±4) Ma. The pluton has high SiO2=66.20%-71.83%, Al2O3=14.61%-15.08%, K2O+Na2O=6.37%-8.10%, and belongs to weak peraluminum, high potassium and calcium alkaline series. It also shows enrichment in light rare earth elements, large-ion lithophile elements (Rb) and high field strength elements (Th and U), depletion in heavy rare earth elements, high field-strength elements and large-ion lithophile elements (Ba and Sr). The zircon  εHf(t) values range from 2.7 to 5.6 and the two-stage model age is 1.3 to 1.1 Ga. The Shabaosidong granite was formed in a post-collisional orogenic tectonic environment and was the products of partial melting of the juvenile lower crust.

In order to study the optimal combination depth of suspended impervious curtain and dewatering well filter in deep foundation pit dewatering project, and optimize the dewatering scheme of deep foundation pit, the deep foundation pit debasement project of Qingnian Road Station of Nantong metro was chosen as a case study, and the groundwater seepage theory and Terzaghi one-dimensional consolidation theory, a coupling mathematical model of three-dimensional groundwater seepage and land subsidence considering the variation of soil parameters with the consolidation process was established and solved by the finite element method. Using pumping test data, the visual numerical model was identified and verified. By controlling the water level in the pit and the ground settlement outside the pit, the number of pumping wells and the pumping rate were optimized, and the optimal position of the filter under three working conditions of plugging the impervious curtain into the aquifer was simulated and predicted. And the three schemes from the construction period, cost and safety and reliability and other aspects of comparative analysis, it is concluded that when the impervious curtain is inserted into the aquifer at a depth of 1/2, the filter of the dewatering well is inserted at about 9/50-9/20, that is , the buried depth at the bottom of the impervious curtain is 46.2 m,and the buried depth of the filter is 33.7-42.7 m, 17 pumping wells are adopted for dewatering as the optimal scheme.

In order to scientifically analyze the geological disaster susceptibility. This paper is based on the investigation and zoning of geological disasters in Helong City, and through the analysis of the distribution rules and influencing factors of geological disasters. Considering terrain, geology, meteorology, hydrology, soil vegetation and human engineering activities, combined with GIS technology and methods, 13 disaster causing factors including elevation, slope, aspect, curvature, lithology, distance from fault, rainfall, distance from water system, NDVI, soil texture, water erosion degree, population density and distance from road are extracted. Logistic regression and random forest model were used to evaluate the susceptibility of geological disasters, and the susceptibility zoning map was drawn. The result of random forest model shows: The very low susceptibility area is highest, reaching 56.98% of the total area, which is mostly located in the south of the study area; And the high and very high susceptibility areas account for up to 12.89%, which are located in the central and northeast, it is the key area for geological disaster prevention and management. NDVI, elevation, population density and rainfall are the main factors affecting disaster development, with a cumulative contribution rate of 58.12%. The ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curves and existing disaster density statistics of Logistic regression and random forest models show that the susceptibility zoning map are highly consistent with the actual disaster distribution, and their AUC (area under ROC curve) values are 0.856 and 0.907, respectively, which can achieve effective prediction and have good applicability. However, random forest model shows higher accuracy and stability, and its prediction performance is better than Logistic regression model.

To study the influence of thermal physical parameters of rock mass on seepage heat transfer results, based on discrete element 3DEC software, the heat-flow coupling numerical model of granite with parallel double fractures was established, and the model was verified by comparing with the analytical solution. Based on the numerical model, the distribution characteristics of the rock mass temperature field under different parameters were studied. Combined with the orthogonal experiment method, the sensitivity analysis of the parameters affecting the heat-fluid coupling was carried out. The results showed that the maximum error between the numerical solution and the analytical solution was 3.45%, which indicated that the model is accurate and reliable in studying the heat transfer problem of water flow in fractures. After the model runs for 24 h, the temperature of the inlet and outlet of the fracture is different under different schemes, which indicates that different parameters have different effects on the seepage heat transfer. Along the flow direction of fracture fluid, the sensitivity of model temperature to test parameters tends to decrease. The range values of specific heat capacity of rock mass, fluid velocity and fracture opening at the fracture inlet (point B) are 10.25, 13.80 and 13.25 respectively. The specific heat capacity of rock mass, fluid velocity and fracture opening were the main factors affecting the temperature of heat flow coupled model. The extreme difference values of rock mass heat conductivity and fluid rock heat transfer coefficient were 6.53 and 4.66, respectively. The rock mass heat conductivity and fluid rock heat transfer coefficient had little influence on the model temperature.

 Ammonia nitrogen is one of the main inorganic pollutants in groundwater, which mainly comes from agricultural, industrialy and domestic pollution. Excessive ammonia nitrogen will endanger human health. Temporal and spatial distribution of ammonia nitrogen is affected by factors such as meteorology, hydrology, hydrogeology, and land use type, so groundwater ammonia nitrogen analysis based on limited sampling points will generate great uncertainty. In this study, firstly, the Songhua River basin in the Sanjiang Plain was taken as an example, and soil organic matter mass fraction, soil total nitrogen mass fraction, soil cation exchange capacity (CEC), soil pH value, groundwater depth, thickness of clay layer in vadose zone and land use type were selected as potential influencing factors, a machine learning model for fitting ammonia nitrogen concentration was established. Secondly, significant influencing factors were identified using the shapley additive explanations (SHAP) method of interpreting machine learning models. Finally, a machine learning prediction model was established according to the significant influencing factors, and the data of groundwater ammonia nitrogen in the study area was interpolated. And the temporal and spatial variation of ammonia nitrogen was analyzed. The results showed that groundwater depth, land use type, CEC and soil organic matter mass fraction were the main influencing factors of groundwater ammonia nitrogen in this area. The area of groundwater ammonia nitrogen in the Ⅰ-Ⅲ water quality level showed an increasing trend. The proportion of area increased from 31% to 87%. And the area of Ⅳ-Ⅴ water quality showed a decreasing trend. The proportion of area decreased from 69% to 13%. The overall water quality was improved from 2011 to 2018.

Spring water is the important drinking water source for the village of Tuguanpu to the Da’an Town on the west side of the Hanzhong basin. The Study on the hydrochemical characteristics and genetic mechanism is of great significance to guide the development and protection of local water resources. In this study, 13 spring water samples were collected for water quality analysis. Mathematical statistics, Piper trigram, Gibbs diagram, saturation index method  and major ion ratios were used to comprehensively analyze the hydrochemical characteristics and genetic mechanism of the spring water in the study area. The results show that the spring water in the mountainous area on the west side of Hanzhong basin is weakly alkaline and low salinity water. In the hydrochemical composition, the cation is dominated by Ca2+ and Mg2+, while the anion is dominated by HCO3-. The main hydrochemical type of the spring water is HCO3-Ca·Mg，which is mainly controlled by the weathering of rocks. The CO2(g) in all water samples is not saturated and could be redissolved in groundwater. The dolomite and calcite of most spring water are in an unsaturated state, and the dissolution of them can still occur. The calcite and dolomite of Taixingya spring (S06), Jinjiakan spring (S07), Shuimogou spring (S08) and Chenjiaying spring (S11), and the calcite of Nangoumen spring (S12) have been oversaturated and are about to precipitate. Human activities slightly influence on the hydrochemistry of spring water. The ions in the spring water samples in the study area are mainly from the dissolution of carbonate rocks, and partly from the dissolution of silicate rocks.

The degree of salinization is serious in the south of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Due to the frost heaving and salt heaving damage of saline soil foundation, the stability of channel slope in irrigation area is greatly damaged. A mathematical model of optimizing channels with quadratic parabolic cross section on saline soil was established using artificial atomic algorithm to avoid the problems of redundant calculation, large cumulative error and low precision by using iterative calculation method. The mathematical model used quadratic parabolic shape parameters as independent variables and was given channel bottom slope and roughness. According to the ratio coefficient between the optimal hydraulic section and the quadratic parabolic practical economic section of medium and small channels, the shape parameters were optimized by this algorithm to determine the practical economic section of the channel. The mathematical model was applied to Xiaosi branch canal in Tarim irrigation area of Xinjiang to verify the validity. Compared to the trial algorithm, this method was more suitable for the section optimization design of small and medium-sized channels. The calculated flow error was only 0.85% of the error of the trial algorithm. The results showed that the concrete quantity of parabola shaped optimization section was reduced by 3.34%.

In order to remove a large amount of methylene blue in water, copper alginate (CA), a good biocompatibility material, was used as the carrier to prepare laccase and biochar encapsulated copper alginate spheres (Lac-BCA) to remove methylene blue. The loading characteristics and stability of the laccase were also investigated. The experimental results showed that the Lac-BCA had a wider operating range of pH (3-7) and temperature (10-80 ℃) compared with the free laccase. The relative activity of Lac-BCA could still be 79.4% when stored at 4 ℃ for 15 d. The Lac-BCA could remove 100.0% methylene blue (15 mg/L) after 8 h, and 93.4% methylene blue could still be removed after five times of reuse. Moreover, due to the addition of highly adsorbent biochar, the removal efficiency of Lac-BCA on pollutants was increased from 46% to 100% compared with CA. 

Ultra-heavy oil is a strategic material for industry and national defense. Steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) leakage is a critical problem to be solved urgently in the most advanced ultra-heavy oil development mode. The monitoring and characterization of the SAGD leakage channel are the most important. The three-dimensional electrical resistivity tomography is used to characterize the SAGD leakage channel. According to the resistivity change of oil and water in the leakage  channel after logging calibration, the resistivity of the leakage channel in the study area is lower than 3 Ω· m. The leakage channel is nearly north-south, narrow at the bottom, and wide at the top. Based on the geological and seismic data, it is considered that the SAGD leakage channel is a “cavity-crack” mode. There was no  leakage in the early stage of SAGD development. With the formation of the SAGD steam chamber, it gradually communicated with the upper stratum fracture zone during upward expansion, and the steam channeled up to the ground vertically along the fracture.

As an essential part of seismic data acquisition, a seismic source directly affects the seismic exploration effect. In seismic exploration, the ground surface is complex in many areas. Therefore, it is necessary to study the directional theory of phased-array vibrator systems under complex surface conditions. In this paper, based on the excitation principle of a phased-array vibrator system on a complex surface, the finite-difference numerical simulation method, and the theory of wave equation seismic illumination analysis, we carry out the forward modeling and seismic illumination analysis of the seismic wave field of the phased-array vibrator system for the simple theoretical model and the Marmousi model of the undulating surface. The model test results show that the phased-array vibrator system can excite the seismic wave directionally under complex surface conditions, and changing the seismic source's excitation delay can adjust the wave field's propagation direction to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the target data. The method applies to the simple model of horizontal layers, the model of the wedge-shaped structure, and the complex Marmousi model. 

 The fast dynamic time wrapping (fastDTW) algorithm  has the shortcomings of singularity in logging curves similarity measurement, and it's hard to find an appropriate search boundary. To overcome this issue, we combine the fastDTW algorithm with the SDTW (summation dynamic time warping) algorithm to obtain the fastSDTW algorithm,which solve the problem of outliers by reconstructing logging curves and integrating time series gradient information and numerical information. Next, an adaptive search boundary is proposed combined with  well-trajectory data. The fastSDTW algorithm is applied to measure the similarity of inclined and horizontal wells' logging curves based on the new boundary. The result shows that the fastSDTW algorithm based on adaptive search boundary has higher accuracy and time complexity of O(N), which ensures the operation speed of the algorithm. Furthermore, the algorithm is applied to the identification of water-flooded layers， and the  water-flooded layers are identified by comparing adjacent wells and  a good application effect is achieved.

The lunar penetrating radar (LPR) data play an essential role in studying the lunar soil layer structure of the Von Karman crater on the back of the moon and analyzing the lunar chronological activities. Because the geological conditions of the Chang’e-4 landing area are complex, using advanced radar data processing technology and methods to obtain high-precision LPR imaging results is an important basis for lunar-related scientific research. Based on previous studies, the focusing algorithm based on the synthetic aperture focusing technique (SAFT) migration imaging is performed on the Chang’e-4 LPR 500 MHz data in this paper. Compared with the traditional f-k migration results, the method improved the imaging resolution. The proposed SAFT method can more finely reflect the vertically layered structure and horizontal interface fluctuation of the lunar soil layer. The LPR data interpretation section indicates that the lunar soil layer contains a shallow topsoil layer of about 12 m from Finsen crater within a depth of 40 m, about 17 m from the sputter layer of the crater around Von Karman and the lowest basaltic rock layer. 

Traditional lithology identification methods are based mainly on drilling cores, curves, and rock images. These identification methods have high requirements on geological conditions and cannot meet real-time identification while drilling. For this reason, a new intelligent recognition method of lithology classification based on acoustic signals is proposed. This method first solves the problem of data sparseness through data enhancement technology based on the audio data obtained by the collision between the collected drill bit and the rock formation. Then, the deep learning model based on CGRU （CNN+GRU,convolutional neural networks+gated recurrent unit）  is used to conduct deep learning and training on the collected three types of rock audio data. Finally, to improve the model’s recognition ability in a complex background, the attention model is introduced for optimization. The attention model can realize key learning of lithology information in a complex environment and improve the recognition performance of the model. The experimental results show that, compared with GMM (Gaussian mixture model)-SVM (support vector machine), CNN and CGRU models, the accuracy of CGRU-AttGRU (attention mechanism model+GRU) hybrid model is about 81.17%, which is 13.31%, 9.99% and 5.93% higher than GMM-SVM, CNN and CGRU models respectively.

The FY-3B satellite has the characteristics of a high frequency of observation and wide imaging range, which can provide long-term observation data for maize leaf area index (LAI) inversion research. Long short-term memory (LSTM) algorithm has the ability to extract temporal features from multi-period data and solve complex nonlinear problems between spectral data and LAI. The study was conducted based on   LAI and reflectance spectrum data of spring maize in Jinzhou City,Liaoning Province  measured  near the ground. To construct the LAI inversion model, the spectral response functions were used to simulate the FY-3B multi-spectral band data combined with 28 vegetation indices highly correlated with spring maize LAI. The inversion models were conducted using LSTM of different hidden layers, and the accuracies of the LSTM models were compared with the accuracy of the partial least-squares regression (PLSR) model. The results showed that the number of hidden layers greatly influences the fitting ability of the LSTM model. The three-layer LSTM model increased the LAI estimation accuracy R2 from 0.818 3 (single-layer LSTM), 0.780 0 (PLSR) to 0.869 2; correspondingly reducing the RMSE from 0.509 1,0.490 6 to 0.372 6. In short, the accuracy of the model was significantly improved.

To solve the freight ropeway path planning in the mountainous region, we proposed a comprehensive method of construction site selection and path planning of freight ropeway. The calculation and analysis methods were studied to process the geographic information data, select the loading and unloading position, screen and optimize the trestle position, and estimate construction quantity. The ropeway cost analysis formula was proposed based on the main influencing factors of ropeway construction, which provides a basis for ropeway path sequencing and analysis. The ropeway paths of three iron towers in typical areas were planned, and 110, 17, and 32 ropeway paths that meet the requirements were obtained, respectively. The average calculation time was 2.34 h, much lower than the 1-2 days of the manual path planning method. It can be seen that the proposed method can effectively shorten the path-planning cycle of material transportation.