分子筛基复合材料的合成及应用研究进展

doi:10.13229/j.cnki.jdxbgxb.20240884

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

传统分子筛存在传质阻力大，吸附量有限等问题，将其与活性炭、硅藻土等复合，形成具有协同作用的复合材料，是满足多元化需求、拓展应用领域的重要途径。本文围绕复合分子筛、分子筛-客体材料复合材料两个方面评介分子筛基复合材料制备方法的研究进展，梳理其在吸附分离、催化等领域的应用。结果表明：复合分子筛常用的合成策略有模板法、溶胶-凝胶法和分子筛硅源法等，但得到的复合材料结构不稳定，易发生相分离。分子筛-客体材料复合材料的合成方法多样，其中的静电自组装法和溶液共混法可实现与多种类型客体材料组合使用，但存在过程复杂、溶剂依赖性强等问题。尽管分子筛基复合材料在吸附分离、工业催化方面应用前景广阔，但其在气相有机污染物（尤其是VOCs）吸附中的研究仍显不足。未来研究应重点开发温和、环保的合成策略，包括但不限于低温低压合成方法、环保型溶剂体系等，以推动分子筛基复合材料的实际应用。

关键词: 分子筛, 复合材料, 合成, 应用, 进展

Abstract:

The traditional zeolite with high mass transfer resistance and limited adsorption capacity， limits its application. Combining zeolite with activated carbon， diatomite， and other materials to construct composite materials with synergistic effects is the important technical ways to meet diversified needs and expand application fields. This paper conducted a critical survey on the research progress in synthesis method of zeolite-based composites， focusing on two aspects： composite zeolites and zeolite-guest material composites， and then summarized their applications in adsorption separation， catalysis， and other fields. The results showed that common synthesis strategies of composite zeolites comprise template method， sol-gel method， and zeolite silicon source method， but had disadvantages in structural instability of composites. Among these synthesis methods of zeolite-guest material composites， electrostatic self-assembly and solution blending methods can be used in combination with various types of guest materials， were promising approach to preparing zeolite- guest material composites. Meanwhile， they had disadvantages in complex processes and high solvent dependence. Despite the broad application prospects of zeolite-based composite materials in adsorption separation and industrial catalysis， research on their adsorption of gaseous organic pollutants， especially VOCs， remains limited. Universal synthesis strategies under mild conditions， such as low-temperature and low-pressure synthesis methods， as well as environmentally friendly solvent systems， should be developed in the future to promote the practical application of zeolite-based composites.

Key words: zeolites, composite, synthesis, application, progress

中图分类号:

TB332

于凤芹,梁鼎成,解强,刘金昌. 分子筛基复合材料的合成及应用研究进展[J]. 吉林大学学报(工学版), 2026, 56(3): 603-620.

Feng-qin YU,Ding-cheng LIANG,Qiang XIE,Jin-chang LIU. Research progress on synthesis and application of zeolite⁃based composites[J]. Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition), 2026, 56(3): 603-620.

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表5

常见分子筛基复合材料制备方法比较"

复合材料	制备方法	过程	优点	缺点	参考文献
复合分子筛	模板法	采用单/双模板剂，通过控制合成条件在同一个反应系统中同步生成两种不同类型的分子筛	工艺简单、孔隙及结构可控	二次污染、成本高	［24， 25， 123］
	附晶生长法	以一种分子筛为晶种，引导指定的单元结构在其表面附晶生长出另一种分子筛	结构可控、适用范围广、易操作	合成量少	［29， 124］
	溶胶-凝胶法	将前驱体在溶剂中混合形成溶胶，经过凝胶化、干燥和热处理得到复合分子筛	反应条件温和、均匀性好	周期长	［56-58］
	分子筛硅源法	利用已有分子筛作为硅铝源，在其基础上引入其他成分，通过溶解、重结晶或进一步生长，形成复合分子筛	结构可控	工艺复杂、结构易破坏	［16， 19， 30， 32］
分子筛-硅藻土复合材料	物理法	将分子筛与硅藻土直接机械混合	易操作、产量高、无污染	结合不牢固、机械强度差、性能差	［64-67］
分子筛-硅藻土复合材料	静电自组装法	以硅藻土为载体，季铵盐为媒介，耦合水热反应制备	材料结晶度高	产量少、过程复杂	［77-79］
分子筛-活性炭复合材料	物理法	分子筛、活性炭和黏结剂进行机械混合后挤压成型	易操作、产量高无污染	结合强度低、机械强度差、性能差	［81， 86， 88］
	炭化-活化-水热法	以工业、农副产业废弃物为原料，通过碱浸、炭化、活化和水热处理等工艺，将其中的有机质炭转化为多孔炭，无机质转化为分子筛	成本低廉、储量丰富	工艺繁杂调控困难周期长	［89， 94， 125， 126］
	水热法	向分子筛合成液中直接添加活性炭，随后进行水热晶化	操作简单、工艺成熟	产量少负载量低	［82， 84］
分子筛-聚合物复合材料	溶液共混法	分子筛和聚合物分别分散在合适溶剂中，然后将两种溶液混合并除去溶剂	操作简便、适用范围广	分散性差溶剂要求高	［104-106］
分子筛-聚合物复合材料	原位聚合法	分子筛作为模板直接添加到聚合物的单体溶液中，然后引发聚合反应	界面结合力强、分散性好、结构可控	反应条件苛刻	［108， 109， 127］

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制备方法		优点	缺点	复合分子筛	参考文献
原位合成法	单模板法	过程简单、组分均匀分布	成本高、产率低、重复性低	MOR-EU-1	［24］
	单模板法	过程简单、组分均匀分布	成本高、产率低、重复性低	MCM-41-ZSM-5	［25］
	双模板法	孔径大小可控、易操作控制	结晶度低、成本高、二次污染	ZSM-5-SBA-15	［26］
后合成法	附晶生长法	结构可控、适用范围广、操作简单	产率低	MCM-41-FAU	［27］
				MCM-41-MOR	［28］
				Y-MCM-41	［29］
	分子筛硅源法	结构可控、灵活性强	工艺复杂、分子筛结构易破坏	ZSM-5-Beta	［19］
				Beta-MCM-48	［30］
				Beta-MCM-41	［31］
				Y-ZSM-5	［16］
				ZSM-5-SBA-15	［32］
	纳米组装法	易操作控制、结构可控	成本高、重复性差	Beta-MCM-41	［33］
				ZSM-5-MCM-41	［34］
				ZSM-5-MCM-48	［35］
	两步晶化法	结构可控、易于调节	条件苛刻、过程复杂	Y-ZSM-5	［36］
	两步晶化法	结构可控、易于调节	条件苛刻、过程复杂	ZSM-5-SBA-15	［37］

制备方法	复合分子筛	比表面积/（m²·g^-1）	总孔容/（cm³·g^-1）	微孔孔容/（cm³·g^-1）	参考文献
包埋法	MFI@FAU	-	-	-	［50］
	MFI@CHA	223	0.172	0.103	［21］
	MCM-41@MFI	441	0.23	-	［51］
两步晶化法	FAU@MFI	324	0.155	0.09	［52］
气溶胶法	MFI@MCM-41	776	0.216	-	［53］
离子交换法	FAU@BEA	530	0.32	0.19	［54］
离子交换法	CHA@MFI	390	0.37	0.15	［55］
溶胶-凝胶法	MFI@MCM-41	596	0.51	0.055	［56］
	MFI@SBA-15	414	0.45	0.14	［57］
	MFI@MCM–41	815.2	0.51	0.03	［58］
	MFI@CHA	572	0.31	0.29	［59］
	LTA@MCM-41	951	0.52	0.21	［60］
	FAU@MCM-41	702	0.38	0.13	［61］

原料	合成方法	比表面积/（m²·g^-1）	总孔容/（cm³·g^-1）	吸附质	参考文献
活性炭、分子筛	物理混合	—	—	氨氮	［86］
		84.73	—	偶氮染料酸性橙7	［87］
		1 170.1 mg/g（碘值）	—	Zn²⁺、Cu²⁺、Cd²⁺、Pb²⁺	［88］
煤矸石	CO活化-水热	669.4	—	Cu²⁺、罗丹明-B	［89］
	炭化-CO₂活化-水热	888	0.630	氨氮	［90］
	NaOH碱溶-水热	—	—	Zn²⁺、Cu²⁺、Pb²⁺、Ni²⁺	［91］
	CO₂活化-水热	1 018	0.765	CH₄、N₂	［92］
煤矸石、沥青粉	CO₂活化-水热	657	0.537	CO₂	［93］
煤矸石、沥青粉	CO₂活化-水热	872	0.590	苯酚	［94］
粉煤灰、木屑	炭化-Na₂CO₃活化-水热	84	0.150	—	［95， 96］
粉煤灰	NaOH碱熔-水热	62	0.310	Pb（Ⅱ）	［97］
粉煤灰	NaOH碱熔-水热	—	—	Ni²⁺、Cu²⁺、Cd²⁺、Pb²⁺	［98］
苹果壳、ZSM-5凝胶	炭化-活化-水热（蒸汽辅助）	1 296	4.200	Cd²⁺、Pb²⁺	［99］
甘蔗渣灰	KOH活化-NaOH碱溶-水热	967	0.445	Cd²⁺、苯酚	［100］
坚果壳	炭化-CO₂活化-水热	418	0.489	亚甲蓝	［101］
柏木屑	H₃PO₄活化-水热	378	0.300	氨氮、亚甲蓝	［102］
棕榈油灰	NaOH熔融活化-水热	615	—	亚甲蓝	［103］
活性炭、硅酸钠、铝酸钠、NaOH	水热	656	—	CO₂、N₂	［82］

制备方法	优点	缺点	复合材料	参考文献
溶液共混法	操作简便、适用范围广	分散性差、溶剂要求高	壳聚糖/分子筛	［104-106］
溶液共混法	操作简便、适用范围广	分散性差、溶剂要求高	聚丙烯腈/分子筛	［107］
原位聚合法	界面结合力强、分散性好、结构可控	反应条件苛刻	聚苯胺/分子筛	［108］
			聚丙烯酰胺/分子筛	［109］
			聚（AN-co-VP）/分子筛	［9］
熔融共混法	简便易行、效率高、操作性强、成本低	能耗高	聚丙烯/分子筛	［110］
溶胶-凝胶法	灵活性强、均匀性好	成本高、周期长	壳聚糖/分子筛	［111］

应用领域	复合材料	污染物	参考文献
液相吸附	分子筛-活性炭	单甲基硅烷三醇、二甲基硅烷二醇、二甲基砜	［84］
	分子筛-活性炭	亚甲基蓝、Pb	［134］
	丝光沸石-活性炭	氨氮，COD	［135］
	4A分子筛-活性炭	己烷、Cu²⁺/Ni²⁺/Zn²⁺/Pb²⁺	［91］
	TS-1-硅藻土	亚甲基蓝	［76］
	分子筛-聚铵阳离子	硫酸盐	［136］
	分子筛-聚丙烯酰胺	甲基叔丁基醚	［137］
	磁性分子筛-壳聚糖	Cr（Ⅵ）	［138］
	斜发沸石-壳聚糖	UO₂²⁺/Th⁴⁺	［139］
	TiO₂/分子筛	PO₄^3-	［140］
气相吸附	13X分子筛-活性炭	水蒸气	［141］
	MFI分子筛-硅藻土	苯	［77， 78］
	Beta-硅藻土	丙酮、乙酸乙酯、甲苯	［79］
	ZSM-5-MCM-41、ZSM-5-Silicalite-1	甲苯	［129］
	Y-ZSM-5	甲苯、环己烷、乙酸丁酯、甲基乙基酮、异丙醇	［142］
	ZSM-5-SBA-15	甲苯	［130］
多相催化	MFI@MFI	苯、甲醇	［47］
	TS-1-硅藻土	苯酚、H₂O₂	［64］
	FeZSM-5-聚苯胺	草甘膦	［143］
	ZSM-5-SBA-15	异丙苯裂解	［144］
	AC@ZSM-5	CH₄，轻质烃	［145］
	Beta@Y	VGO油加氢裂化	［146］
	Beta-MCM-41	甲苯-丙烯烷基化反应	［120］
	ZSM-5-SBA-15	二苯并噻吩加氢脱硫	［147］
	MCM-41-Beta	废油裂解	［148］
	Y-MCM-41	催化裂化	［149］
	HZSM-5@Al-MCM-41	正十二烷	［150］
	Beta-Y	NO	［151］