The first national evaluating of oil shale resource has been completed with consummation, which had lasted for two years from 2004 to 2006. The evaluation results were classified based on the differences of districts，buried stratum，oil yield，buried depth and geography environment in order to discover the distributing principles and features of oil shale. The evaluation result indicates that the oil shale resources are rich in China and distribute in a broad range. There are about 80 mines have been found in 20 provinces and 47 basins by now. In China, the total oil shale resources and shale oil resources are estimated at 7 199.37×10⁸ tons and 476.44×10⁸ tons， respectively. According to the evaluation result, Most of oil shale resource in China is enriched in the east and the mid area. Oil shale resource of the east area， the mid area， the Qinghai and Tibet area， the west area and the south area dedicate 48%(3 442.48×10⁸ tons)，22%(1 609.64×10⁸ tons)，17%(1 203.20×10⁸ tons)，10%(749.94×10⁸ tons)and 3% (194.61×10⁸ tons) of the total resources of China, respectively. In China, oil shale resource is enriched in Mesozoic and Cenozoic strata, which dedicates 77.76%(5 597.92×10⁸ tons) and 14.62%(1 052.31×10⁸ tons) of the total resources of China, respectively. The age of the oil shale in the northwest is younger than the southeast. The grade of oil shale (oil yield) ranges from middling to good. Oil shale resources of middling grade (>5%~10%) took 37% (2 664.35×10⁸ tons) of national total resources and the good grade (exceed 10%) took 18% (1 267×10⁸ tons). About 64.78%(4 663.53×10⁸ tons) resources are buried from the depth of 0 m to 500 m and 35.22%(2 535.86×10⁸ tons) were buried between the depth of 500 m to 1 000 m. In China, oil shale resource is enriched in the plain and loess land which took 45% (3 256.53×10⁸ tons) and 21%(1 562.86×10⁸ tons) of the national total resources, respectively.Oil shale basins with large resources are Songliao Basin,Ordos Basin and Jugger Basin,their resources covers 76.79% of the countrywide resources.

Oil shale resources are abundant in the world. The inplace shale oil resources, accounted from the world proven oil shale reserves, are much larger than the world crude oil proven reserves. US has the most abundant oil shale reserves in the world, the followings are: Russia, Zaire, Brazil, Canada, Jordan, Australia and China. The oil shale retorting for producing shale oil started since the first half of the nineteenth century in Western European countries. First retorting built in France, then England, Germany, Spain, etc. Hereafter, due to the development of cheaper crude oil, the shale oil production decreased. However, shale oil industry became active again due to the world oil crisis. During the history of more than one hundred years, oil shale industry waved several times. Today, China, Estonia and Brazil have their shale oil commercial production. Estonia, Germany, China and Israel have the oil shale combustion enterprises for producing steam and power. Since the recent higher world crude oil price, the shale oil production in many countries becomes profitable. China, Estonia and some other countries are planning to enlarge the shale oil production; Mongolia, Jordan, etc., are considering to build up shale oil plant; US intended to utilize his plentiful oil shale resources.

Shortage of petroleum is the “bottleneck” of economical development. As the import amount of petroleum increases continually, the risk of relying on external factors aggravates significantly. Among those methods of ensuring the supply of liquid fuel, shale oil is a realistic energy substitute for petroleum. According to the recent result of the countrywide oil & gas resources evaluation, China has abundant oil shale resources and the advantage to develop the industry of oil shale. The history of shale oil industry has lasted for centuries,and lots of studies have been done on it. Since the last century, researches on the oil shale have been carried out in many courtiers. There is a good technical base of processing the shale oil into other kinds of products. We should cherish and protect the precious oil shale resources and develop the advanced and benign environmental retorting techniques based on the situation of our country. We should make good use of oil shale resources and contribute to our national economy.

Oil shale, as an important substitute of energy resource, has caught people’s great attentions for its large resources and multipurpose utilizations. Oilshale deposits are found in America，Australia，Brazil，Russia，Canada，China, Estonian, etc. The oil shale formed in a variety of marine, continental, and lacustine depositional environments from Cambrian to Tertiary. According to the current world resources status of oil shale, total resources of oilshale deposits in 33 selected countries are estimated at 4 110×108 tons of shale oil. In China, oil shale resources have been found in 22 provinces (districts), 47 basins and 80 mines, and mostly concentrate in Jilin Province, Guangdong Province, Liaoning Province, Shandong Province, Xinjiang Municipality and Hainan Province. Most of oil shale in China formed in lacustine depositional environments during Cenozoic. On the base of improving technology, the best way for multipurpose utilization of oil shale is to integrate the oilrefining, chemicals production, generation of electricity, metal refining and building materials production. At this point, the oil shale has great multipurpose development potential.

One of the key processes of the resource appraisement is to ascertain and evaluate the criterion of evaluation parameters. It is manifested by the first nationwide oil shale resource appraisement that the key parameters for the oil shale quality assessment are mainly concerned with oil yield(ω), desiccationbased ash productivity(A^g）, lower thermal value(Q^g_DW） and whole sulphur percentage(S^g_Q). The key parameters of the oil shale resource appraisement consist of orebed recoverable thickness(H), orebody effective area(S), orebody weight(D) and orebody resource types, etc. Different parameters have various meanings and evaluation criterions. With respect to characterizing the different geological features of the single project control point, massive oil shale rock or single layer oil shale, etc., there are certain discrepancies in the methods of evaluating various parameters and calculating formulas as well. Different parameters and calculating methods should be selected according to the various purposes during the estimation of the oil shale resources.

The oil shale technology mining coefficient is the pivotal parameter when the oil shale resources are converted into the oil shale technique mining resources. Because the underground oil shale mining in our country is limited either in mining number or at mining scale, there is no experience as reference. The oil shale mining techniques are similar to the coal mining techniques. By analyzing the influence factors of the oil shale technique mining coefficient and referring to the recovery criterion of underground and surface coal mining which is regulated in the coal mining criterion, the choose value criterion of the oil shale technique mining coefficient was established under different conditions (the mining manner，thickness of oil shale layer，obliquity and geologic types) and different resource types. The influence factors of oil shale technology mining coefficient consist of mining manners (surface or underground mining), thickness (folium, middlethick layer or thick layer), obliquity (slow slope, slope or urgent slope) and geologic types (simpleness, middling or complexity). Different reliability coefficients (1.0~0.5) were specified when the oil shale technology mining coefficient was ascertained for different resource types (13 kinds). The technology mining coefficients of oil shale at surface and underground are ascertained between 95.0% and 42.5% and between 75% and 22.5%，respectively. Finally, this resource evaluation process was applied in Luozigou Basin in Wangqing, Jilin Province as an example.

In order to evaluate the oil shale in the southern Songliao Basin using the logging data of the drilled wells, the logging response characteristics of the oil shale in the second member of the Nenjiang Formation in southern Songliao Basin were analyzed. The advantage of the continuity of logging data was fully utilized, and the data of the organiccarbon content and their logging response characteristics of the cores from 93 oil shale in 5 wells were used to establish the quantitative formula between the organiccarbon content and the oil yield(T^a=0.548 6TOC+0.18) and among △logR, natural gamma ray and organic carbon content (TOC=6.262 8×△logR+1.05) of the oil shale in the second member of the Nenjiang Formation. The oil yield model of the oil shale is also set up as T^a=0.5468a×△logR＋0.548 6×△TOC＋0.18 to quantitatively evaluate the oil shale based on logging data. The calculated oil yield of the oil shale is continuous and is almost same as their real oil yield, which thus solves the problem of having no oil yield data before, and provides rational oil yield and thickness of the oil shale for evaluation of the oil shale in the southern Songliao Basin.

The development and utilization of oil shale in Fushun has lasted for more than 70 years. Fushun possesses a dominant position during the development of national oil shale industry. The authors briefly discuss the geological formation conditions of Fushun oil shale based on a lot of oil shale basic parameters. All the oil shale samples were measured by volumeweight measurement, industrial analysis, lowtemperature resorting, calorific capacity measurement, ash fusing point measurement, ash composition analysis and element analysis. The test results show that volumeweight is 1.4～2.7 t/m³, oil yield is 1.17％～20.70% and calorific capacity is 0.45～11.18 MJ/kg. The color of most of oil shale ranges from light brown to deep brown. The deeper the color of oil shale is, the higher the oil yield is. During low temperature resorting, there is the highest tar/shale ratio at 510℃. The organic substance of oil shale mainly consists of C, H, O, N. The inorganic material mainly contains Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg. The associated elements mainly include Ti, Zr, Ge, Ga. The ash of oil shale is mainly made up of SiO₂, Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃, CaO, MgO and SO₃. Among them, the content of SiO₂ is the highest, then Al₂O₃ and Fe₂O₃.

Based on drilling cores and analysis data, the industrial qualities, types of organic materials and distribution characteristics of the oil shale in the Tanshanling area are discussed. The metallogenic model of the oil shale has been set up based on analyzing controlling factors of the oil shale. Research indicates that the high quality oil shale of the fourth mumber developed in a transgression period and belong to sapropelichumic type of oil shale of lacustrinebog facies. The oil shale of the third mumber developed in highstand system tract, and its genetic type is of humosapropelic of shallow lacustrine facies. The development of the oil shale in the Tanshanling area was apparently controlled by the tectonic evolution, sedimentary environment and paleotopograph of the area then.

The Chang 7 member of the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin contains wealthy of oil shale resources. It is mostly distributed in the southern part of the basin and the thickness of these layers is from 15 to 30 meters (with the thickest exceeds 40 meters) with 5% to 10% oil yield. The development of the Ordos Basin reached its culmination in the sedimentary period of the Yanchang Formation and the lake basin was largest in area during the Chang 7 epoch. Based on the research on the relationship between the distribution of oil shale and the character of sedimentary facies during Chang 7 epoch, we suggest that the distribution of oil shale is remarkably controlled by the depositional environment then. The oil shale of the Chang 7 member formed under deep lake to half deep lake environment are of higher oil yield and of thicker and wider distribution range. The Chang 7 member in the Ordos Basin is very rich in oil shale resource and the volume of the shale oil resources is 10 476×10⁸t. Moreover, because the structure of the Ordos Basin is simple, their exploitation conditions are good. So the Chang 7 member of the Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin is potential for prospecting and exploitation.

The authors discuss the geochemical characteristics and genesis of the Dalianhe oil shale in both the coal and the oil shale members. The oil shale in the two members are quite similar in geochemistry in that both are of high percentage of SiO₂, Al₂O₃ and Fe₂O₃ (middle to difficult lava silicon ash ), ratios of Mn/Ti less than 0.1, Sr/Ba between 0.1 and 0.5 and V/Ni between 2.6 and 7.0. The organic styles are mainly composed of sapropel humus. OEP values of nalkanes are between 1.55 and 3.67, showing outstanding odd carbon number distribution, with nC₂₃ and nC₂₉ as the highest peaks. Average Pr/Ph ratio is up to 2.30, indicating pristine dominance. Pr/nC₁₇ ratios are between 1.18 and 3.20. All these characteristics reflect the oil shale in the two members are deposited in a fresh water, lakeswamp, alongshore and lower oxygen and anoxic environment condition. The parent material styles from the coal member are richer in hydrogenous component related to wetnesslike flora, which is the main reason for the quality difference of the oil shale in the two members.

The Maoming Basin belongs to a half grabenlike faulting basin of extension regime. The oil shales are found both in the Palaeogene Youganwo Formation and in the Neocene Shangcun Formation. The Youganwo Formation is the main mining horizon where the oil shale lies on the top of coal beds. The sedimentary environment of the oil shale belongs to a moderate deep lake system. The Jintang mine in the Maoming Basin is located in the richest center of the basin. A fault trending northwest controlled the buried depth, distribution and oreforming process of the oil shale. Affected by the sedimentary environment and their provenances, the oil yield of the Youganwo Formation is commonly within a range of 5％ and 9％, up to 13％; the oil yield of the Shangcun Formation changes in a range of 3.5％ and 6.5％, averaged at 4.5％.

Oil shale is an important substitute resource and the oil shale resources in Songliao and adjacent basins in NE China are quite rich. According to the uptodate research, shale oil resources in the Songliao Basin could reach about 57.84 gigaton if the oil shale resources are counted into shale oil resources. At present, the exploitation and production of the oil shale in the NE China are still concentrated in some old oil shale bases, and small openpit and underground mining with high cost and low production are very common. Also, the present outputs of the oil shale is below the historical high, thus do not match with the abundant resources in the area. At the same time, the huge oil shale resources and the possible rich return have drawn many domestic and overseas investors to contest the oil shale resources in the Songliao and adjacent Basins, therefore, these bring many serious problems in turn, such as the outoforder competition of oil shale resources and resource wasting, etc. Hence, China should make a longterm programming, strengthening the scientific management of oil shale resources and promoting the reasonable exploitation and utilization of the oil shale resources.

The huge reserves of oil shale were detected long time ago at the northern foot of the Bogeda Mountain, but unfortunately, their research degree is relatively low. The oil shale occurs in Upper Permian Lucaogou Formation formatted in the highstand systems tract (HST) of deeplake facies, and belongs to the oil shale of low oilgenerating ratio and high volatilization. Based on data of organic element analysis and pyrolysis analysis, the genetic type of the oil shale are classified into mainly sapropelic type (I type) and humussaproptlic type (II₁ type) by the crossplot method. In the Later Permian period, the Sangonghe was the depositional center of the area. The Sangonghe area is believed to be the most favorable sites for further exploitation and development for huge reserves，high oil yield and simple exploiting conditions anticipated.

Coal and oil shale occur alternatively and cyclically in the Paleogene Huangxian faulted Basin. The oil shale, lack of bedding structure, is mostly brown black, brownishblack in colour and appears as compact, rigid masses. The content of organic materials is up to 45% and consists mainly of kerogen of I type. Reconstruction of the Palaeoecology in the Paleogene Huangxian faulted Basin indicates that periodical marine invasion dominated. Oil shale was formed in semisaline or saline water environments caused by commixture of sea water (salty water) with fresh water. While the salt water is mixed up by the fresh water, gelatinous function related to the mixing of two waters resulted in the formation of the oil shale. When the base of the basin subsided quickly with marine invasion, oil shale was deposited. When the subsiding of the basin base became slow down, no marine invasion was found and the basin was dominated by a peat swamp environment in which coal beds were deposited. The cyclic sedimentation of the coal and oil shale was caused by changing subsiding rates of the basin, periodical aggression and retrogression of seawater.

Changpo oil shale exploration area, a subunit of south depression in Beibuwan Basin, locates in the north of Hainan Island. Sedimentary strata in this area mainly consist of Neogene continental strata and marine strata. The Changpo Formation is divided into five lithological segments. Oil shale imbedding with lignite was deposited in the fourth segment. The sedimentary characteristics indicate the oil shale deposited in lacustrineswamp environment and turfswamp environment. The oil shale beds are flat and the tectonic structure is simple. The oil shale is subdivided into three layers. Research on depositional characteristics and forming environment indicates that oil shale was formed in warm and wet continental lakeswamp environment.

The Nongan oil shale mine lies in the southeastern rising area of the Songliao Basin and oil shale was mainly hosted in the 1st member of the Upper Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation and the 1st-2nd member of the the Upper Cretaceous Nenjiang Formation. The oil shale in the area is good in quality and is in immature lithogenic stage. The kerogen types of the organic matter of the oil shale are Ⅰ-Ⅱ₁ types. Oil yield of the oil shale are apparently, linearly, and positively related to the content of organic carbon and hydrogen in the oil shale. When the content of the organic carbon is more than 6% or the content of hydrogen in rocks is more than 1%, then they can be classified as oil shale. Moreover, the maceral of organic kerogen can reflect the type of organic matter, which also has relation to oil yield. During the sedimentary period of the Qingshankou-Nenjiang Formations, humidwarm palaeoclimate conditions, largescale marine aggression and oxygendeficient events affected the abundance and types of the organic matter in oil shales, thus, also affected the oil yield of the oil shale apparently.

The contents of platinum group elements (PGEs) in the oil shale from Jilin Province were determined by the inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The chemical characteristics, correlation of PGE to the inorganic components and the distribution model of the PGE in the oil shale samples were described and reviewed in this paper. By comparing the average contents of PGE in oil shale with the abundance of PGE in the earth's crust and in the exposed crust in East China, clearly Rh, Ru, Ir are enriched in the oil shale samples, and the abundance of Rh, Ir is about 10 times richer than that of the earth crust. The distribution of PGEs in the oil shale is characterized by Pt-Pd pattern，and generally Pt is richer than Pd. The positive relationship between PGEs and inorganic components shows that the PGEs probably occur in clay minerals such as kaolinite, glimmerton in adsorbed state.

Major, rare earth and trace elements and mineral composition of the oil shale and the oil shale residue from the Huadian area, Jilin Province were determined by XRD,XFS and ICP-MS methods. The results show that the REE contents in the oil shale is poorer than the average of North Americia shales (NASC).The chondritenormalized REE patterns show a negative gradient and the average(La/Yb)_N ration of the oil shale is highter than 1, reflecting higher LREE contents. The REE curve normalized by NASC is horizontal and the average (La/Yb)_S ration of the oil shale is close to 1. REE fractionation is not clear. Normalized by chondrites and NASC, remarkable positive Eu anomalies are found. The average contents of trace elements in the oil shale samples, when compared with those in NASC and the average of the earth's crust, are richer in Sb,Nb,Cs,Zn,Bi and W. The contents of both REE and trace elements in the oil shale residue are higher than those in oil shale.

The Dalianhe oil shale mine lies in the Yilan area of Heilongjiang Province, which is a halfgraben faulted basin. The Paleogene Dalianhe Formation makes up a complete succession of the 3rd order. The oil shales were developed during transgression and highstand systems tract, and were developed in subdeep lacustrine environments. The oil shales are associated with and lie on a coal layer of turfyswampy facies. Their oil yield is between 3.75% and 8.37%. This high quality oil shales are of better exploitation value. Bad lacustrine oil shales were developed on the upper part of coal layers with extensive extension and stable horizon and their oil yield is less than 3.5%. The genetic types of oil shales in the area under research are of humus and mixed type. According to the industrial division criterion of the oil shale, the oil shales of the Dalianhe Formation belonged to the middle oil yield with lowash.

Renziping seg is a subdepression of Cenozoic Qinxian Basin in Guangxi Province. Oil shale exploration area situates on the southwest margin of the basin. The oil shale associating with lignite formed in Yongning Series of Neozoic. The oil shale developed in lacustrineswamp environment under subtropical-tropical paleoclimate. Controlled by the tectonic activity, the development center of the oil shale is the deposit center in the seg. The oil shale stratum doesn’t suffer great damages during the later fault movements. Most of oil shale has the shape like lenticular and sill. In Renziping seg, the oil shale may have the potential for industrial use because of its high oil yield and shallow buried depth.

The Fushun Basin is located in the FushunMishan fracture zone, the later being the eastern branch of the northern extension of the famous Tanlu Fault. The oil shale is up to 200 meter thick and can be divided into the upper richer and the lower lean oil shale layer based on their oil yield. Horizontal beddings were developed in highgrade oil shale whose oil yield usually are between 5%~8% and up to 12%. There are little beddings in the lowgrade oil shale layers with oil yield of less than 3%. Geochemical analysis indicates that the organic carbon content is higher in the oil shale, with a maximum up to 13.1%. The oil shale contains Ⅰ-Ⅱtypes of kerogen with low maturity. The oil shalebearing succession in the basin underwent six stages of evolution: initial rifting, accelerated rifting, stably rifting, moderately rifting, slowly rifting and terminating rifting. Synthetic analysis indicates that both the lean and rich oil shale were formed in a shallow lake environment when the surrounding margins of the basin underwent higher leveling and when limited material was provided into the basin. However, the former was formed when the base of the basin subsided relatively quickly and when the organic material accumulation rate was not too high. The latter was formed when the base of the basin subsided slowly and when the organic material accumulation rate was very high.

The oil shale is hosed in the upper part of the Low Cretaceous Dalazi Formation. The sedimentary environment of the oil shale belongs to subdeep lacustrinedeep lacustrine facies based on comprehensive field investigation. The oil shale is mainly distributed in the vicinity of the Songjiang Syncline axis. Inferred from analyzing organic geochemistry of the oil shale samples, it is clear that the organic matter types of the oil shale in the Songjiang basin are of humic（Ⅰ）-humicsapropel (Ⅱ₁) types of immature lithogenic stage. With oil yield between 3.62％ and 4.02％, the oil shale in the basin is of some industrial significance.

The oil shale of Wulidui Formation in the Wucheng Basin, Tongbai occurs as brownblack, thin and soft slices with an average oil yield up to 6.2%. Many sparsely disseminated and nodular pyrite can be found in the oil shales. With the oil shale occurring in the bottom, trona, salt, dolomite and silty mud rock also the oil shale make up many sedimentary rhythms. The study show that the oil shale was formed in a closed intermountainal basin under muggy climate, stable tectonic environment and sparse supply of terrestrial debrics. Standing water featured by week deoxidizedeoxidize and brackish watersaltwater is suggested for their deposition. Within a prevailing dry, but sometimes with drywet alternated, closed intermountainal basin, the oil shale of Wulidui Formation, together with trona, salt, dolomite and silty mud rock, underwent a climatic variation circle from hothumid →dryheat→ intensively dryheat→dryheat→hothumid.

The basic physicochemical characteristics of the Huadian oil shales were investigated in detail by a variety of experimental methods. The surface structure of the oil shales was measured with SEM. The properties of the oil shales such as density, grindability, ash characteristics, specific heat capacity, oil yield and so on were also investigated. In addition, the pyrolysis and combustion characteristics of the oil shales were also measured using the thermal gravitational analysis apparatus. The results show that the Huadian oil shale is a kind of lowgrade fuel with high ash, high volatile and low calorific value. Oil shale quality differs in different mine areas. By comparison, the Dachengzi’s were better than the Gonglangtou’s. Based on experimental results, pyrolysis and combustion kinetic models related were proposed. The results show the oil shale pyrolysis reaction is to be described by the first order kinetics. And different reaction orders at different temperature is required to describe the combustion reaction of the oil shales.

South China includes ten provinces(municipality), such as Guangdong, Hainan, Yunnan, south of Yangzi River of Jiangsu, and so on. Present resource evaluation indicates that oil shale of south China are distributed in twelve basins, seventeen oil shale deposits, twentythree prospecting units and ten predicting units in seven provinces(municipality), including Guangdong, Hainan and Guangxi, and so on. Oil shale resource of South China is estimated at about 203.62×10⁸t, with converted shale oil of about 11.93×10⁸t. Among them discovered resource is estimated at about 94.21×10⁸t, account for 25.34％ of China total oil shale discovered; proved resource of South China is estimated at about 45.60×10⁸t, account for 58％ of China total oil shale resource proved. Oil shale resource of South China is mainly located in small halfgraben basins of Cenozoic and Mesozoic, their quality is better and oil yield could reach 5% to 10%. In order to exploit and utilize oil shale effectively, ten best target units, three better target units and nine good target units are selected based on multiparameters optimization standards and queuing results of oil shale exploitation targets. Combined the comprehensive optimization queuing results, traffic and geographical, and exploitation condition, four development targets in the near future (including the Yangjiao intense exploration area) and five development target reservation (including the Yangjiao well field of the Maoming coalfield) are determined in South China.

The original commentary is about typical technologies for oil shale retorting. Firstly, the authors make a brief introduction about gas heat carrier such as Petrosix, Kiviter, SGR, Joseco and Fushuntype retorts. Then, solid heat carrier such as Galoter，Tosco-Ⅱ，LR，ATP and DG process were described in detail. Obviously that the future development of new technologies based on traditional processes are prospected. It is very important to take environmental protection into consideration at the stage of select process.

A new procedure, termed as insitu (inground)conversion process(ICP), is to drill several specific wells on the selective volume of shale oil bodies and to break the complex hydrocarbon chain insitu to gain shale oil. This technology adaptive to exploiting oil shale not only scarcely cost ground, but also do not destroy surroundings and pollute the atmosphere.

The resources of oil shale is extremely rich in Huadian city and Nongan county, Jilin Province. The authors preliminarily introduced a new technique to produce ultra light ceramisite with the oil shale dregs as main raw material in Shifan Electricity Plant with a new experimental equipment developed by ourselves. This equipment can produce normal ceramisite with the similar quality as the products of the rotary kiln. In addition, small ceramic slag can be produced. The working efficiency is promoted by several dozens times than existing burnexpand experiment method but the labor intensity significantly decreases. A ceramisite factory crafts with annual productivity of 200 000 cubic meters using domestic ceramisite production equipment were designed here. The surplus heat of the rotary kiln two extremities were reused in a feasible way.The content of SiO₂, Al₂O₃, R₂O in oil shale are moderate and the content of C is very low. The ceramisite density can be controlled by adjusting the quantity of the froth agent. Ceramisite & ceramic slag range with density from 300 kg/m³ to 500 kg/m³ can be produced at the temperature ranging from 1 030℃ to 1 100℃.