At 14:28 on May 12, 2008, the M_s8.0 Wenchuan-Yingxiu great earthquake in Longmenshan orogenic zone shocked the worldwide. An overthrust rupture zone has formed which is hitherto the most complicated in 3D spatial distributions and the longest in horizontal extension(NE). The authors analyse and discuss the ruptures induced on the ground and in the depth near source media area under the stresses. The formation of this “rupture chain” and radiation effects are also emphasized. The viewpoint about this earthquake mechanism is put forward based on studies about deep medium and structure environment and dynamical process of the earthquake preparation, generation and development. The earthquake generating faults of the M_s8.0 Wenchuan-Yingxiu earthquake are 3 west-dipped ground faults within Longmenshan fault system which extended together in depth with different angles. The substance from lower crust and upper mantle cover in Songpan-Ganzi area of northeast Tibetan Plateau reduced its thickness to the southeast and rose along Longmenshan fault system under the barrier effect of rigid crust and mantle of Sichuan basin. The 3 faults and the substances then collided strongly and formed a deep converage fault zone in NE direction at the depth of (15±5) km. This fault belt is the origin causing the Wenchuan 8.0 earthquake and all its  aftershocks. Hence, one or more faults on the ground should not be simply considered as earthquake generating fault, because earthquake source is of volume behavior. The survey and analysis about shallow process such as ground rupture and secondary disaster of the earthquake are very important for recovery production and reconstruct rehabilitate ones homeland. The long-term observation about rupture effects on the ground or in deep well can capture initial micro-rupture and deep dynamical process of formation of rupture chain at the depth of source in strong active areas of earthquake. It will be an important way for imminent earthquake prediction. It must be pointed out that, the environment of deep medium and structure environment and processes of brewing and generation of strong earthquakes are very important for the seismogenesis.

Based on plate tectonics theory and synthesis of available geological and geophysical data, the authors suggest that the southern part of Northern Asian orogenic region should be divided into five paleoplates, i. e. Siberian, Kazakstan, Burean-Jiamusi, Tarim and Sino-Korean paleoplates, and each of them may be further subdivided into paleo-intracontinental and paleo-pericontinental regions. And then, composition and evolution of those paleo-plates, and several other issues such as Mongolian arch tectonics, basement of Junggar basin, and tectonic division of Beishan area and its connection to adjiacent areas are briefly discussed. Some new ideas are put forwards, which include that the Inner Mongolian geological axis should be a composite orogenic belt, that the Mongol-Okhotsk orogenic belt is not a suture between paleoplates, that there was a Great North China continent in the Late Paleozoic， and that precursors, paleo-oceans include the Paleo-Pacific ocean which occurred following the super-continental disintegration in the Early Meso-Proterozoic and the Paleo-Asian ocean opened in the Late Neoproterozoic.

Major and trace element analyses of amphiboles from the peridotite xenolith entrained by early Cretaceous high-Mg^# diorites in western Shandong and southern Taihang Mountains (Mts.) were carried out with the aim of constraining the nature and derivation of the melt modifying lithospheric mantle. The results indicate that these amphiboles within the peridotite xenoliths are of metasomatic origin. Chemically, they belong to calcic amphibole group. The amphiboles from the peridotite xenoliths in the Fushan intrusion of southern Taihang Mts. are magnesio-hornblende, edenite, and edenitic hornblende, whereas ones from the peridotite xenoliths in the Tietonggou intrusion of western Shandong are pargasitic hornblende, edenitic hornblende, and magnesio-hastingsitic hornblende. Compared with amphiboles from the intraplate lithospheric mantle, ones from the peridotite xenoliths entrained by early Cretaceous high-Mg^# diorites in the southern Taihang Mts. and western Shandong are characterized by high Mg^# values (western Shandong: 86.0-90.8; southern Taihang Mts.: 90.7-94.2) and SiO₂ contents (western Shandong: 44.04%-46.98%; southern Taihang Mts.:47.09%-49.79%), and relatively low Na₂O (1.92%-2.51%) and TiO₂ contents (0.01%-1.46%), as well as low Nb (0.29×10^-6-1.98 ×10^-6) and Zr abundances (1.61×10^-6-5.34×10^-6), similar to those from the suprasubduction lithospheric mantle. Taken together with geochemical characteristics of these peridotite xenoliths, it is suggested that the lithospheric mantle had been modified by the melt derived from the delaminated lower continental crust in the early Cretaceous.

The Tongbai complex is situated between two Indosinian high-pressure (HP) metamorphic belts in the Tongbai area. This complex has long been thought to experience metamorphism during the Precambrian. Owing to the lack of petrological and geochronological data, the nature and metamorphic process of the Tongbai complex remain unclear. By the detailed geological survey in the field, the garnet-bearing amphibolite and gneiss enclaves were discovered in the Tongbai complex. The studies show that the reaction textures were not developed in such metamorphic enclaves, although some main minerals have been affected by the late low temperature diffusion. Thermobarometry suggests that the peak metamorphism of the rocks reached upper amphibolite facies conditions of 560-670 ℃ and 0.57-0.90 GPa. Geochronological data indicate that the metamorphism took place during the Indosinian, whereas the hosting granitic gneisses of the Tongbai complex were emplaced during the Early Yanshanian. Since no HP/UHP evidence has been found in the metamorphic enclaves, whether these rocks are retrograde products of the HP/UHP rocks, or only medium-pressure rocks metamorphosed at the mid to lower crustal levels, further research is needed to answer this question.

Geochronology is the key to study the temporal-spacial evolution of geological bodies and continental geodynamics, and the U-Pb method of accessory minerals is one of the generally-used dating methods. The U-bearing accessory minerals commonly occur in all kinds of rocks, and their U-Pb ages provide an indication of the timing of geological events which took place during the evolution of their host geological bodies. However, the result of TIMS U-Pb dating is bulk analysis and gives an average age of the sample. With the development of the instrument sciences and analysis technique, the in-situ U-Pb dating has been a dominant trend of the U-Pb chronology development. Comparing with zircon, the other accessory minerals have a more complicated U-Pb isotopic system often with high content of common lead. Based on the reading of updated references and our relative studies, the authors review the advance of the in-situ U-Pb dating methods of accessory minerals and the correction of common lead, in order to accelerate the studies of the in-situ U-Pb dating of accessory minerals and its application to the geological research in China.

Based on the study on the present characteristics of pressure field and excess pressure evolution of a single well in the Moliqing fault-depression in the Yitong basin, the formation pressure evolution of the Moliqing fault-depression is restored by using the method of 2D basin modeling, and the relationships between pressure evolution and tectonic movement, and hydrocarbon migration and accumulation are further discussed. The results indicate that the formation pressure evolution in the study area has obviously undergone three cycles of accumulation and expulsion, which occurred during the Early Eocene to Middle Eocene (57.8-39 Ma), the Middle Eocene to Late Oligocene (39-23.7 Ma), and the Late Oligocene to present (23.7-0 Ma). The present formation pressure is mainly normal except for low overpressure at the bottom of the Kaoshan depression. The cycles of pressure are controlled by the cycles of tectonic movements. Pressure evolution has an important influence on hydrocarbon migration and accumulation because hydrocarbon migration and accumulation occurred actively during overpressure expulsion. Fault is the major channel for overpressure expulsion and hydrocarbon migration. Hence the areas that developed fault conduit systems are the favorable targets for hydrocarbon exploration in the Moliqing fault-depression.

Defining the hydrocarbon migration period and the path is a key to the analysis of oil and gas reservoir．The time and space distribution characteristics of hydrocarbon migration and the accumulation kinetics of the western slope of Yuanyanggou sub-sag are determined, through homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions，simulation and paleo-geothermal history and petroleum inclusions particles index GOI statistics. The results show that the Hydrocarbon migration times of the western slope of the Yuanyanggou sub-sag are Ed₂，Ed₁ and Nm，of which the Ed₂ and Ed₁ are two main stages．A basin modeling study further shows that the Shahejie Group began to produce oil at the end of Es₁， but large-scale oil and gas expulsion and accumulation started during the Ed period．The statistical and analysis indicate that the high-value areas of GOI (GOI>5%) is favorable areas for hydrocarbon accumulation, and Huanxiling and Shuangnan oilfields are in the GOI>5% region．A perfect time and space distribution characteristics of hydrocarbon migration may be determined by the information from enclosure and basin modelling.

Based on the study of K₁qn¹ source rock development and hydrocarbon-expulsion characteristics, overpressure and its distributing characteristicss, T₂ source fault and its distributing characteristics of Fu-Yang oil layer in Sanzhao depression, the match of source rock, overpressure and fault and its controlling effects on hydrocarbon accumulation and distribution have been studied. It is concluded that the match of K₁qn¹ source rock and its internal overpressure controls the range of oil accumulation and distribution, the vertical match of overpressure and T₂ source fault controls the depth and layer of oil accumulation，the plane match of overpressure and T₂ source fault controls the site of oil accumulation in Fuyang oil layer. It is considered that ①oil mainly accumulates in the area where T₂ source fault abundant in the zone of oil migration downward; ②the more closer and the more shorter distance from faults, the more abundant oil is  in the zone of oil migration downward; ③oil mainly accumulates in the lower wall of T₂ source fault in the zone of oil migration downward.

To ascertain sandstone diagenesis of the Yanchang Formation and its effects on physical properties, multiple analysis methods were adopted, including general  slice and casting slice identification of sandstone, scan electron microscope， X-ray diffraction, etc. The result shows that feldspar sandstone is the main sandstone type, with low composition maturation and high fabric maturation，and compaction is one of the main causes for porosity losses，and the primary porosity loses further under cementation which is also the main cause of this compact sandstone， especially， cabonate，secondly，quartz increasing margin and kaolinite，but cementation of chlorite film can restrain compaction and is benifical to preserve primary porosity. Physical properties of sandstone reserviors can be improved by dissolution，especially，of feldspar during the later period of diagenesis. Diagenesis reaches A-period of later diagenesis stage，secondary porosity developed by dissolution is one of the main porosity-type of this period，where it is developed well is the favourable reserviors area.

Oil shale in the Lower Cretaceous in the Yin’e basin occurs in the second and third members of the Bayingebi Formation. By using borehole core and analysis data, the physics, quality, geochemistry, organic geochemistry and distribution of the oil shale from Bayingebi Formation have been studied, and the sedimentary environment, yield power of palaolake, tectonic and paleoclimate of the oil shale also have been studied. The study results indicate that the oil shale from Bayingebi Formation is of low oil-bearing rate, middle volatilization and low generate heat. Oil shale may be divided into four oil layers. The main oil layer shale were developed during highstand system tract. The genetic type of the oil shale are sapropelic and humus type of deep lake. The concentration of the oil shale was controlled by tectonic evolution, sedimentary environment, paleoclimate and paleo-topograph.

We reported the major and trace element data of the granites from the Sulu orogenic belt. The granites are characterized by high SiO₂ contents varying from 71.3% to 74.5％, enrichment in alkali, potassium and LREE, but depletion in HREE, with negative Eu anomalies(δEu=0.51-0.61). In addition to these, the granites have high Ga/Al(×10⁴) ratios (2.85-3.41) , and Zr+Nb+Ce+Y contents (384-714)×10^-6. On primitive mantle-normalized spider diagrams, the granites show positive Rb,Th,K,La,Nd,Hf,Zr and Pb anomalies and negative Ba,Ta,P and Ti anomalies. This indicates that these granites are peraluminous, typical A-type granites. These A-type granites could be derived from partial melting of the enriched lithospheric mantle beneath the North China Craton (NCC). The magma underwent intense mineral fractional crystallization such as plagioclase, K-feldspar, biotite, and apatite, but no crustal contamination. The calculated zircon saturation temperatures (TZr) for A-type granites are between 876℃ and 961℃, representing the crystalline temperature of the magma.

The volcanic rocks of the Shuangxiwu Group of Mesoproterozoic in Zhangcun, Zhejiang Province are the important part of the Jiangnan orogen. The Beiwu Group in the bottom mainly consists of intermediate-basic to intermediate-acid tuff, the Yanshan Group in the middle is made of sedimentary tuff, and the Zhangcun Group in the top consists mainly of the intermediate-acid and acid ignimbrites, which together compose a complete evolvement sequences from intermediate-basic to acid volcanic rocks. It is proved that they were formed in an island-arc environment by the evidence of petrochemistry and geochemistry of trace and rare elements, and the arc shows growing and maturing gradually from bottom to top. According to the analysis and survey results, it is concluded that the volcanic rock series of the Shuangxiwu Group maybe undergo the 3 processes. The first was Beiwu period of volcanic arc continental eruption, and the second was Yanshan period of the intermittent intra-arc basin sedimentation, and the third was Zhangcun period of continental volcanic arc extrusion and explosion. After the continuing volcanic activities, the Longmenshan island arc was undergone the compaction and folding orogeny, related to the Rodinia supercontinental assemblage orogeny.

In the middle section of the Himalaya belt, lenticular or pudding granulites are exposed  intermittently in some weak strained areas, while the country rocks have been strongly deformed, as indicated by their mylonite foliations and schistosity. Due to the strongly ductile shear deformation and obviously controlled by the ductile shear zone,  some mylonite occurs with the characteristics as shear lens shaped, stripy distributing and local concentrating.The granulite can be sorted into four types according to the mineral assemblage, and among which, the primary minerals such as orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, plagioclase, hornblende and garnet show the characteristics of kinked, flatten, elongating, subgrain, marginal dynamic recrystallization and other strongly plastic deformation micro-structures. The study make it clear that the output of here granulite has relationship with the intrusion of the remelting granite and the movement of the STDS. So it can be considered that during the continental dynamic course of absolutely-temperature and dropping-pressure when Himalaya orogenic belt fast uplifting and orogen,  the lower crust basic granulite quickly move up to the earth’s surface, as the same time, the lower crust laminar flow and the action of orogenic belt uplifting-detachment-orogen leads to the granulite facies metamorphism.

The authors report the results of study on the crystal habit and texture of vernadite in a co-rich crust from the Central Pacific Ocean using the JEM-6700F and JSM-2000FX. The results show that vernadites generally occur as a schistose singgle crystal, and schistose or scaly aggregates, and that the single schistose is 30-50 nm in size. The single and trilling crystals electron diffraction patterns of vernadites, i.e., d=0.142 9 nm, were obtained by JEM-2000FX.  Fe³⁺, Co³⁺, and Ni³⁺ exist in vernadite as high spin. Co³⁺, Ni³⁺, and Cu³⁺ are easy to substitute for Mn⁴⁺ in vernadite in a complete isomorphous form. Mn⁴⁺ is replaced by Fe³⁺ in a limited isomorphous pattern. The reaction is 3Mn⁴⁺=4Co³⁺(Ni³⁺、Cu³⁺、Fe³⁺), reaching the total electrovalent equilibrium in the system.

The Yiwulüshan metamorphic core complex（YMCC） has typical three-layered structures: a metamorphic core, a middle ductile rheological bed and a cover bed of brittle deformation in the hanging wall. The middle ductile rheological bed is composed of the Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic sedimentary rocks and is important part of the YMCC, distributing in the Eastern, Northern and Southern parts of YMCC. Middle ductile rheological bed was deformed by metamorphosed in lower greenschist facies, forming varied bedding rheological fabrics. The data of fluid inclusion analysis of the syntectonic quartz veins in the middle ductile rheological bed suggest a homogenization temperature of 150-170 ℃, density of 0.96-0.98 g/cm³, pressure of 40-50 MPa, and a depth of 5-6 km. According to these new data presented, the deformation of the middle ductile rheological bed must have occurred under a lower temperature environment in the upper crust level, mainly representing brittle-ductile deformation.

Tracer test as an important hydrogeology test, are widely used to explore the hydraulic connectivity underground, measure the groundwater flow velocity. According to the fast flow in karst aquifer, a mathematic model based on the dilution function of convection is proposed. By means of this model and the linear relationship between electricity conductivity and solution concentration, the authors can easily and accurately calculate the groundwater runoff of source well and the tracer concentration in the original groundwater. In this case study, the runoff of source well which in Chenqi of Houzhai underground river basin is 0.241 2 m³/min. Furthermore, supplemented with necessary hydrogeology investigation, the groundwater flow velocity and aquifer conductivity can be estimated.

In view of the diversity of the water quality evaluation and incompatibility of evaluating results given by single index, the authors establish the groundwater quality evaluation model using the matter-element and extension method. As an example, the authors conduct a comprehensive evaluation of groundwater quality to the shallow groundwater in Lishu plain areas. Through the calculation of the integrated degree of association and extension index, the results show that the groundwater has been polluted along the riverside of Dongliao River, such as Gujiazi, Donghe, Jinshan and so on. In some other areas, the groundwater quality is deteriorating from Ⅱ to Ⅲ rank. By comparing the matter-element and extension means with the method of synthetically comparisons,  the reliability of the evaluation model is verified , and shows that using matter-element and extension means to evaluate the groundwater quality not only can reflect the overall situation of groundwater quality objectively, but also can analyze the deteriorating direction of water-quality sample. So, the matter-element and extension means can make the results of the evaluation closer to the actual situation.

A creep test of marine deposit soft soil of Yingkou has been carried on the refitted triaxial shear creep apparatus. The relationship between shear strain and time of Yingkou soft soil is obtained under a series of different cell pressures and different deviator stresses. The analysis of the results show as follow: (1)The consolidated-undrained creep, which doesn’t include the volume strain, can be expressed by logarithmic functions as a type of   under a different deviator stress. (2)The shear creep behaves in a linear elastic character in a lower stress level, and it is a nonlinear behavior in a higher stress level. Therefore, a Singh-Mitchell experimental model and a generalized Kelvin model with five parameters are suggested, which can describe the shear creep character of Yingkou soft soil, and a method for model parameters determination is also put forward. It is found, fitted with data, that the Singh-Mitchell model has a higher precise in the stress level between 20% and 80%, and the deformation modulus and viscosity coefficient of Kelvin model all vary with stress level.

For discussing and evaluating  the possibal contribution to atmospheric pollution in the process of utilizing mineral resources，the pollution characteristics and sources of Cu element in the dustfall were evaluated in the typical mining city-Tongling. Seventeen dustfall samples in different function zones were collected and analyzed the Cu concentrations by ICP-AES. The method of copper enrichment factors (EF) were used to distinguish the possible pollution source. The result shows that the average of Cu concentration in the dustfall is 2 190 mg/kg and the maximum of copper EF is 391.5. Cu pollution in the dustfall is serious and the central areas of pollution are around the Cu mining and smelting factories. The mining and smelting of Cu ores are the primary pollution sources for the Cu pollution in the dustfall in Tongling.

Using the specific contaminants  from  contaminated site as the standards substance to set up a method of quantitative analysis of Volatile Arene in groundwater by purge & trap gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (P & T-GCMS). The standard material of the method is easy to obtain, and the data is credible and quantitative information is comprehensive, the method detection limit (MDL) of Volatile Arene reaches to 0.22 μg/L. The BTEX  in groundwater and in standard substance  is determined quantitatively by percentage of peak area  respectively, the RSD is less than 5%.

In order to meet the need of evaluatoin of CO₂ geo-sequestration in deep aquifer, CO₂ sequestration mechanisms and capacity evaluation in deep aquifer is proposed. The CO₂ sequestration mechanism includes four main ways: (a)hydrodynamic trapping means a CO₂ migration upwards to the barrier layer and gathered in geologic masses, forming a CO₂ gas phase sequestration; (b)residual gas trapping results from relative permeability hysteresis; (c)solubility trapping means CO₂ dissolves in the formation water and (d)mineral trapping is CO₂ sequestration through geochemical reactions with the aquifer fluids and rocks. Mechanisms for sequestration of CO₂ operate on different time scales and have different degrees of permanency. The ultimate CO₂ sequestration capacity in an aquifer can be defined as the total amount of CO₂ that can trap in solubility and residual gas. On the base of mechanism analysis, the formula on sequestration capacity can be deduced to evaluate sequestration capacity. Sequestration evaluation for a target site can be made based on mechanism and capacity formula.

F-K demigration in media with constant velocity is the basis of the F-K demigration in inhomogeneous media. The essential of F-K demigration in constant velocity media is a process of mapping by interpolation. Since the function to be interpolated is a complex function, the authors present four interpolation methods, namely separate interpolation for the real and the imaginary part, interpolation after removing the oscillatory factor, separate interpolation for the module and phase, and interpolation directly in the frequency domain. Numerical results show that interpolation directly in the frequency domain gives the optimal results. Although the interpolation after removing the oscillatory factor has a high accuracy, it can be used only for models with ideal parameters. Both the method of separate interpolation for the real and the imaginary part and the method of separate interpolation for the module and phase have low accuracy.

The authors introduce a new method for computing the wholetime apparent resisitivity from the transient response generated by a large rectangular loop over the ground. In this method, bisection strategy is used to get the whole-time apparent resisitivity from the induced voltage of a uniform half space model. We start our computation in an early time window, and use the corresponding result in the second time window. This process is repeated until all the time intervals have been processed. The test on the theoretical model and real data show that the presented method is correct and effective.