The “Five levels” model is one experical model concluded from the long work by Chinese geologists. Combined with it, authors have tried to discuss the applicability of the prospecting model of “Five levels+Basement”, based on new development for deep prospecting in recent years. “Five levels+Basement” model is not only fit in the Gannan-Yuebei region, but also in the Xushan mining area of central Jiangxi, and other mines in the periphery of Nanling, such as Damingshan in Guangxi and Laojunshan in Yunnan. This model is fit to the quartz-type tungsten ore, and other ore type such as tin polymetallic ore in the Dachang, Guangxi. It’s a kind of reversed model of “Five levels+Basement” when it’s used in other type ore and mineral deposits, such as the volcanic-type massive sulphide ore deposits. It is limited by a certain condition when the “Five levels+Basement” model is used for prospecting. Therefore, it’s needed to comprehensively combine with the specific metallogenic and geological conditions in a specific ore deposit and used with flexibility.

Based on Cu isotope compositions of loess from Xifeng loess section, Gansu Province, average value of δ⁶⁵ Cu in crust is determined. According to distribution of Cu isotope in various sources, types of ore deposit as well as copper-bearing minerals, authors suggest the composition Cu isotope be used to trace ore-forming temperature, fluid exsolution, mineralization process and deep mineralization. Values of  δ⁶⁵ Cu in low-temperature deposits vary more largely than those in high-temperature deposits. Cu isotopes fractionated during the fluid exsolution and the light Cu isotope is preferentially enriched in the early exsoluted fluid while heavy Cu isotope enriched in later exsoluted fluid. In a metallogenic province, different deposits with the same genesis have the similar composition of Cu isotope, which can be used to distinguish whether they are product of a same mineralization event. When ore-forming materials including Cu leached from the region, the heavy Cu isotopes are preferentially leached than the light Cu isotope. In addition, in an oreforming system, light Cu isotope enrichment of leaching cap may reflect strong leaching occurred, and then indicates the Cu mineralized enrichment zone occur in deep.

According to diagenetic epoch, composition, associated deposit types and metallogenic ages, the Mesozoic volcanic rocks in Northeast China can be divided into three volcanic belts. The diagenetic epoch of the western and southern volcanic belts change from 150 to 120 Ma and from 205 to 112 Ma, respectively. Volcanic rocks in both belt are potassium-rich alkaline-subalkaline trachybasalt-trachyandesite-trachyet, metallogenic epoch of the western belt change from 140 to 130 Ma (froming the southern section of the metallogentic epoch is too large). Metallogenic epoch of the southern concentrates in 200 to 108 Ma. There is a close relationship between mineralization and subvolcanic-hypabyssal granitic rocks. Mineral resources mainly contain silver, lead, zinc, copper, molybdenum and other polymetallic series. The diagenetic epoch of the eastern volcanic belts varies from 140 to 110 Ma, and the vocanic rocks mainly include potassium alkaline-subalkaline trachyandesite, trachyet, andesite, dacite, rhyolite. The metallogenic epoch changes from 130 to 110 Ma. Gold and polymetallic mineralization have genetic relationship with subvolcanic and hypabyssal dioritic rocks. Based on the comparison of typical gold deposits in NE China, the prospecting direction of gold is also discussed.

The mineralizing process of the Yangjingou large scheelite deposit can be listed such four metallogenetic stages as pyrite-arsenopyrite, quart-coarse scheelite, quartz-sulphides-fine scheelite as well as carbonates stage. In order to analyze the source, features and evolution of ore-forming fluid, fluid inclusions in quartz minerals formed in the major metallogenetic stage are studied. Types of fluid inclusions include gas-rich (Ⅰ),gas-liquid (Ⅱ), pure-CO₂ (Ⅲ) and CO₂-bearing three phase (Ⅳ). The gas phase of typeⅠinclusions is proved to be mainly composed of CO₂, CH₄ and N₂, their homogenization temperatures vary from 278.5 to 336.4℃, with salinities (NaCl) from 3.53% to 7.72%. TypeⅡ inclusions, with ratios of gas to liquid in change from 10% to 45%, are homogenized to liquid during heating, their homogenization temperatures vary from 144.7 to 345.9℃, mainly from 190 to 220℃, salinities(NaCl) from 3.05% to 9.34%. Type Ⅲ is dominated by CO₂ with minor CH₄. Type Ⅳ fluid inclusions are composed of three phases (V_CO2+L_CO2+L_H2O), homogenization temperatures change from 301.6 to as 305.1℃.Comprehensive study on ore-forming condition,geological features of the deposit, compositional and microthermometric analysis of fluid inclusions leads to the conclusion that the ore-forming fluid of the Yangjingou deposit belongs to the NaCl-H₂O-CO₂(-N₂) hydrothermal system with medium-high temperature, low salinity. It is derived from deep crust to upper mantle and mixed by ore-forming materials from the Paleozoic metamorphic strata of the Wudaogou Group which hosts scheelite-quartz veins. The immiscibility of ore-forming fluid played an important role in the metallogenetic process of Yangjingou scheelite deposit.

The Sidaogou gold deposit is an important alteredrock type deposit that lies in the sourtheastern Liaoning Province.Its spatial occurrence were jointly controlled by structure，metamophic strata of the Gaixian Formation and magmatic activities in this region.Studies on the characteristics of fluid inclusions show that the fluids that were responsible for the formation of gold-poor quartz veins of early metallogenic stage in the minging district are medium temperature，low salinity and CO₂ and CH₄-rich solutions；The fluids that were responsible for the major metallogenic stage are charactered by medium temperature and high salinity；Moreover, the fluids of the later metallogenic stage pose low temperature and low salinity features.Comprehensive analyses revealed that the fluids of the early metallogenic stage maily derived from the Sanguliu granodiorite of Late Yanshanian epoch；the fluids forming the major metallogenic stage might be related with subsequent granite porphry dykes and the fluids that were responsible for the later metallogenic stage mainly came from meteoric water.The conclusion was made that the Sidaogou gold deposit was the result of the superimposed mineralization of different sourced fluids with defferent characteristics.

No.96 ore-body in Dachang ore field is the biggest zinc-polymetallic ore-body discovered during the exploration projects in exhausted reserves mines in China. It’s located between the Bali-Longtoushan deposit and Lamo deposit, with the depth of 600-800 m. The ore-body is rich in tin and polymetallic elements in the Bali area, toward the northeast, becomes the copper-zinc deposit, almost without tin, in the Heishuigou area. From west to east, contents of both zinc and tin decrease, while, that of copper increases. Antimony and lead are enriched only in the near surface, downward near to the granite, the grade of silver decreases. The spatial distribution of main elements are continously fluctuated. The northern part of No.96 ore-bdoy is characterized by metasomatism-filling zinc-copper mineralization. Both the tin-polymetallic and the zinc-copper mineralization are distributed in the fault intra layers within the same formation. It can be concluded that the No.96 ore-body, similar to the Changpo-Tongkeng and Lamo deposit, is formed by magmatic hydrothermal metasomatism during the Late Yanshanian stage.

According to study on geological and geochemical characteristics of Dongshengmiao polymetallic deposit, in Urad Back Banner of Inner Mongolia，it was shown that there are many differences between S-rich and Zn-rich ore bodies from ore-body shapes, ore mineral assemblages, ore textures and structures, wall rock alterations to REE distribution patterns. The metallogeny of this deposit can be distinguished into two stages: the first one is a sedimentary exhalative process which contributed to S-rich ore-bodies; the second one is a low-temperature hydrothermal reconstructed process after regional metamorphism and wall rock deformation, which contributed to Zn-rich ore bodies. There are two favorable factors for zinc-rich ore formation, i.e. lithological assemblage of ore hosting strata from multiple sulfur-rich layers, clasolites to dolomitic-marble from top to bottom and low-temperature hydrothermal activities after sulfur-rich ore precipitation. The more reconstructed Cu, Zn and Pb ore bodies may be found in the deep below ore bodies or polymetallic strata in the deposit or in the Langshan-Zhaertai ore belt.

The bismuth minerals in the skarntype copper ore of the Jiama copper polymetallic deposit in Mozhugongka County, Tibet, has reached 0.23%, and can be used as an associated useful metal element. Based on the geochemical analyses, bismuth is closely correlated to the skarn and copper mineralization. The bismuth content is relatively higher in the skarn copper ore than those in other ores. In the vertical section, bismuth has concentrated in the same zone as copper of the vertical mineralization zoning. Analyzed by electron probe, bismuth mainly occurs in the bismuth minerals and bismuth-bearing sulfides, including wittichenite, tetradymite, aikinite, and bismuth-bearing tetrahedrite and bornite. The wittichenite is the major bismuth mineral in the Jiama deposit. It occurs as two occurrences, foliated/xenomorphic granular and dropwise in bornite, chalcocite and tetrahedrite. According to the occurrences and electron probe data, the wittichenite may form in two epochs at short time interval with normal chemical component and lower Bi, higher Cu and S, respectively. Therefore, bismuth in Jiama deposit should be comprehensively utilized, and it is also a significant clue for prospecting of copper mineralization.

Carbon and oxygen isotopic values provide criteria for the evaluation of depositional environment. Sixteen siderite samples from the Dajing ore deposit, Inner Mongolia, China, were analyzed in order to determine depositional environments. Siderites at the Dajing ore deposit are characterized by δ¹³C_PDB from -1.8 ‰ to -6.6 ‰ and δ¹⁸O_VPDB from -23.1 ‰ to -17.3 ‰, and their values lie in the hydrothermal sedimentary area on a δ¹³C versus δ¹⁸O diagram, showing hydrothermal sedimentary genesis of siderite. The palaeotemperature is estimated, based on the following equation: T=16.998-4.52(δ¹⁸_cO-δ¹⁸_wO) + 0.03(δ¹⁸_cO-δ¹⁸_wO)². A higher palaeotemperature, averaging 117°C, suggests that the mineralizing fluids are from hydrothermal sedimentary fluids and deep lacustrine water. Depositional settings of limestone can be inferred from equation: Z=2.048(δ¹³C+50)+0.498(δ¹⁸O+50). Samples with Z value above 120 would be classified as marine, while those with Z below 120 as fresh-water ones. The synthetic Z parameter (between 100 and 114) in the Dajing ore deposit, also suggests lacustrine environments. Together with tectonic setting, deposit geology, and rare-earth element composition, the hydrothermal systems are recognized in a lacustrine setting in the early mineralization, which is important not only for a better understanding and interpretation of the genesis of the Dajing deposit but also for exploration of hydrothermal events in the lacustrine environment.

Based on comparison of geological features of the copper and gold deposits related to Emeishan basalt, combining with isotopic geochronologies from individual deposit done by predecessors, the authors established a spatial-temporal framework and a metallogenic model for these deposits. It was shown that the Emeishan basalts erupted and upwelled because of mantle uplifting during Late Caledonian to Early Hercynian. They carried significant Cu and Au, which not only formed Cu-Au mineralization in basalts and tuffs, but also provided important source for post-volcanism stratabound Cu-Au deposits. Copper and gold leached by hydrothermal fluids in the volcanic protores would migrate along faults and fractures, which were driven by structural-thermal driven effects in Indosinian and Yanshanian. They would subsequently precipitate in favorable locations where were abrupt changes of structure and chemical potential. Cu and Au enriched in it, and finally ore bodies formed.

Banlashan porphyry molybdenum deposit is one of most important deposits in the poorly known Mesozoic Xilamulun Mo metallogenic belt in south segment of Greater Xing’an Mountains. The deposit is located in Late Jurassic volcanic rocks. The Mesozoic intrusive complex developed in mining area consist of granodiorite, diorite and granite porphyry. It was thought that formation of the deposit was related to the latest stage of magmatic activities. Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb dating from granite poprhyry indicate that the ore-forming-related granite porphyry emplaced at (132.1±1.8) Ma. It was cosidered that Mo mineralization occurred in Early Cretaceous, and formed in lithospheric thining settings in East China. Based on summarizing available isotope ages, it was suggested that a significant molybdenum minearalization related to magmatism occured at Cretaceous in the south segment of Greater Xing’an Mountains, besides Pb, Zn, Ag, Cu and Fe mineralization. The molybdenum mineralization related to Cretaceous granite porphyry will be an important prospecting target.

There are diverse metallogenic ages of Haigou gold deposit, a large low-sulfide quartz vein type gold deposit, which restrict studying on genesis and ore prospecting of it. With ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar laser probe dating of fluid inclusions in quartzs, the authors present an isochron ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar age (170±20) Ma (MSWD=0.31)and an inverse one (172±16) Ma (MSWD=0.35) of fluid inclusions in quartzS formed in major metallogenetic stage, and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar ratios are 298±4 and 299 ± 4 respectively. Eliminating some data with high superfluous Ar and those close to atmosphere, the authors get an isochron age (170±38) Ma (⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar Int.=299±10) and an inverse one (165±52) Ma (⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar Int.=303±23), respectively.It’s clear that Haigou deposit formed in Late Early Jurassic, combing with published isotopic geochronologies. Gold mineralization is closely related to subduction of the Kula plate under the ancient Asian plate in Mesozoic, particularly to the intensive convergence between the eastern North China plate and the eastern margin of the Xing’an-Mongolian orogenic belt, and to lithosphere thickening and thinning induced by this convergence.

The Ganbahenao deposit in the north Qilian Mountains is a middle Mo[CD*2]W deposit newly discovered in the western segment of north Qilian Mountains.It belongs to the quartz vein type.Both molybdenite and wolframite are dominant metal minerals in the ore. Through the study of the geological features of the deposit， the C，H， O  isotopic compositions of fluid inclusions in quartz and the content of both Re and S in molybdenite， authors conclude that ore-forming materials were derived from the crust， the ore-forming fluid mainly came from the magmatic fluid. The Ganbahenao deposit was genetically related to the S-type granite. Re-Os dating of molybdenite yields model ages between (413.3±6.0)-(426.4±6.6) Ma and an isochrone age of (424±10) Ma， which is nearly equal to  that of the wall rock， the Jinfosi Stype plutons.The Ganbahenao deposit and the Jinfosi plutons are formed in the environment of the continent-continent collision after the closure of the north Paleo-Qilian ocean in Late Silurian Period.The Jinfosi plutons offers the ore-forming sources and space.

The western Huangyangshan gold deposit, located in the middle of Karameili gold metallogenic belt, Eastern Junggar, is consisted of four gold ore bodies, all they are mineralized granite porphyry veins which are alkaline and K-rich. Three granite porphyry samples were collected, and CL characteristics of zircons from ore-bearing granite porphyry samples suggest their magmatic origin. LA-MC-ICP-MS U-Pb dating of  zircons from the ore-bearing granite porphyry veins shows that their emplacing ages are （318.4 ± 1.1）-（310.3 ± 2.6）Ma. Regional comparison indicates that there occurred two epoch of gold mineralization in Karameili area , the earlier was related to the alkaline magmatic activity and latter was  associaed with the ductile-brittle tectonic deformation. Both gold mineralization took place in post-collision orogenic collision environment.

The basic dykes in Xiaomiao area of Eastern Kunlun intrude into Jinshuikou group. Their geochemistry is characterized by low contents of TiO₂, MgO, P₂O₅ and Na₂O＞K₂O，meanwhile, they have high contents rare earth elements and enriched in light rare earth elements. Comparing with the primitive mantle, they are distinctly enriched in the large-iron-lithophile elements(such as Rb, Ba, Th, U and Sr) and Th and depletion of high-field-strength element(such as Nb and Ta). Geochemical features of basic dykes indicate that the magma was influenced by the crustal source and related to continental extensional zone (incipient rift). LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating indicates that the age of (1996-2428)Ma represent the ages of captured zircon，which formed in regional tectonic thermal event during Archean to Palaeoproterozoic period. The age of (733.6±6.6) Ma (MSWD=0.038) may be the crystallized age of the basic dykes, which can be listed as the age of the Rodinia continent spliting. The basic dykes formed in continental rift environment of the Eastern Kunlun.

The LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating of three samples from the Bozhushan complex granite intrusion, in Southeastern Yunnan Province, constrains the emplacement age of the intrusion. The ²⁰⁶Pb-²³⁸U mean data of the sample CYB0808079 is （86.51 ±0.52） Ma and the MSWD value is 2.4, the sample CYB0808084 is （87.54 ±0.65） Ma and the MSWD value is 1.6, as well as the sample CYB0808079 is （87.83 ±0.89） Ma and the MSWD value is 0.15. These chronology data are consistent with the magmatism and mineralization in the area, and supply the reasonable isotopic age for the Bozhushan complex granite. It is demonstrated that the Bozhushan and other grantic intrusion as well as associated supergiant Gejiu, Dachang and Dulong tin-polymetallic deposits were formed during the Late Cretaceous period. Both the magmatism and large scale mineralization are the components of the western South China metallogenic belt in the Late Cretaceous period.

The Daxigou huge iron-phosphorite deposit, with low-grade，is located at basic-ultra basic complexes in the southern Kuruktag faulted uplift of the north margin of Tarim platform. Based on the geological feature, geochemical compositions, trace elements, rare earth elements (REES) of ore-bearing anorthosite mass as well as characters of the Daxigou deposit, the iron-phosphorite mineralization has been discussed. It is suggested that ore-bearing lithofacies belong to the alkaline series, major and trace elements in complex are not inconsistent with each other. Such incompatible elements as Ba, Sr, Zr and P are obviously enriched, but the compatible elements Cr, Co and Ni are depleted. Contents of REE are relatively higher, and LREE highly enriched. There is no obvious Eu abnormality. The magma of complex rocks was originated from deep crust. In the late period of magmatism, large amounts of magnetite and apatite crystallized and formed ore body in some local section. By analysing the present exploitation situation of low grade endogenetic iron-phosphorite deposit in North China, it can be concluded that the Daxigou iron-phosphorite deposit will have a good comprehensive utilization perspective.

According to large geological profiles of field survey and synthetic studies indoor, It was thought that Devonian Pingyipu Formation and Jurassic Shaximiao Formation in the Northern Longmen Mountain are two most important oil sandstone strata, which spread zonally towards north east and make of two regional oil sandstone zones. This two regional oil sandstone zones overlay Kuangshanliang, Tianjingshan and Erlangmiao thrust anticline subzone and Xiasi, Jinzishan and Qinglinkou foreland zone in the regional structural location respectively. Different structural styles restrict reservoir forming mode and process of different oil sandstone zones，which shows that there is a close genetic relationship between oil sandstone zones and regional structural-stratigraphic zones. Because oil sandstone characteristics and regional structural-stratigraphic zones control oil sandstones formation and distribution in the northern Longmen Mountain，it was first thought that the northern Longmen Mountain can be divided into two regional oil sandstone metallogenic zones, namely Kuangshanliang, Tianjingshan and Erlangmiao oil sandstone metallogenic zone and Jinzishan, Qinglinkou and Houba oil sandstone metallogenic zone. The multizone is characteristic of source rocks of oil sandstone in study area，where is abundant in oil source. Devonian Pingyipu Formation and Jurassic Shaximiao Formation contain better reservoir physicality, which provides a favorable reservoir space for oil gas accumulation. Different structural types play important controlling role in accumulation mode of the oil sandstone and asphalt vein. Some following better configurations are main controlling factors of oil sandstone reservoir, one is that of Indosinianfolds and high-porosity, medium-coarse sandstone in Kuangshanliang, Tianjingshan and Erlangmiao oil sandstone metallogenic zone, and another one is that of Indosinian thrust faults reactivated in Himalayan and developed joint zone formed in Himalayan and high-porosity medium-coarse sandstone in Jinzishan, Qinglinkou and Houba oil sandstone metallogenic zone. The strata tectonic tilting, foreland erosion, fault transport and overlying enclosing cover of mudstone of Jurassic Shaximiao Formation and uplift denudation of Devonian Pingyipu Formation in Himalayan Period are essential conditions for oil sandstone’s formation and reservoir. On the basis of comprehensive study, the authors establish an reservoir forming mode of oil sandstone in the northern Longmen Mountains.

Jurassic large oil sands reservior of Houba is located in Jiangyou City of Sichuan Province, and belong to the monoclinic tectonic unit of nappe structural belt in Longmenshan northern section where oil sands of Jurassic Shaximiao Lower Segment outcroppe in surface. There are rich oil sands resources confirmed by drilled wells ,and the average thickness is 34.7 m about oil sands layer, oil rate is 9.46% in average, a preliminary calculation of the oil sands distribution area is 26.79 km² in depth of 0-500 m.By detailed study in target area,the main factors of Houba Jurassic oil sands reservoir are that ①the Cambrian source rocks provide sufficient oil source for the reservoirforming of Houba Jurassic oil sands; ②high oil rate in reservoir sandstone, large thinckness of oilsand,  good reservoir physical property and space; ③ the regional tectonic belt of Longmenshan north section controls the formation and distribution of oil sands,and the good configuration of thrust fault, joint developed belt and medium-coarse sandstone in high porosity is the most favorable formation condition of oil sands,another Himalayan tectonic tilting, fault transporting and piedmont denudation are necessary conditions of formation and preservation about oil sands.

Semi-coke is major byproduct of oil shale retorting. Rationally using semi-coke is the basis of comprehensive utilization of oil shale. Semi-coke samples of oil shales in 3 Huadian ore fields were obtained from a retorting experimental table set up by the authors. The basic physicochemical characteristics of semi-cokes were investigated in detail by a variety of experimental methods. The mineral composition of semi-cokes was measured with XRD. Abundance and enriched characteristics of some trace elements in the semi-coke samples were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy(ICP-AES). The combustion characteristics of semi-cokes were also measured using thermal gravitational analysis apparatus. In addition, properties of semi-cokes such as density, grindability, ash characteristics, specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity, etc were also investigated according to corresponding criteria respectively. It was shown that Huadian semi-cokes are a kind of low grade fuel with high ash, low calorific value and intermediate slagbonding trend. Huadian semi-cokes contain more calcite, quartz and illite-smectite mixed layer. Content of trace elements in the semicokes is relatively high and characterized by enriched As. Based on experimental results, related combustion kinetic models were proposed. It was considered that different reaction orders occur at different temperature during an combustion reaction of semi-cokes.

In order to evaluate and recognize the exploration potential of fault depressions except for the middle part fault depression where had a great breakthrough,the geological and geochemical data from the risk exploration well-Longshen 1, qualitative appraisement and quantitative calculation method are used to study gas source conditions and the exploration potential of Yingtai fault depression. This research indicates that dark mudstones of K₁yc and K₁sh layers are relatively development and the residual organic carbon content is relatively higher, and the organic matter is mainly at high-to over-mature evolution stage, especially with type Ⅱ₁ and Ⅱ₂ organic matter which have a higher gas generation potential, other than the type III organic matter accepted by predecessor. All above evidence hints there is a better exploration potential in deep fault depression. Meanwhile, the original carbon content and hydrocarbon potential of organic matter are much higher than present values, which indicate the signification of restitution for the objective appraisement of high-over-mature source rock. Quantitative appraisement preliminarily reveals that the gas resource of Yingtai fault depression is ranger from 93.8 to 375.8 billion cubic meters, where has a gas source condition for forming medium to large-sized gas fields or groups. It also means that some fault depressions have important and exploratory exploration potential, besides Xujiaweizi and Changling fault depression.

Applying satisfied hydrocarbon biomarker , aromatic hydrocarbon, carbon isotope, light hydrocarbon and other geochemistry analytical data, with a combination of many approaches, a detailed research on oil-oil correlation and oil-source correlation in three oil fields in Dawangbei sag was given. The result indicates that, the crude oil in Dawangbei sag has four genetic types, Es₃ crude oil from Es₃ source rock,  Es₄ crude oil from Es₄ source rock, Es₁ crude oil from Es₁ source rock and mixed oils from two series or three series of source rocks. Es₃ crude oil distributes on the Dawangbei oil field and Da 65 oil field. Yingxiongtan oil field has all other types of crude oil, which gives priority to mixed oils affected by Es₃ source rock. The main source rock in Dawangbei sag, which contributed to the major reservoir, is the Es₃ source rock. The distribution of crude oil types was controlled by the genetic potentials of different source rocks, hydrocarbon generation history and development history of traps.

There are three kinds of degassing methods of mantle-derived CO₂ in southern Songliao basin:the mantle thermal diapir, crustal magma chamber, the magma chamber at lowerest crust. Magmatic activity and lithospheric fault leads to the formation of inorganic CO₂ reservoir during the end of Paleogene and Neogene. Mantle-derived magma upwelling caused by geological activity in the northern part of Tan-Lu fault belt which belongs to lithospheric fault, results in the extrusion of inorganic CO₂ from the mantle-derived. Inorganic CO₂ is accumulated at the bottom of lower crust and then raised along network shear belt circuitously to detachment zone. When the low-angle basement fault is at active period which extends to detachment zone, inorganic CO₂ gas migrated to trap and formed gas reservoies along the crustal fault. There are two primary factors controlling concentration and accumulation of the inorganic CO₂ gas reservoir, one is the spread of gas source fault system, the other is the degassing of mantle-derived igneous activity. Mantle-derived CO₂ reservoirs are mainly distributed in the Changling fault depression and the Dehui fault depression, the former is distributed along Sunwu-Shuangliao fault, the later distributed in Harbin-Siping fault. Compared with mantle-derived CO₂ reservoir in Changling fault depression, layers CO₂-bearing in Honggang terrace and Dehui fault depression are younger and shallower.

In order to recognize the internal structure of the alluvial fan reservoir and distribution of remaining oil and provide a more accurate geological basis for the well pattern adjustment and the remaining oil potentiality of production tail in oilfield, the Liuzhong area of Karamay  oilfield, as a case, is studied. Using the method of scale analysis and model fitting, the data of coring, outcrop, logging and performance, reservoir characteristics of alluvial fan in studied area is well researched. A comprehensive analysis method for reservoir architecture of alluvial fan is proposed. The result shows that the study area belongs to a part of the alluvial fan. The depositional model of alluvial fan was established. It can be divided into four zones, fanhead, intra middle fan, outer middle fan and fan margin-wetlands. The distribution of composite glutenite is divided into three patterns: a sheet distribution pattern in fanhead and intra middle fan, a broad ribbon distribution pattern in outer middle fan and a narrow ribbon distribution pattern in fan margin-wetlands. The overlying manners of a single conglomerate body are listed as five types, vertical-overlay, lateral-interleaving, lateral-overlying, lateral-separating, lateral-stitching.The quantitative scale of a single conglomerate body was established. The result of detailed architecture was verified by pressure coring well. Authors point out that the remaining oil is enriched near the sand body boundary.

Based on sampling analysis of clay minerals on Early Triassic storm deposits outcroped in Jingxian, Ningguo and Yixing in the Lower Yangtze region and integrated sedimentological and paleontologyic studies, it is confirmed that when Kübler index (KI) increase the content of smectite decrease and smectite illitization would be restrained. In addition, the clay mineral associations are distinctly different. Therefore, it is concluded that provenance is the main factor that affects smectite illitization and the difference of clay mineral combination. The sources can be divided into two sequences according to the sedimentological characteristics and the content of smectite and illite in clay mineral combination. The results show that the provenance of storm deposits from profiles of Ningguo and Yixing (sequenceⅠ) are of proximal type, while that of Jingxian profile (sequence Ⅱ) demonstrates a combination of proximal and distal type, which means that the location of Jingxian profile is closer to the transitional zone.

Based on the LA-ICP-MS zircon dating of the basement granite from the well Bincan 1, the characters of the basement in the Sanjiang basin are discussed. Zircons from the granite of the well Bincan 1 are euhedral to subhedral in shape and show the typical oscillatory zoning, which indicates their magmatic origin. Their Th/U ratios ranging from 0.22 to 0.82 imply that they derived from crystallization of magma.²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U ages of zircons from the granite are between 427 Ma and 502 Ma, weighted mean ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U ages are subdivided into two groups, i.e., (430±8) Ma and (496±6) Ma, respectively. The age of (430±8) Ma represents the formation time of the basement granite beneath the Suibin depression, i.e., the Early Silurian, whereas the age of (496±6) Ma represents the timing of captured zircons during the formation of granitic magma and/or magmatic emplacement. These captured zircons are  temporally consistent with the Mashan Group and the PanAfrican gneissic granites within the Jiamusi massif. It’s concluded that the there occur Calidonian granites within the basin basement. Moreover, the basement beneath the Suibin depression within the Sanjiang basin has the same geological features as the Jiamusi massif.

Through thin-section, casting thin-section and scanning electron microscope, the authors ascertain rock types, diagenesis patterns and pore types of Shangkuli Formation. It was considered that rock types consist of vocanic breccia, ignimbrite, crystal-debris tuff，vitric tuff，multi-clastic tuff and sendimentary tuff etc. And diagenesis includes compaction, alteration, devitrification, authigenesis, erosion-dissolution and cementation etc. While diagenetic phases of Shangkuli Formation in Labudalin basin are divided into B stage of early diagenetic phase and A stage of middle diagnetic phase. And pore types are mainly comprised by intergranular pore, filling inner pore and solution pore, and so on. Pyroclastic rocks belong to reservoir beds with medium-low porosity and extra low permeability. It was thought that mechanical compaction, authigenic ankerite and precipitation of authigenic kaolinite reduced physical properties of the reservoir, while authigenesis of chlorite and microcrystalline quartz coatings and erosiondissolution may improve them.

The Yiwulüshan pluton is an important part of the Yiwulü metamorphic core complex. Due to its deformation and relationship with surrounding tectonic belts, the Yiwulüshan pluton is determined as the syn-extensional granite. The pluton emplaced along or parallel to ductile shear zone as a bedding-sill, which modifies previous view that the pluton caused by magma emplacement under compressed environment. The emplacement time of both the Yiwulüshan pluton and the Jianlazishan pluton is about 160 Ma, which implies intensive crustal extension occurred in the Yiwulüshan and Yanshan region in late Middle Jurassic and the tectonic pattern of the northern part of North China had been transformed in Middle Jurassic period. There were two extensional stages in the area in the Mesozoic. The earlier occured in the Late Jurassic and accompanying with the emplacement of the Yiwulüshan pluton. The later extension occurred in the Early Cretaceous and resulting in the formation of the Waziyü detachment fault.