Based on the data of core, thin section, scanning electron microscopy, well logging and the physical property of reservoir, we understand the following points according to the research about characteristics of the Carboniferous volcanic reservoirs in Santanghu basin. ①The lithology is mainly composed of basalt, andesite and transitional lithology； ②The lithofacies are based on overflow facies, with pyroclastic flow subfacies and inner loose layer of explosive facies; ③Secondary storage space is often superimposed on the original storage space, and the pore, hole, slit together form the effective storage space；④The overall performance of the reservoir property shows that the andesite is the best, followed by the basalt；⑤The phenomena such as laumontitization, albitization，arfvedsonization，sideritation and SiO₂ dissolving prove that the hydrocarbon alkali fluid is obtained in the Carboniferous volcanic rocks, and the mineral composition in the rocks migrate because of the alkali metasomatism, which offer the mineralogy basis for the formation of reservoir；⑥Alkaline diagenesis in the Carboniferous volcanic rocks is common,the vertical zoning laws of “alkali under the silicium” formed and preserved a large number of secondary porosity, which built up the foundation for the development of secondary pore zone；⑦Fluid plays an important role in the formation of reservoir. The formation of Carboniferous volcanic reservoirs in the study area shows the formation mechanism in volcanic reservoir is “acidity and alkali” superposition of dissolution.

The pyroclastic rocks and sandstones of Tongbomiao-Nantun Formation of Early Cretaceous are an important oil reservoir in the Beier depression, Hailarer basin, China and in the Tanan depression, Tamtsag basin, Mongolia. The reservoir in Tongbomiao Formation consists of mainly pyroclastic rocks with a less proportion of sandstones, in contrast, the reservoir in Nantun Formation is predominantly sandstones, although significant percentages of pyroclastic rocks are present. The pyroclastic rocks are gradually decreased from Tongbomiao Formation to Nantun Formation. The pyroclastic rocks of Tongbomiao Formation are composed of tuff in Beier depression, and composed of tuffite and tuffaceous sandstone in Tanan depression. According to the data of vitrinite reflectance and rock maxima pyrolysis temperature，the diagenetic stage of the pyroclastic rocks mainly  belong to period A of middle diagenetic stage. The pore type in pyroclastic rock reservoir mainly is secondary pore as well as primary pore. The measurement of porosity and permeability indicate that pyroclastic rock is middle-low porosity, extra low permeability reservoir. Two abnormal high porosity belts are found respectively in Beier depression and Tanan depression. Porosity of reservoir is mainly controlled by the component of detrital material, the sedimentary environment and the diagenesis.

The Quaternary of Sanhu area in Qaidam basin is rich in low gas-saturated reservoirs. It is difficult to identify low gas-saturated reservoir because of the obscurities and diversities of the log response features. The authors are aiming to explore the origin of low gas-saturated reservoir from both macro and micro perspectives, after comprehensively analyzing the sedimentary environment, structural feature as well as diagenesis and compaction. With reference to this study, the low gas-saturated reservoir can be mainly attributed to the low-amplitude structural trap, and the weak hydrodynamic environment and late accumulation should be taken into consideration, as well. Due to the distinct influence of sedimentary environment, diagenesis and compaction in the vertical, the micro origins of low gas-saturated reservoir are different in the shallow and deep formation. However, the characteristics of high clay mineral content, high shale content and high formation water salinity are the same, meanwhile, the carbonate and pyrite are also widely distributed in the whole formation. In the shallow formation, the weak seal capacity of shale cap rock is the critical variation. By contrast, in the deep formation, the high irreducible water saturation should take more responsibilities.

Based on the polarizing microscope, fluorescence microscope and other technical means, aiming at the oil fluid inclusion in the Carboniferous-Permian volcanic reservoir of Santanghu basin, the fluorescent color, spectral shape and Q quotient (red-green quotient) were studied. The Q quotients of oil fluid inclusion which have blue-white, yellow and orange fluorescence is respectively 0-0.22, 0.05-0.46 and 0.17-0.51, showing the maturity of the oil inclusions decreasing. Some oil fluid inclusions have yellow fluorescence and low Q quotient. These samples are mainly collected from the deep reservoir of Carboniferous and southern nappe zone as well as the north slope zone. Overall, we recognize that the source of Lucaogou Formation is the chief oil source of Santanghu basin. Oil fluid inclusion has various fluorescence colors which reflect multi-period accumulation and mixed sources. Carboniferous has a higher maturity and is potential hydrocarbon source rock. Slope zone reservoirs in north with oil generation formations in the above and below migrate and accumulate by patterns of the “injection migration”.

The combination of quantitative and qualitative analysis is a development trend of research on reservoir flow units. The article gives a new method-grey analytic hierarchy process（GAHP），and six parameters which reflect the macroscopic properties, micro-structural characteristics and sedimentary environment characteristics: porosity, permeability, oil saturation, saturation in the value of pressure, back efficiency of mercury and clay content, have been selected to classify the flow units of Sanjianfang reservoir of Qiuling oilfield. The research indicated that reservoir flow units of the study area can be divided into 4-type mobile units as E, G, M, P. Type E mainly distributed in the center of underwater distributary channel with the strongest flow capacity, highest development degree and easily flooding. Type G mainly distributed in the underwater distributary channel with stronger flow capacity，low flooding degree and certain remaining oil. Type M mainly distributed in the underwater distributary channel’s edge with poor physical properties, low operating level and rich remaining oil. Type P mainly distributed in the underwater distributary bay with dense lithology, the injected water is difficult to spread and almost has no development value.

There are various types of fracture-cavity deeply buried reservoir with strong heterogeneity in the Ordovician in Tazhong area. The model is designed in accordance with real condition in Tazhong area. The complex fracture-cavity reservoir has been found to be equal to a geological model composed of staggered micro-network and cavity which can depict the inner fracture-cavity reservoir structure and parameters variation accurately. It applied the staggered-grid high-order finite difference method of wave equation forward modeling technology to simulate seismic wave field, and used the conventional processing methods and wave equation prestack depth migration to get the migration profiles. The interpretation could be evaluated and verified by the migration result. The amplitude, phase and frequency information are used to analysis the seismic wave field characteristics. It studies that the reservoir location and structure variety effect on the seismic wave field. Then it combines the well-to-seismic relation and the seismic simulation response characteristics to establish the recognition mode. It identifies that the seismic response of layered igneous rock, volcanic neck and intrusive igneous rock exist in this area. It illustrates the fracture-cavity reservoir seismic structure in the top surface and the inner of the carbonate layer.

Fangzheng rift is a negative tectonic units in the north-central part of Yi-Shu rift. In order to understand the formation mechanism of the basin and the nature of fault system， the new 3D seismic data is used to interpret  the structure. The study found that six seismic and geological evidences, for instance, the “flower structure” and “dolphin effect”, can prove that strike-slip fault developed. Fangzheng rift is a strike-slip fault related basin. The strike-slip fault’s petroleum geological characteristics indicate that the slope-break zone of Deshantun depression is a favorable exploration area.

A blinded ancient gold-bearing placer layer is firstly found at 679.19 m segment of the D7 drilling, in the Muling Formation in Jixi basin, eastern Heilongjiang Province. Heavy minerals in placer layer include native gold, authegenic monazite, clastic monazite, xenotime, zircon, galena, sphalerite, rutile, ilmenite, apatite, biotite, chlorite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, leucoxene, titanite, limonite, hematite, magnetite, Fe-Mn minerals, boehmite, uranium-oxide mineral, native copper and native copper-zinc metals etc.The ancient placer layer is thick about 4.14 m. The volume content of heavy minerals in thin section of  the placer is estimated to 10%-24%. The finding of gold-bearing pacer layer can supply new valuable information for judgement of gold source in this area. Based on sedimentary texture and structure, it is supposed that the ancient placer layer might be formed in coast sedimentary condition. Authors suggest that the magnetic logging method be used to determine the distributing area of blinded ancient placer. Moreover, such minerals as authegenic monazite, framboid pyrite, and native copper-zinc metal in the ancient placer layer indicate that the layer was formed in a favorable sedimentary environment for biomineralization process.

The Tongshi complex is the most actively metallogenetic for gold mineralization in western Shandong Province. Around it there are four tectonic strata units with different lithological characters, occurrences, geophysical and geochemical features. The Taishan Group characterized by high density, low skipping magnetic field and high gold content can play as gold source. The Paleozoic unit, high density, weak magnetic field and poor in gold, is ore-forming media. The Mesozoic-Cenozoic unit is of low density, low magnetic field as well as poor in gold, which is irrelative to gold mineralization. Whereas, the Tongshi complex, with low density, medium-high skipping magnetic field and rich gold, is the main gold source, dynamic source and forecasting clue. The complex underwent such four stages as porphyrite, porphyry, exploding breccia and dyke, the gold mineralization became intensive with its evolution. By analysis on tectonics, geochemistry and feasibility of every tectonic units around the complex, the conclusion can be drawn that the major gold mineralization took place in the hydrothermal stage at the end of diagenesis and assemble of elements include Au, Ag, V, Sb, Cr. According to gravimetric, magnetic and geochemical anomalies, three zones can been determined around the Tongshi complex. The main gold resource in marginal zone mainly come from mid-low temperature hydrothermal deposits, and from epithermal gold deposits in outer zone. Both can form the marginal and outer metallogenetic zones around Tongshi complex.

It’s significant to comprehensively utilize abundant water-unsolubility potass resource for solving the shortage of bauxite and sylvite in China. The sintering reaction process of nepheline syenite collected from Gejiu, Yunnan Province, is studied, with sodium carbonate as the additive. It is suggested that the nepheline syenite be sintered at 1 103 K for one hour, with the rate of the additive(sodium carbonate) as 1∶0.75, the decomposition rate of minerals in the nepheline syenite could up to 98.0%.  Dynamics of the thermal decompose of nepheline syenite were explored, and the results indicate the process fit Crank-Ginstling-Braunshtein equation, and all apparent activation energy 78.75 kJ/mol for the decomposing reactions was derived from experimental data. According to the Arrhenius equation, the reacting time is prospected. It is concluded that solid film, which increases thickness of ion penetrating and diffuseing, causes temporal error between theoretic and practical reaction.

The Permian era is the most important stage during the thermal-tectonic evolution of the Tarim basin. During this stage, huge volumes of mafic and mid-acid magmas were formed. Geochemical inversion of ultramafic rocks from Wajilitag, NW Tarim basin, indicates that these rocks (including the breccias and bindings) are composed of residual magma, olivine and pyroxene with different ratios. The breccias are mainly composed of olivine and residual magma with ratio up to 72∶28. The MgO and FeOt contents of the equilibrium magma (corresponding to olivine with F_o=0.82) are 9.06% and 11.77%, respectively, and it was produced by primary magma MgO=11.46% and FeOt=12.12%) under 7.3% fractionation of olivine (F_o=0.82). The primary magma was originated from low degree partial melting (<5%) of garnet bearing mantle peridotite instead of the high Mg magma. The original melting temperature was 1 150-1 250℃, and the pressure was 2.2 GPa, corresponding to 70 km deep. Combined with previous studies, it’s concluded that the Permian magmatism in Tarim basin was probably formed by the interaction of asthenosphere and lithosphere that was triggered by the upwelling of the asthenospheric mantle, and there was no direct petro-geochemical evidence to support the mantle plume hypothesis.

In order to probe and reveal the characteristics of mantle sources for high-Ti basalts in the Emeishan overfall basalt province, major elements, trace elements and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes of the Ertan high-Ti basalts are systemic studied. It’s indicated that they can be divided into group A and group B types. Two types of basalts shows such distinct geochemical characteristics as different concentrations of the trace elements(Rb, K, Ba, Th, Nb, Ta) and traceelement ratios(Ba/Nb, Ba/Th, Zr/Nb, Th/La, Zr/Hf) as well as different ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and ²⁰⁸Pb^*/²⁰⁶Pb^* ratios. The difference between group A and group B is resulted from distinct mantle sources instead of magma evolution processes (fractional crystallizztion, crustal contamination, assimilation-fractional crystallization, and partial melting). Group A, with the feature of EM II, is probably generated by partial melting of metasomatic mantle enriched pyroxenite. Group B, with the mixed features of EM I and “C” component, is probably derived from partial melting of mantle-derived materials with wide metasomatic spectrum.

The tectonic zonation of Longmen Mountain thrust zone is the key problem in the study of Longmen Mountain structure. According to the field measured geologic section and the geological survey as well as the different structural types of the different part within the thrust zone, the northern front range of Longmen Mountain thrust zone is divided into three tectonic sub-belts, Tangwangzhai-Yangtianwo klippe and gliding nappe tectonic subbelt, Louziba-Yanmenba-Majiaoba imbricate thrust subbelt and Kuangshanliang-Tianjingshan-Erlangmiao thrust and anticline subbelt, namely. Each has the different tectonically deformation. The klippe and gliding nappe tectonic subbelt is characterized by structural superimposition and tectonic evolution of nappe and addition gliding nappe. The thrust structure of the imbricate thrust subbelt is well developed, different systems, different formation in the same system as well as the different member in the same formation in the imbricate thrust subbelt thrusts from northwest to southeast, from older to younger in turn and forms the typical imbricate structural type. The thrust faults take on listric inclination westward and converge above the basal thrust plane of the thrust zone. There well developed fault-propagation folds in the structural rock fragments. These folds have almost the same axial strike and axial-plane occurrence as those faults in the imbricate thrust zone, and all fall toward foreland. The thrust anticline subbelt has the dual feature, on the one hand, it shows as brachyanticline on the surface or the near surface, on the other hand, thrust sheets are distributed in the deep crust of earth. In Xiasi-Jinzishan-Houba foreland, the thrusts are of scarcity, small scale and weak deformation in the shallow which mainly shows that monoclinal structure dipps toward southeast. Whereas, buried thrust faults has been well developed in the depth. Thrust zone has the tendency of regular decreasing gradually in its deformation strength, the involved strata gradually becoming new and the deformation levels gradually becoming shallow from front range to foreland, which demonstrates that thrust structures have the fore-expanding feature. Thrust structures are the product of both Later Triassic and Cenozoic era tectonic deformation. The tectonical deformation during Later Triassic is intensive and belongs to the major formation stage of  Longmen Mountain foreland thrust zone, the tectonical deformation in Cenozoic era, however, is weak and superposed and changed the tectonical deformation formed in Later Triassic era.

Metamorphic and deformed granitic rocks in the Changle-Nan’ao fault zone, located in the coastal area of Fujian and Guangdong Province, was formed in the earlier Late Jurassic, later Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous periods. It’s evidenced that three stages of ductile deformation and related dynamic metamorphism were developed within the fault zone during Mesozoic era, which are evidenced by metamorphism, deformation, crosscutting relation of the foliation and U-Pb isotopic dating of different intrusions. The first stage is characterized by deep structural level plastic deformation and low amphibolite facies metamorphism, which took place at the end of the Middle Jurassic (155-145 Ma). The second, occurred in the Late Jurassic (145-137 Ma), is characterized by the middle-deep structural level ductile shear deformation and high greenschist facies metamorphism. The third was demonstrated by mid-shallow brittle-ductile shear deformation and low greenschist facies metamorphism and formed in the middle period of the Early Cretaceous (about 120 Ma). These shear deformations were dextral-thrusting from NWW to SEE (displacement about 21 km), sinistral-thrusting from NNW to SSE (with the displacement of about 84 km), and normal-dextral strike slip(displacement ca. 2 km), respectively. The Changle-Nan’ao fault zone is a continental intraplate giant ductile shear zone during the Mesozoic era.

When the drawdown of groundwater is a bit more than the suitable water-level of native vegetation will cause risk of vegetation, quantitative evaluation of the ecological risks can provide guidance for the vegetation ecological environment protecting and sustainable exploitation of groundwater resources. Take an example of Wulannao water resources,the research is based on a great deal of the vegetation sampling survey and hydrogeological field survey results, selects the Gaussian regression analysis method base on the mathematics of vegetation ecology to analyze the depth to groundwater table and data of vegetation, obtain the mathematical relationship model and suitable ecological water-depth of Wulannao, and build indicators of ecological risk assessment which variable is the depth to groundwater table. Build up the numerical model of groundwater flow of study area. Use the model to select exploration program and predict flow net of future period. On the basis of changes in the level of water table causes by groundwater exploration, calculate the ecological risk of vegetation and part study area into different risk zone. From the result of risk assessment under current exploration condition can see that 70% of research area is safe zone and low risk zone. According to the suitable ecological water-depth to make recommendations to the middle-risk zone and high-risk zone.

Aiming at the demand of Technical Guideline for Delineating Source Water Protection Areas （HJ/T338-2007）, the delineating of protection areas of Yangjiaopu which is located in karst groundwater system  in Handan, Hebei Province was taken as an example, on the basis of a corresponding hydrogeological conceptual model which was built by generalization of hydrogeology features, a three dimensional coupling numerical model of groundwater seepage and solute transport was founded, by simulation and prediction of the rule of the solute transport in the surrounding zone of Yangjiaopu drinking source groundwater, the primary and secondary protection areas of Yangjiaopu drinking source groundwater was delineated.

In order to make landslide monitoring and forecasting accurate and efficient, the authors present a new method of landslide monitoring and forecasting system, which is based on the GIS technique and intergrates with GIS by linking to input the MapGIS graphics files. In this system, the characteristics of landslide area is adopted to realize spatial data processing for the characteristics of landslides in different periods by using various types of forecasting module. And then it restores the results into the graphics types and can be visualized by the programming with language Visual Basic 6.0. Various types of field monitoring have been carried out in geological disaste prevetion of Fushun west open-pit. Through GPS stations and other monitoring facilities, the system has been applied in the prevention work of Fushun west open-pit geological disaster, and relevant conclusion about landslide period and displacement trend are drawn by landslide prediction after the partition module processing. Take profile E3200 landslide as an example, combined with non-linear regression analysis and quadratic curve fitting, the short-term forecasting data, velocity, acceleration and other parameters of monitoring points X-3 and point X-5 have been gained. It can be concluded that the landslide is at the stage of uniform deformation and the displacement has a convergence trend according to the rules that the vertical maximum acceleration is positive, the vertical negative acceleration is less than 10^-5m/d² and the level acceleration is negative.

Based on previous research experiences and a large number of field trips, a number of important impact factors of debris flow are selected to forecast debris flow risk range more objectively and more accurately. Hundreds of debris flows in Wudongde region classified by their accumulation areas are evaluated with multiple regression analysis and the prediction models about the morphological parameters of different types of debris flows are obtained. A new method which can search a prediction mathematical model for regional debris flow risk range by changing the steps is presented. Every possible mathematical model is searched through the computer and optimal prediction models are found by comparing average error. This method and the traditional forecasting methods are both applied as examples in Wudongde. The results show that the error calculated by the stepwise regression analysis method of literature\[3\] is much bigger than the error calculated by the suggested method. The former is from 10.5% to 29.6%, and the later is between 6.7% and 9.2%.

It is useful to study the relationship between distribution of earthquake-induced landslides and influencing factors in order to predict potential hazard places in the future land using. The Wenchuan Earthquake in 8.0 M_s on May 12 triggered a lot of slopes to failure including landslides, rock falls and debris flows. The study area is about 180 km² and located at Leiguzhen of Beichuan region where the slope-failure hazard is severe. The slope gradient, elevation and aspect are chosen as the influencing factors of the slope-failure distribution.  Their relationships with the distribution of slope failures are analyzed using CF and R_ji. The research shows that：1)Landslides occurred more frequently at the elevation lower than 1 000 m. 2)With the increasing of the slope gradient, the occurrence probability of the slope failure becomes higher. The slope failures concentrate in the areas with the gradient greater than 30°. 3)More slope failures occurred at the slopes facing E, NE, and SE. Both predict methods based on factors susceptibility analysis and discrimination analysis, show consistently in the zoning results of high hazard and low hazard. About 66% slope failures occurred in the places classifying as high and second to high degree hazard zone based on the factors susceptibility analysis, and about 73% slope failures occurred in the places judged as unstable by discrimination analysis. The factors used in discrimination analysis method such as slope gradient, curvature and seismic acceleration have widely influence on occurring of earthquake-triggered landslides.

For the problem of risk degree zoning of debris flow, a new mothed of weight-of-evidence to assess the weights of factors is suggested. The procedure of this method is firstly to select risk assessment factors from elements of the formation of debris flow, and to pick up the factors using weight-of-evidence method, and to define the weight of their risk degree, and then to optimize the representative factors and avoiding casualness of subjective weight and screening factors, finally, to determine probability of debris flow risk development for a unit by summing the weight of each evaluation factor. As one verification of the method in zoning of debris flow risk degree in Panshi City of Jilin Province, the result shows that there are 163 debris flow spots in low and medium risk zones which include 75.81% of the debris flow risk spots. It is accordant with the actual situation of Panshi City that the general debris flow risk degree is not high, but some areas are higher.

The formation of karstic collapse columns entails three essential prerequisites: tectonics and regional structure, soluble rock, and groundwater hydrodynamics. Firstly the No.2 of Liuqiao coal mine is targeted  and the factors are extracted such as soluble rock, tectonics and regional structure, and limestone strong waterrich areas from the available data. Then by using the GIS overlay analysis technology, four areas zone Ⅰ, zone Ⅱ, zone Ⅲ and zone Ⅳ are  delineated, which may develop karstic collapse columns according to the slope analysis result of seam floor map and the characteristics of the No.2 of Liuqiao coal mine related areas. Finally, the conclusion is that karstic collapse column in the Ⅱ617 airway is located in zone Ⅱ by comparison with the actual data.

The deformation modulus is an important parameter to denote ability of anti-deformation of rock mass and is used to many projects. It is difficult to obtain deformation modulus of deep cracked rock mass by making use of conventional experimentation method or borehole elasticity modulus method. So according to a new experimentation method and corresponding formula, deformation modulus of deep cracked rock mass is obtained by using of indoor test: putting the deep cracked rock mass into MTS to test and note the displacement and stress,taking cracked rock mass in dam foundation as an example, computing and analyzing deformation modulus of deep cracked rock mass. After test and calcuation of deformation modulus of the rock mass from deep fructured zone in dam site of hydropower plants, it is proved that the difference of result of deformation modulus is less than 10% usually by using of two methods. The new experimentation method achieves good effect.

Turfy soil is a humus soil which is formed at lowland with the characteristics of high organic matter content, large void ratio, high compressibility and different decomposition degree. The variation characteristics of structural strength with different decomposition degrees of turfy soil are researched through indoor tests. It is studied on the characteristic of microstructure with the change of decomposition degree of turfy soil. Then, the unconfined compressive strength and the variation of stress-strain with different decomposition degrees are determined by sensitivity tests and triaxial tests for undisturbed and disturbed soils. The variation features of sensitivity and structural strength with different decomposition degrees are tested by compression experiments and analysed from its structure and mechanism. The results show that turfy soil is a soil with high decomposition degree. With the increase of decomposition degree, the structure of the specimens changes from framework structure to flocculated structure, the pore volume becomes small and the structural sensitivity decreases from 2.029 to 1.075. The structural strength of specimens 1^#,2^#,3^# are 17 kPa, 15 kPa and 9 kPa respectively.

As creep test in laboratory is usually adopted graded loading in present, it is a key problem for creep characteristics study and creep model construction to convert reasonably the creep curves by graded loading into curves by loading separately.Therefore, the influences of inear method and CHEN’s method to the characteristics of creep curves and creep parameters are compared and analysed, which are based on a series of graded loading creep tests on soft clay in Huangshi, Zhangzhou and Qingdao areas. Then some suggestions for processing method of soft clay nonlinear creep test data are put forward. The results show that creep curves can be obtained more accurately for test in loading separately by using CHEN’s method. The results are close between linear method and CHEN’s method under the lower stress level, but more different in higher stress level. The difference between two methods appears on inflection point of creep curves, and it will reduces with pressure increasing gradually. The difference of the results from two methods will get to significant for soft soil with strong creep characteristics. The difference of creep parameters is small through entire process curve is small, but is more bigger by creep curve under different pressures. The difference can also be seen in secondary consolidation coefficient, that the maximum value of Huangshi soft clay is 0.03 by linear method, but 0.07 by CHEN’s method.

The authors describe results from an experimental program in which instrumented model piles were jacked into layered soils in a test chamber. The pile sinking mechanism of jacked pile was discussed. A number of pile installations were carried out to study the change of penetration resistance，end resistance and side resistance with penetration depth of pile . The behaviors of different resistances crossing different soil interfaces during the process of pressing pile and soil pressure are obtained. Moreover, the test series was designed using both open and closed end to investigate the effect of different pile ending forms on the side resistance of pile, and the change of soil plug of open-ended pile during the penetration process are discussed. The experimental results indicate that the end resistance plays important role during penetration in clay soil; because of the pile side horizontal stress release, the side resistance decreases with the depth at the same elevation, appearing “friction fatigue”.

The effect of rigidity of buffering spring on the flowing character of the liquid in the controlling passages of fluidic element and the backward impact velocity of the piston is studied by means of CFD dynamic analysis and is validated by experiments. The results show that exerting spring force axially on the piston has no effect on the switch of the main jet in the fluidic element, and buffering spring with proper rigidity can make the backward impact velocity decrease greatly, the backward impact velocity of the piston will reduce 52.88% when rigidity of spring enhances five times, which is helpful for reducing impact loads and keeping the parts made of tungsten carbide in the fluidic elements from breaking when the liquid-jet hammer works in well drilling.

The wastewater of producing furfural was treated with surface flow constructed wetland that rebuilded by low-lying saline and alkaline land bases on the character of wastewater, the experimental method was natural consumption that the wastewater amount was balanceable with natural evaporation and crop evapotranspiration and water content of plant, no draining wastewater. The results showed that the average removal rate of COD was 94%, the removal rate of TN was 65%, the removal rate of TOC was 94.9%, the pH of effluent was 6.22.

In China’s coastal area, most of the abandoned shells of seafood are processed as rubbish, which are becoming into potential environmental hazards; Waste utilization is a good choice. An experiment-scale anaerobic fixed film reactor (AFFR) with waste product from mariculture-shell as biomass carrier, treating domestic wastewater was conducted in 98 days at 18-25℃. The characteristics of substrate degradation levels in anaerobic acidogenesis were investigated under hydraulic retention times (HRTs) 4 h, 8 h and 12 h. Averaged COD removal efficiencies of 55.0%-58.9% were achieved during operation period. Averaged TP removal efficiencies of 16.90%, 25.95% and 27.43% were achieved under HRTs 4 h, 8 h and 12 h, individually. The alkalinity of shell releasing in anaerobic acidogenesis was sufficient to buffer the pH system. The effluent pH increase associated with the shell was observed obviously, getting averaged 11.6% and 16.5% of pH increasing rate under HRTs 8 h and 12 h. Preliminary technical and economic feasibility analysis indicates that shell is an ideal biomass carrier and 8 h is optimum HRT parameter for anaerobic reactor.

Mineral components of atmospheric fine dust of Zibo City have been investigated using XRD technique qualitatively and semi-quantitatively. The results showed that the mineral assemblages of the dusts keep stable.Quartz, albite and clay minerals, which originated from geological sources, amounted to 59.1%-95.1% weight percent in the dust. Gypsum and calcite dust in the atmospheric chemical reactions related, amounted to 36.3%-1.0% weight percent in the dust, indicating the air pollution of SO₂ changed with time. The weight percent of hematite in the dust varies least. Meteorologic character may be the main reason for the different contents of gypsum in the dust. The present study shows that the mineral assemblages and gypsum content in atmospheric fine dust could be used to monitor acidic air pollution intensity.

To investigate the effect of coexistent heavy metals on atrazine adsorption onto sediments (surface coatings) before and after the selective extraction treatments in the atrazine-Cd/Cu coexistence systems, a chemical extraction technique was employed to separate non-residual components (Fe/Mn oxides and organic materials) in sediments (surface coatings). The results indicated that the greatest contribution to atrazine adsorption on a molar basis is from Fe oxides and next is from organic materials in the coexistence system, while Mn oxides restrain atrazine adsorption. It was also found that coexistent Cd promoted atrazine adsorption onto original sediments (surface coatings) and each non-residual component, and the promotion was significant at 0.2 mg/L of Cd, with the adsorption contribution of atrazine onto Fe/ Mn oxides and organics enhanced by 3.20%-32.31% for sediments and 1.61%-17.10% for surface coatings, but this simulative effect was generally weakened with increasing concentration of cadmium. Meanwhile, coexistent Cu could restrain atrazine adsorption onto original sediments (surface coatings) and Fe oxides, organic materials, and atrazine adsorption was inhibited most distinctly at 75.0 mg/L of Cu，at this time, the adsorption contribution of atrazine onto Fe oxides and organics reduced by 29.21%, 22.36% for sediments and 9.46%, 77.27% for surface coatings, but coexistent Cu could also reduced the inhibition of artazine adsorption onto Mn oxides by 28.98% (sediments) and 17.46% (surface coatings), respectively.

The iron-carbon micro-electrolysis packing was made by the method of calcination. The influences of clay, Fe/C mass ratio, clay proportion, packing diameter, additives and calcination temperature on the removal rate of simulated benzene groundwater were investigated. The results showed that the adsorption effect of clay after calcination was little; The optimum conditions of preparation for treating were Fe/C mass ratio 6∶1, clay proportion 25%, calcination temperature 300℃. The packing was used to treat BTEX groundwater, and the removal rate was over 80% after running steadily.

To obtain the low dielectric ceramic with low temperature and low cost, the nature pyrophyllite is applied as raw material, BaCO₃, MgO and SiC as accessories, to prepare the dielectric ceramic by the method of sintering. The influences of accessories on ceramic properties are discussed by testing their macroscopic properties, dielectric properties, thermal expansion coefficient and mechanical properties. The result indicates that BaCO₃, and MgO can improve the sintering, dielectric as well as thermal expansion properties of ceramic, and SiC can increase the mechanical properties of ceramic. On the basis of processing parameters optimization, the dielectric ceramic is obtained, with such high-quality properties as (1.34-19.28)×10¹¹Ω·cm of electrical resistivity, 2-4 of dielectric constant, less than 0.004（1 kHz） of dielectric loss, less than 1% of porosity, (4-5)×10^-6K^-1 of thermal expansion, and approximate 400 MPa of flexural strength.

In order to make full use of natural polarity and farinfrared radiation characteristics of tourmaline, effect of tourmaline on the structure of water clusters was studied by the method of nuclear magnetic resonance. It is indicated that tourmaline reduced ¹⁷O nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) full width at half maximum intensity (FWHM) of water molecular, and the reduction amplitude is positive correlation with the size of tourmaline. When tourmaline is calcined to ceramisite, its effect on ¹⁷O NMR FWHM of water molecular is more obvious than that of tourmaline powder. From the aging test of activated water, it can be found that the water still maintained good activity after 480 hours.

In southern Dagang area, Dagang oildfield, the lithology of Guantao Formation is complex, and shale content of reservoir is high, and the resistivity difference is little, so it is difficult to identify the oil-bearing reservoir and water-bearing reservoir by well logging interpretation. Lithology, petrophysical property and water property data are used to analyze genetic feature of low resistivity reservoirs, because illite/smectite formation is the main clay mineral type of Guantao Formation, and formation water salinity is small, so high clay-bound water and additional conductivity of clay are two main causes of low-resistivity reservoirs. Based on analysis of genetic feature, three-pore conductivity model is used to evaluate the electrical conductivity of water saturation, and movable water saturation method is integrated to identify the low-resistivity oil-bearing reservoirs. According to three-pore conductivity mode and movable water saturation method analysis, the conclusions of well-logging interpretation is consistent with the test oil results.

Seismic travel-time calculation is significant in numerical modeling,tomography inversion and migration. In this paper, integrated using wave-front construction and Lie algebra integral, we proposed a new method, called wave-front construction-Lie algebra integral(WFC-LAI)method， which is applicable to unsymmetrical travel-time calculation in laterally velocity variant medium. We make coordinate conversion by travel-time of image rays computed by wave-front construction and convert the lens item of single square root operator in depth domain to a constant, then in the ray coordinates we determine analytical expression of paraxial travel-time using Lie algebra integral and exponent mapping. Through numerical experiments we know our result coincides with the theoretical value in the medium with linear laterally variant velocity. Comparing with wavefront construction we can conclude that in laterally velocity variant medium, WFC-LAI method is applicable to travel-time calculation and saves storage space and computing time, which is extremely beneficial to improve the precision and efficiency of Kirchhoff pre-stack depth migration.

To make the solution of the traditional Wiener filtering method with the least mean square criterion more accurate and stable, we proposed a least mean square criterion with regularization idea based on the derivative operator constrains in this paper. Under this criterion, Wiener filter coefficients and its frequency response were derived. The filter result can be controlled by different regularization function values in different frequencies. The analyses of theoretical and practical seismic data show that this method is better than the traditional Wiener filter in the denoising. And the method can reduce the losing of  the energy of effective signal. In view of the foregoing it shows that the regular terms is reasonable and effective. Finally, the expression of the regularization function is built; and its purpose is convenient to compute the regularization function value. And the possibility of improved filtering is discussed by smoothing amplitude spectrum.

In order to investigate the response of borehole radar to metal ore, finite difference time domain (FDTD) was applied to borehole radar forward modeling on metal ore detection. Numerous simulated results were obtained for different metal ore-body, such as spherical, planar, and a practical ore-body. Spherical ore-body exhibits hyperbolic curves in profile and exact position can be determined after migration processing. As the planar ore-body is penetrated by the borehole, direct wave is shifted and weakened, andreflection events extend upward and downward. However, when it is not penetrated by the borehole, reflection exhibits a linear characteristic. For the practical ore-body, different boreholes show different signal characters. Combing with the detection from three boreholes, we can deduce the shape of the ore-body, and judge that the ore-body has the characteristic of low-resistivity and high permittivity.

Photochemical model is series differential equations that combine ozone density and airglow volume emission rate at oxygen infrared atmospheric band, which can be used to retrieve ozone profile from remotely sensed airglow measurement. The O₂(a¹Δ_g) photochemical model based on atmospheric kinetics and photochemistry of odd oxygen family is overviewed. A new slant path integration method is proposed to calculate optical depth for solving the photolysis coefficients. A practical latitude-altitude-SZA (solar zenith angle) lookup table method for determination photolysis coefficients is introduced to dealing computationally intensive calculations. The results of comparison between conventional and new method for calculating optical depth suggested that, the deviation increases from 12% with SZA of 80° greatly to 100% with SZA of 887°. Especially, comparing to conventional method, it will not lead to minus value by new method. The scheme that establishes a lookup table will avoid the complex procedure, and it allows looking up the coefficients rather than setting parameters and calculating each time.

Based on T₂  cutoff value model, to determine the irreducible water saturation we used three kinds of variable T₂  cutoff value method，a fixed cutoff value of experience, experience variable T₂   cutoff value, and the Coates permeability model, and comparative analysis has been done in order to get accurate result. Additionally, experimental data with conventional core analysis verified the accuracy. The results indicated that the average relative error between the irreducible water saturation computed by variable T₂  cutoff value based on Coates permeability model and irreducible water saturation got by conventional core analysis is 9.5%. Additionally this method can be used to determine Coates model of regional experience in the coefficient of C, m, n and improve the accuracy of NMR permeability.

Based on the measurements of a GPS profile, which is composed of 10 GPS stations across the Bangong Co-Nujiang suture zone around Gaize area of the Tibetan Plateau, observed 3 times from 2007 to 2009 in campaign mode, we investigated the present-day crustal deformation of the Gaize area, and revealed that the principal strains of the region are north-south compression and east-west extension with the rates of (104.0±28.6) ×10^-9/a and (25.4±17.7) ×10^-9/a, respectively. Using the half-space elastic dislocation model and constrained with the GPS velocity vectors of the GPS profile, we inversed the present-day movement of the Bangong Co-Nujiang suture zone at Gaize area (known as Gaize-Dongcuo fault) is right-lateral with a rate of about (7.4±0.8) mm/a.

The usual solution that distribute albite over alkali feldspar and plagioclase is Rietmann phase diagrams, which need a large quantity of  calculations whose process are complex with man-made factors. Programming simulation with human thinking and work steps to achieve the Rietmann phase diagrams, including phase diagram of digital, phase diagram partition, solving the sample points in miscibility region, solving the sample points of the immiscibility region and solving the end result, etc., were discussed. Also, key code of the programming simulation with Matlab language were given. Some examples showed that the calculation by hand takes about 50 min, however ,the method needs 2-3 s with accuracy of 100%.

For the low level of mineral resources and reserves dynamic monitoring and mapping in China, a computer-aided mineral resources and reserves dynamic estimation and management model was invented. According to the daily workflow of mine exploration and development, by using point-source database as the basis, mineral resources and reserves integrated and visual dynamic estimating and managing were realized in 2D and 3D space. Problems faced by those complex polymetal mines that mineral resources and reserves dynamic verifying and managing were resolved innovatively by using this model. And it was realized in the traditional method mineral reserves dynamic estimation and management subsystem of digital mine software QuantyMine. Finally, in order to verify this model, using realized subsystem as tool, it was used in some real mines. Took a typical polymetal mine as example, compared dynamic estimation results with mine reserves verification reports, ore weight ranged from -1.78％ to 2.86％, metal weight of Cu ranged from -5.05％ to 4.45％.Those results agreed with the actual reserves of the mine.

The national iron ore reserves data of mineral resources are always in dispersion and don’t play its value. The authors research the sharing and application of the nationwide iron ore resource potential data in depth. It combs systematically the information about resource potential of 2 026 large-medium size iron ore zones using mining area as the basic unit and then establishes the iron ore spatial data model based on Oracle Spatial and oriented-object characteristics with considering other minerals sufficiently. The basic framework of system is set up based on Service-Objected Architecture using Web Services as basic components, and is implemented by object-oriented programming language. Using the system to analyze national iron ore types and potential forecast of iron ore resource, the statistical result shows the predict potential of iron ore resource is 60.023 32 billion tons, and the number of the potential mining areas having the iron ore resources is 389, and the potential resource of the fifteen iron ore prospect area is 37.8 billion tons. This loose-coupled system framework is easy to extend and integrate and can provide iron mineral resource data for other system.

To solve the problems of massive data processing, information integration and multipurpose utilization, the authors propose the national petroleum resources database designing method, including software structure, function structure, database structure and database system based on C/S and B/S. We introduce the construction of system structure based on B/S using Ajax and resolve the problem of extraction and conversion of multiple data between C/S and B/S using ETL, and so on. The system solves the problem with the technology of space-attribute integration based on geographic information system (GIS).