Development and continuity of shear clay smear is the main cause of lateral and vertical seal of faults. And SSF is referred  as the ratio of throw of fault to thickness of mudstone. Physical modeling and outcrop observation confirm the clay smear is not continuous combined with faults vertically leakage when SSF is greater than a constant value. The critical SSF value of the vertical fault seal is 5.0 of faults-related trap in Tanan depression，Hailar-Tamuchage basin. Most of faults are sealed vertically for oil and gas. However, formation period and post-action of faults must be taken into consideration. Shear clay smear couldn’t develop during basin inversion and uplift, and fault inversion causes failure of the clay smear and hydrocarbon leakage. The gouge in the fault zone comes not only from clay smear, but also phyllosilicate from sandstones, therefore SSF is not fully representative of clay content in fault zone, and SGR is the most effective parameter of the clay content in fault zone, especially for sand-sand juxtaposition seal. Considering the minimum SGR of fault plane as the critical value of faults lateral seal in fault-controlling oil reservoir, we regard the throw corresponding to the critical SGR as risk throw, then, faults with throw smaller than risk throw are at high risk of laterally sealing. Using these two methods, we can rapidly evaluate the risk of fault-traps during early exploration, and then reduce the risk of drilling.

Changling sag locates in Songliao Basin’s south of the central depression area, Suotu Region is located in south central Changling sag. Based on the drill core records, well logging data, seismic profiles, rock thin sections, data of physical property, and Hg-injection test data, this study focuses on the reservoir heterogeneity of Qingshankou Formation. The results are summarized as follows. The majority of spaces in the reservoirs of Qingshankou Formation in  Suotu region are undeveloped interparticle spaces, intraparticle dissolved pores and unmatured pellet internal pores. The main oil-bearing members in well 301 area are dominated by medium-low porosity and ultra-low permeability reservoir. The lamination factor and sandstone percentage by columnar section in the area imply a strong macroscopic heterogeneity, with a type of “mudstone-wrapping sandstone”and a weak connectivity of sandstone. The normal rhythm and composite rhythm lead to granularity heterogeneity in the single sandstone layer, and structures result in the heterogeneity of permeability, thus providing a strong permeability heterogeneity in the layers. The divergence of grain sizes in different directions results in the heterogeneity of permeability in the area. However, a weak heterogeneity is relatively shown in the horizontal direction. The microscopic heterogeneity in the area is characterized by  generally small size spaces, weak reservoir spaces connectivity, good sorting, medium concentration of main infiltration passageway, and weak heterogeneity.

Seismic data, logging, cores, connecting with the characteristic of structure evolution are used to establish the sequence stratigraphic framework of the Nantun Formation in the western area of Beier depression, Hailaer basin. The Nantun Formation in the study area finally can be divided into one supersequence, four three-order sequences and eleven systems tracts. There are four facies including fan delta, braid river delta, sublacustrine fan and lake, and eight subfacies can be identified in the sequence stratigraphic framework of the Nantun Formation. During the depositing period of Nantun Formation, the study area experienced the tectonic evolution process which experienced from initial subsidence state to a rapid subsidence stage, then to a subsidence decrease stage, and to a shrink stage finally， which respectively corresponded with four three-order sequences. In the depositing period of sequence SQ1, this area was a separated rifted basin, fan delta mainly formed in the northwest and northeast of the area， and braid river delta mainly formed in the southeast of the area; at this time, the area of lake basin is also small. During the depositing period of sequence SQ2, the area of lake basin expanded rapidly with the lake level rising and finally formed a unified lake basin; the sedimentary framework is similar to the depositing period of sequence SQ1, but the difference is that in the southwest of this area， a provenance appeared and then fan delta sedimentary began. In the depositing period of sequence SQ3, the lakebasin area reached to the largest scale; the area scale of all fan(braid river) deltas from corresponding respective provenance direction obviously reduced and deep water sediments including sublacustrine fan and fluxoturbidite formed relatively more. In the depositing period of sequence SQ4, the lake basin area scale decrease rapidly; meanwhile, the sediment from the southeastern provenance supplied not enough to the basin, leading to the braid river delta in the southeast of centre almost disappear at that time. On the basis of comprehensive research on the reservoir-cap combination distribution and the conditions of the migration and accumulation of oil and gas, it shows that most favorable reservoir-cap combination formed in the lowstand system tracts and the highstand system tracts of sequence SQ2 and SQ3 of the Nantun Formation. These fault development areas are prone to form block fault traps and fault anticline traps because of having preferable reservoir rock and being near the hydrocarbon source rock. The slope and ramp can form unconformity-lithologic traps by the unconformity as the barrier bed and the stratigraphic overlap traps by all kinds of sand bodies as the reservoirs.

The origin and evolution of the reservoir’s diagenetic heterogeneity of Chang6 Member in Jiyuan area is discussed on the basis of identifying the features of its petrology, physical properties and diagenesis, by observation of the cores, thin sections, casting sections and SEM data of 57 wells, as well as comprehensive analysis techniques such as conventional physical properties study, X-ray diffraction and fluid inclusion study. The reservoirs of Chang6 Member in Jiyuan area are mainly low porosity, ultra low permeability arkose. Heterogeneity in original porosity was formed by mechanical differentiation in initial sedimentation. Reservoirs with different original porosities experienced differentiation in later diagenetic evolution. And four stages lead to diagenetic heterogeneity: early compaction, early acidulous water injection, carbonate cementation obstruction, and finally organic acid and hydrocarbon injections.

Study shows that the surface area of the ancient lake of the west slope at northern Songliao basin is largely exposed during the initial deposit period of Yaojia Formation, and a regional unconformity surface as the channel of westward migration for oil and gas is formed later. Therefore, it is significant to study the deposition system of upper part of Yaojia Formation and its controlling factors on the oil and gas exploration and development. According to the analysis on the distribution of heavy minerals and the percentage of sandstone in each small layer, it is revealed that the SⅡ+Ⅲ sand groups deposition of Yaojia Formation in the west slope of northern Songliao basin is controlled by the two-way provenance of Qiqihar and Yingtai; after analyzing the controlling factors of paleo-topography layer, palaeogeomorphic and water energy environment, combining with the study on the core data of 49 wells and the drilling logging data of 202 wells in the study area, the fact can be clarified that seven major micro-facies types in the SⅡ+Ⅲ sand groups deposition of Yaojia Formation in the west slope area are developed, which includes underwater distributary channel, under water interdistributary bay, distal bar, mouth bar, sand flat, mud flat and sand-mud mixed flat; and the sedimentary micro-facies plane distribution feature and their changing law of the SⅡ+Ⅲ₄, SⅡ+Ⅲ₃, SⅡ+Ⅲ₂ and SⅡ+Ⅲ₁ four small layers are summarized. After studying the micro-facies under control of the south and north two-way provenance, it is proven that the underwater distributary channel and mouth bar are the favorite reservoir sandstones, and the sand flat and sand-mud mixed flat micro-facies formed at the environment of water erosion are likely to be the potential targets for exploration in the latter part of lakes area.

Seismic sedimentology is a new traverse subject which studies the sedimentary microfacies detailedly with 3D seismic data, combining with core and logging, using advanced geophysical technique. B682 borefield in Shengli oilfield mainly develops nearshore-subaqueous-fan facies, semi-deep lake and deep lake facies, and turbidite facies in the middle and lower part of Sha 3 Member, in which the turbidite sandbody is the main petroliferous sand body. For the analysis of turbidite-sand distribution, this research studies the intended interval in B682 borefield under the direction of seismic sedimentology with 90° phase shift and stratal slicing. And it can be found that, vertically, the turbidite sand body is mainly developed in the early period and the late period of the development of the middle and the lower of Sha 3 Member in B682 borefield separately. It is also found that, horizontally, the turbidite sand body in the early period of the lower part of Sha 3 Member mainly developed in the east of the area, the distribution of which can reach 1.71 km².The turbidite sand body in the late period of the lower part of Sha 3 Member mainly develops in the east, the south east and the south, the distribution of which in the south is bigger,reaching 3.37 km²,and the distribution of which in the south east and the south is smaller, about 1.61 km². The turbidite sand body in the early period of the middle part of Sha 3 Member mainly develops in the north-east and the south-east, the distribution of which can reach 1.90 km². The turbidite sand body in the late period of the middle part of Sha 3 Member mainly develops in the south-east and the south-west, the distribution of which is all small about 1.15 km².

Genetic analysis on different braided deltas is the basis of remaining oil prediction and reasonable developing policy making. Lithogeochemical and genetic stratigraphic analysis indicates that Sanjianfang Formation in Wenmi oilfield is deposited by regressive and progressive shoal braided deltas during long term base level cycles under the aridic climate in a fresh lacustrine basin. Genetic stratigraphic frameworks of individual sand units of Sanjianfang Formation are established with the method of detailed genetic stratigraphic correlation. Regressive braided deltas are smaller in scale, within which distributary channels range from 30 to 58 in width to depth ratios, and evolve from branched shape to fingered shape in areal geometry, and consist of finer lithofacies association of CSm→MSp-l→FSh→FSp-h→FStr→FSp-h→Fr. On the contrary, progressive braided deltas are larger in scale, within which distributary channels range from 53 to 108 in width to depth ratios, and evolve from fingered shape to branched and sheeted shapes in areal geometry, and include coarser lithofacies association of SCm→GCSm→CStr→FSp-h→FSp-l. Small scaled mouth bars are formed around the slope break areas of lacustrine bottom. Water alternating gas (WAG) injection can enhance the recovery efficiency further.

In order to reveal and display the distribution law of the Paleogene stratigraphic-lithological reservoir of Qikou sag and provide guidance toward the drilling, this paper has utilized the sequence stratigraphy theory with the integration of 3D seismic data, well log data as well as core data to set the work of sequence stratigraphy analysis of it into motion. Paleogene, as a super sequence series, has developed three super sequences and 11 three-order sequences. According to the pattern of sedimentary structure slope break, the sequence can be divided into deflection break sequence and fault ramp sequence. The fault ramp sequence primarily develops in the super sequence 1, and the deflection break sequence mainly develops in the super sequence 2 and super sequence 3. In the Binhai slope area, the lowstand system tract sandstone of super sequence 2 and highstand system tract sandstone of super sequence 3, which are controlled by the deflection break and in well correlation to the high-quality source rocks of lake expansion system tract. The burial depth is fairly appropriate and reservoir formation conditions are superior, the area of which are favorable zones where stratigraphic-lithological reservoir highly develops. Furthermore, this paper has proposed the seismic attribute optimizing method involving the integration of forward modeling and the reservoir prediction under the control of seismic attribute. The application of these methods has successfully predicted six favorable targets in the target area, and the feasibility of which has been proved by the drilling results.

In order to evaluate and recognize the steep slope zone which have had significant exploration discovery and the exploration potential of Qinnan area.Combining qualitative appraisement and quantitative description method, the data of composition and carbon isotope of natural gas, analysis of oil-source correlation of oil associated with natural gas and numerical simulation of hydrocarbon migration are used to systematically study the gas genetic type and its hydrocarbon exploration potential in this area. The results show that: the natural gas in uplift is Neogene dissolved gas and mainly dry gas, and in steep slope is Paleogene condensate gas and mainly wet gas. The natural gas in steep slope is mainly oiltype gas, the data of carbon isotopic shows reversal, and the biomarker indicates the oil associated with natural gas is mixed oil source from the source rocks of E₂s³ and E₃s¹. And the numerical simulation of hydrocarbon migration shows that only the “active” source rocks in step-fault zone make contribution for the oil-gas field. Non-hydrocarbon gas is CO₂, mantle-derived inorganic gas. Qinnan sag is a “little but fertile” hydrocarbongeneration sag. Source rocks of E₂s³ and E₃s¹ are good, and those of E₃d^L are moderate to good. Qinnan area hydrocarbon mainly comes from Shahejie source rocks (E₂s³ and E₃s¹). Simulation of hydrocarbon dominant migration and source rocks evaluation show that the steep slope, western slope, Shijiutuo salient gentle slope and south end of Liaoxi low uplift are favorable exploration areas.

Ba-Mai area stands for the Bachu uplift and Mageti slope in SW Tarim basin, it has a paleo-tectonic and paleo-geographic background of platform margin-slope, which implies a typical reef-bank environment characteristics. There are three layers of limestone developed in the XBZ 3D seismic working area, C₁b biological clastic limestone, standard limestone and C₂x limestone, in which a special seismic response carbonate was found, the main response characteristics are thickness and frequency increasing with an extra peak event. It can be indicated that the low velocity abnormal body was caused by a near EW platform margin barrier reef through different thickness, subface flatten, seismic attribute and forward and inversion methods, combined with analysis of field outcrops, core, microscopic observation, logging and sedimentary facies. The reef extends more than 25 km in EW, the maximum thickness of reef core area of C₂x limestone is 62 m, outside thickness is 50 m. Platform margin slope trends to south, which has a 1-2 km horizontal width. Biological clastic bank behind the reef trends to north, the horizontal width is 3-6 km. Blocked by Selibuya fault, reefs traps can be formed, reefs area is about 42 km² and about 45 m thick.

Based on the study of hydrothermal experiment on the interaction between the K-feldspar, plagioclase and CO2 fluids at different temperature (100 ℃, 200 ℃and 300 ℃) ,it is suggested that the corrosion intensity of feldspar should gradually be enhanced as the temperature increases, and albite is stronger than the corrosion degree of K-feldspar. After the reaction between the K-feldspar , plagioclase and CO₂ fluids, the spherulitic, rod-like and flower-like gibbsite occurs on the sample surface at 200 ℃and 300 ℃; and siderite forms on the sample surface at 200℃. Spherical ferrous oxide precipitates on the sample surface at 300 ℃ after the reaction between plagioclase and CO₂ fluids. The formation of siderite (at 200℃) and the precipitation of FeO(at 300℃) on the sample surface showed that the CO₂ can be captured in the mineral as the form of carbonate,  the upper limit temperature that can be captured is around 200℃.

The Co-rich Fe-Mn crust sample, MKD23B-3, was dredged from Seamount MK of Magellan Seamount cluster at a water depth of about 2 170 m. Major elements, rare earth elements (REE) as well as Y compositions along the section of this sample are analyzed by ICP-OES and ICP-MS. The existing phases of REE and Y are investigated based on linear correlation analysis. The section of this sample can be divided into 5 layers from substrate to surface, the layers Ⅰ-Ⅱ of this Co-rich Fe-Mn crust are phosphatized and the layers Ⅲ, Ⅳ and Ⅴ are non-phosphatized. In nonphosphatized layers, REE and Y are mainly distributed in the phase of δ-MnO₂. In phosphatized layers, besides in the phase of δ-MnO₂ and Fe oxyhydroxides, REE  and Y are mainly consisted in the phase (probably REE phosphate) independent from carbonate fluorapatite. A new method for calculation of secondary REE in phosphatized Fe-Mn crusts is proposed, and the secondary rare earth elements in the phosphatized layers Ⅰ and Ⅱ of Corich Fe-Mn crust MKD23B-3 are calculated. In the phosphatized layers, the secondary rare earth elements are 42%-88% of total rare earth elements, which indicates nearly more than half of total REE in phosphatized Fe-Mn crustal layers are secondary, and the effect of phosphatization is significant during the enrichment of secondary REE. It’s concluded that the contamination of secondary rare earth elements should be excluded from the paleoceanographic record of REE (especially Nd) in phosphatized Fe-Mn crusts.

The chert, with simple component and high stability, is widely distributed in orogenic area. It’s stable in macroscopic traces, however, such traces showing geological evolution and diagenic metamorphism of large scale orogeny can be found by the microfabric study, as temperature, pressure and fluids. The ore-hosting chert from Bafangshan-Erlihe Pb-Zn ore deposit is studied by optical microscope, RAMAN, XRD and SEM-EDS. It is indicated that the chert was of obvious alteration during the orogeny, metallogenesis and recrystallization. Under microscope, the chert is composed of cryptomereminicrystal quartz and carbonate minerals(calcite, dolomite and etc. ) and is altered by different stresses. Tiny fissures and veins result from extensional stress, while the tiny fold and oriented arrange of the minerals indicate the effect of compressive stress. Moreover, the effect of compressive stress is also confirmed by the shortening of crystallographic axis for quartz of XRD analysis and oriented carbonate minerals under SEM. In the RAMAN analysis, the crystallinity of quartz grain decrease from the center to the edge, while the crystallinity increase sharply at the edge between quartz and carbonate veins, indicating that the upper fluids accelerating the recrystallization of the quartz grain. Under SEM, the metal sulphides distributed as linear and disseminated structures, probable are caused by the alteration of temperature, stress and fluids. Under a certain temperature and pressure, the chert are deformed, producing oriented mineral (carbonate minerals), which provide transportation and deposition space for the ore-forming fluids.

Altyn Tagh fault has experienced at least three periods strike-slip and thrust movement since 100-85 Ma, 40-25 Ma, 10-8 Ma respectively. In this paper, the author carried out joints data measurements in the Meso-Cenzoic strata of southwest Qaidam basin, and then deduced the stress direction applying the strata recovery technique to different formations. The results suggest that the effect of Altyn Tagh fault to southwest Qaidam basin is difference in various periods, that is, it is very narrow just along Altyn Tagh Mountains during Late Cretaceous, while it enlarge gradually to Ganchaigou anticline and Youshashan anticline during the Eocene Shangganchaigou epoch and Miocene Xiayoushashan epoch for two stages of strike-slip and thrust movement of Altyn Tagh fault. Perhaps, the structure joint phenomenon of Qaidam basin has some relationship with the multi-phase thrust of Tibet Plateau causing Altyn Tagh fault re-active at that time. Therefore, it is necessary to consider three strike-slip movements of Altyn Tagh fault in the exploration of petroleum produce of southwest Qaidam basin.

Mafic dikes in Meizhou Island, Fujian Province, intrude along joints of the granite. They are mainly hornblende diabase and composed of plagioclase (An=45-55), hornblende and minority of augite and/or quartz. The SHRIMP U-Pb age of zircons from mafic dikes is （90±2） Ma. The host granite, with zircon SHRIMP U-Pb age of （105±3） Ma, is composed of quartz（25%-30％），perthite（50%-60％），plagioclase (An=22-25，10%-15％) and minority of biotite (<5%). The age difference between the mafic dikes and their host granite is approximately 10 Ma. Geochemically, the mafic dikes are of low CaO, MgO, TiO₂, high Al₂O₃, with LREE and LILE enriched, Ta-Nb depleted, (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i=0.705 2-0.705 4,ε_Nd(t) =-0.03-1.57. The overall elemental and Sr-Nd isotopic characteristics of the Meizhou Island mafic dikes are similar to those of mafic dikes from the coastal area of Fujian Province. The host granite is rich in silicon, alkalis, w(SiO₂)>75%，A/CNK=1.05-1.12，w（K₂O+Na₂O）=7.68%-8.12%， (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i=0.705 5，ε_Nd(t) = -3.92, which is consistent with that of the late Mesozoic high-K calc-alkaline granitoid in the coastal region of Fujian Province. It’s suggested that the host granites in Meizhou Island be formed by partial melting in middle-lower crustal rocks by underplating and heating of basaltic magma produced from partial melting of enriched lithospheric mantle. The mafic dikes were probably derived from the detained basaltic magma experienced fractional crystallization process. The granite and mafic dikes from Meizhou Island formed in the extensional setting and responded to two extension events. The study on the Meizhou Island granite and mafic dikes provides a new case for Late Mesozoic tectonic-magmatic activities and constraint to the time of lithosphere extensional events in the coastal area of Fujian Province.

Geochronology and petro-geochemistry of garnet-bearing granite from Wulan area of Urad Zhongqi are investigated, and its forming age and tectonic background are discussed. The age of garnet-bearing granite dated by SHRIMP U-Pb of zircons is (256.4±2.2) Ma, indicating that it was formed at the Later Permian. Petro-geochemical characteristics show that the granite is weakly peraluminous I-type ones formed in post-collision tectonic settings and its sources is  the greywacke in upper continental crust. The partial melting degree of the source rocks is lower. The granite was derived from interaction of an I-type granitic liquid as a result of strong with hydrothermal fluid during the magmatic stage. According to tectonic settings, forming conditions and emplacement times of garnet-bearing granites, it is referred that the suturing between the Northern margin of North China plateform and the Southern margin of Siberian plate in research area took place before 256.4 Ma.

In order to ensure the systemic error correction of regional geochemical data more according with to the geological reality, the relationship between geologocal background and regional geochemical data is studied. The conclusion has been drawn that regional geochemical data of congeneric geologic bodies in uniform geologic background originated from the common population and have similar characteristics. The method of the systemic error correction of regional geochemical mapping data based on geological background analysis is proposed. The basic principle and method processing of the method are also suggested.The application of the method to map-serging of three Ag element regional geochemical maps of 1∶200 000 confirms that the systemic error correction is available and favorable to both interpretation and application of regional geochemical maps.

A new enantiornithine bird Gracilornis jiufotangensis gen. et sp. nov. is described from Early Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation in Chaoyang, western Liaoning Province. This new bird is distinguishable from other known enantiornithines in having slender skeleton, well developed arthroses of limbs, small sternum (sternum length／trunk length≈0.11, sternum width／trunk length≈0.13). This bird is referred to the family Cathayornithidae.

The concept of key-block system is proposed on the basis of the key-block theory developed by Goodman-Shi and the key-block group theory developed by A.R.Yarahmadi Bafghi. It describes the method of how to find out the key-block and key-block system, the graphical key-block analysis technique and the vector key-block analysis technique, and proposes the method that reinforcing rock combined with characteristics of unstable rocks, deformation and failure mechanism and effective reinforcement measures. The key-block system anchoring technique includs the key-block system method and anchoring rock with systematic, it avoids the shortcomings of the current design theory. By establishing geological model and mechanics model of unstable rock of Jidan road from K49+790 m to K55+550 m and analyzing the deformation failure mechanism of slope and anchoring mechanism, a anchoring plan to control the dangerous rocks is suggested which is clearing the unstable rock at the top of slope, shotcreting the fractured slope face, and then bolting the rock blocks. The plan saves 35% of amount of bolts,32% of toatal SNS,19% of sum of beams compared with traditional method.

Combining with the stress characteristics of the foundation soil, the soil force was analyzed for finding the improved effect on the separated foundation bearing capacity of lateral fill. Establishing the calculation model and algorithm, the general formulation of separated foundation bearing capacity considering lateral fill was deduced. Then under direction of similarity theory, five model tests were designed to simulate the foundation deformation of silty clay in whole loading process. The pressure-settlement curves were drew and the foundation bearing capacity under lateral fill height of 0 m,4 m,8 m,12 m,16 m were measured. Test results showed that with the fill height increasing the bearing capacity increased significantly, it had been reached 885 kPa when the fill height was 12 m. But the growth was nonlinear, it firstly increased from 18.42% to 36.11% and then reduced to 3.39%. At last the bearing capacity reached 915 kPa while fill height reached 16m. Meanwhile the errors between the calculated results and measured by model test were almost less than 10%, so the algorithm was feasible. The conclusion is that the lateral fill is advantageous for improve the foundation bearing capacity and reduce project cost significantly when the settlement of the culverts foundation satisfied the design request, with the lateral fill increasing, the rate of the improvement first increases and then decreases, at last it tends to 915 kPa when fill height reached 16 m.

BOTDR technology is used to monitor surface deformation overcoming defects of conventional monitoring means and technology. The authors research on fixation and temperature compensation of fiber in the process of monitoring implementation, emphatically introducing laying means in the Guanjia slope of Longli freeway in Zhejiang Province. Based on characteristics of engineering environment, implanted fixation is used on slope volume. Introducing quasi-distributed monitoring concept, special clamps are used to fix fiber in fixedpoint on front slope face. The monitoring results show that tight coated fiber of relatively small outer diameter is suitable for implanted fixation to ensure sync coordinate deformation and sensitivity of fiber is improved because of smaller sheath effects. Big outer diameter is suitable for fixed-point. When temperature field changes a little, temperature compensation could be neglected. In contrary, it could be carried out by selecting similar monitoring environment and laying relaxed fiber to measure temperature changes. At the end it is discussed about fiber laying measures improvement and temperature compensation means.

Inferior strength and more deformation resulted from salt expansion, dissolution and water absorption, are overcome by means of reinforcement with wheat straw. Reinforced ratio, reinforced length and water content of soil influence the compressive strength of heavy compaction specimen and its stress-strain. It has been proved that (1)compressive strength of reinforced soil with 0.25% ratio is the best, those with 0.2% and 0.3% are better, peak of stress-strain curve of reinforced soil with 0.25% is remarkable; (2)effect of reinforced ratio on stress-strain is more and more weaker with the increase of reinforced length;(3)type of stress-strain curve changes gradually from strain softening to strain hardening with the increase of reinforced length, in which that with 70 mm is obvious; and (4)there is a peak in stress-strain curve of reinforced soils below optimum water content, and that above optimum water content display gently plasticity. Analysis on regulation of unconfined compressive strength and stress-strain will provide some directions for studying triaxial shear strength of reinforced soils with wheat straw and its deviator stress-strain in next stage.

Silty soils as research objects come from seasonal frost zone in Northeast China. First, experiments of frost heave under different conditions are tested in laboratory to get index of each sample which can show the degree of frost heave, namely, the ratio of frost heave. Microstructure parameters of each sample are selected and quantitative analysed by WD-5 SEM before tests. As the relationship between microstructure parameters and ratio of frost heave are nonlinear, complex, indiscernibility, a grey relation analysis and rough set theory are selected to evaluate influences of each parameter on frost heave. Results from grey relation analysis get some parameters of pore and unit which have farreaching impact on frost heave. They are of pore parameter, that is shape distribution fractal dimension, mean abundance ratio, mean circularity, mean anisotropy. And the unit parameter are mean anisotropy, shape distribution fractal dimension, and description probability entropy. The results from the method of rough set also get some parameters of pore and unit which have far-reaching impact on frost heave. The opore parameters are mean anisotropy, mean abundance ratio ,direction fractal dimension, shape distribution fractal dimension, and unit parameters are shape distribution fractal dimension, mean anisotropy, mean shape coefficient, respectively. Comparing and analyzing these results from different method, two results are considered synthetically, eight parameters influence frost heave obviously, they are four pore parameters of shape distribution fractal dimension, mean abundance ratio, mean anisotropy, direction fractal dimension and four unit parameters of mean anisotropy, shape distribution fractional dimension, mean shape coefficient, description probability entropy.

According to the characteristic of the road collapse data in mined-out area，a new method based on empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and weighted least squares support vector machines (WLS-SVM) has been put forward to forecast the ground subsidence and applied into the coal-mining-induced collapse prediction of Changping high way in Jilin Province．Three steps has been adopted to deal with the measured collapse data: Firstly, to gain the smooth signal curve by cubic spline interpolation method. Secondly, to use EMD to deal with the time-space filtering and noise reduction to obtain the residual component which shows the collapse trend. At last, to input the dealt data to WLS-SVM model and then get the result of collapse prediction. The final collapse value has been predicted to be 174.34 cm, the average deviation of the final collapse prediction results using WLS-SVM is about 1.06%. Comparing the measured data in situ and the predicted data by WLS-SVM and BP neural network, the result shows that the suggested method has relatively high forecast accuracy and can be applied widely．

Through cyclic triaxial tests for the reinforced soft clay around the tunnel of Baoshan-Hailun station of Shanghai No.4 subway line, the analysis of pore water pressure was made on the reinforced soft clay under subway train loads. The experiments were arranged by orthogonal and repeated design and the factors which had the influence on the pore water pressure were fully considered, including vibration frequency (0.5, 1.5, 2.5 Hz), amplitude of dynamic stress (20, 30, 40 kPa), consolidation ratio (1, 1.4, 2) and over consolidation ratio (1, 1.5, 2). The test data were processed though the fuzzy theory and the fuzzy method to analyze the influence rate of pore water pressure. The result shows the influence rate of pore water pressure on vibration frequency, amplitude of dynamic stress, consolidation ratio and over consolidation ratio is 0.722, 15.821, 0.944 and 6.628 respectively. Main factors which affect the change of pore water pressure are amplitude of dynamic stress and over consolidation ratio. Consolidation ratio and vibration frequency are not significant.

Research shows that if the advection term is dominant in the solution of unsteady underground water solute transport model, the model shows characteristics of a hyperbolic equation. The efficient method of solving such problems is to adopt the non-standard Galerkin finite element method for such characteristics. This article adopts four methods, Wavelet-Galerkin finite element, upwind finite element, characteristic finite element and standard Galerkin finite element, to slove the advection dominant solute transport model and compare the results with analytic solutions. The results indicate that the standard Galerkin finite element method may result in strong numerical oscillation and the Wavelet-Galerkin finite element method boasts a good space-time orientation effect. The upwind finite element method could effectively decrease the numerical oscillation, but the upwind factor has a big impact on the solution and leads to delay in time. The characteristic finite element method could improve the precision of solution and thus it is the first choice to solve advection dominant groundwater solute transport models.

Functional microbes, peat, and aquifer medium were used to construct biobarrier for in-situ remediation of diesel contaminated groundwater. The system removal efficiency of target contaminants could reach 83.60%-99.85% during the 80 day steady operation. FDA-MPN and Biolog methods were adopted to study the quantity and community diversity of the functional microbes at different positions in biobarrier after the complete operation. The results indicated that each part of biobarrier had abundant functional microbes, and the microbial community in the structures had a resemblance in species, richness, homogeneity, carbon source utilization, and catabolic characteristics. However, the structure of microbial community decreased a little as biobarrier became deeper, as the proportion of functional microbes decreased, the microbial community became richer, the homogeneity got worse, and utilization tendency of carbon showed differently. The functional microbes in biobarrier could maintain relatively higher microbial quantity, degradatable properties and stable community diversity for a long time. Whereas, with nutrients structure changed deeper in biobarrier, community diversity structure of functional microbes showed a little differently when system in-situ remediate diesel contaminated groundwater.

It’s difficult to measure water content of oil-contaminated porous medium accurately by conventional oven drying method, because there are two kinds of liquids (water and oil) in the porous medium, which will volatilize simutaneously when drying. On the basis of conventional oven drying method, we proposed a definition and formula in testing water content of the oil-contaminated porous medium. The oil loss ratio in porous medium was measured according to volatilization characteristics of water and oil. Finally, an improved oven drying method was developed to measure water content in the oil-contaminated porous medium. The results show that testing error of this measuring technique is at order of about 0.10~0.50%, which is lower than that of the conventional oven drying method. This improved oven drying method can be used for  lab studies of oil-contaminated porous medium.

Monitored natural attenuation (MNA) can be used as a remediation technique with characteristics of high efficiency and low cost for contaminated site cleanup. The biodegradation of pollutants is an important function to natural attenuation processes. Based on the analysis of distribution and variations of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and electron acceptors at a petroleum contaminated site in NE China, the functional zones of microbial activities were determined. The remediation potential of in-situ MNA and the efficiency of biodegradation were estimated by using a mass flux approach. The results showed that biodegradation was taking place in groundwater at this petroleum contaminated site. According to the different electron acceptors, the biodegradation function can be divided into manganese reduction zone, iron reduction zone and sulfate reduction zone. The mass flux model results showed that the biodegradation function was increasing with time at upstream area, and was reducing at downstream area within the contaminant plume. During the monitoring period, 394 kg of total petroleum hydrocarbons was attenuated. The most essential process of MNA is biodegradation, with contribution rate of about 64%-93% and the biodegradation flux rate was about 0.18 to 0.73 kg/d at each control profile. MNA can be introduced into petroleum-contaminated site as an effective solution to remove petroleum contamination.

A high osmotic pressure flow device was used to simulate the flow and contaminant transport processes through the aquitard. The concentration of the organic pollutant (phenanthrene) through saturation clay layer was studied with different degrees of mineralization and pH conditions. The results show that the increase of degree of mineralization can encourage the adsorption of phenanthrene leachate in the aquitard; sodium ions (Na⁺) in high degree of mineralization water alternate calcium and magnesium ions (Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺) in the soil layer , so that Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ in the water increase, HCO^-₃ participate the formation of complexes with phenanthrene. Under different pH conditions, the ions Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and HCO^-₃ retard the migration of phenanthrene. In the reductive reaction SO^2-₄ participates the formation of complexes with the phenanthrene. SO^2-₄ promotes the migration of phenanthrene. The migration ability of phenanthrene is very weak in the aquitard, the decay rate is 82%-96%; under hyper osmotic pressure, the migration speed of the phenanthrene front is about 0.714 m/d. When pH=8, the migration concentration of phenanthrene through the aquitard is the smallest. Control of leachate’s pH and ion composition can effectively prevent the migration of phenanthrene through the aquitard.

The stable isotope technique tracing the mechanism of petroleum hydrocarbon biodegradation is a newly developed and effective method in recent years. The variations of TPH, DIC and the dominant terminal electron accepters (SO^2-₄ and so on), δ¹³C and δ³⁴S of DIC and SO^2-₄ have been analyzed on the basis of the geological and hydrogeological conditions of a petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated site. The results indicate that the groundwater was contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbons at various degrees and the values of electron accepters and pH increased along the groundwater flow in the central line of the plume while TPH and DIC reduced. The value of δ¹³C was lower than that of the uncontaminated groundwater and it decreased with DIC along the flow direction. The result of stable carbon isotope balance shows that the increase of DIC of gorundwater is mainly originated from biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbon. Meanwhile, the values of δ³⁴S decreased along the plume while SO^2-₄ increased and it can be inferred that the biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbon with the bacterial sulfate reduction be undergone if the Rayleigh model is assumed.

Aiming at solving the problem of surfactant-enhanced DNAPLs-contaminated aquifer remediation, based upon multiphase flow numerical simulation model in this study, the Latin hypercube sampling(LHS) method used for collecting input-output sample data of the multiphase flow simulation model, to effectively improve the efficiency of random sampling and coverage. According to the input-output sample data sets, multiple regression analysis method was used to build an alternative model, dual response surface model, for the multiphase flow simulation.The study explores new theories and methods for optimization of DNAPLs-contaminated aquifer remediation. This study selected a new set of schemes  to test the accuracy of the alternative model. The relative errors of the results calculated for the alternative model are all less than 10%, which means the DNAPLs-contaminated aquifer simulation model based on the LHS method is much close the simulation model. The alternative model can significantly reduce the huge computational load caused by using simulation model directly and repeatedly during the optimization process.

The Muskingum method is an important method for the flood prediction. The calibration of parameter and coefficient is a key and difficult point affecting the forecast accuracy. In this paper, we used the minimum error of modelled result matching the measured values as an evolutionary objective on the basis of introducing the basic idea and performance analysis of extension field search genetic algorithm in order to direct search parameter of the Muskingum prognostic equation, so that we could obtain relation equation of upstream and downstream discharge. This paper studied the flood process from Jiahetan to Gaocun in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, and the results showed the mean absolute error of traditional method was 240 m³/s and the mean relative error was 0.13; the mean absolute error of genetic algorithm method was 95 m³/s and the mean relative error was 0.05. It can be seen from the results that the precision of genetic algorithm is significantly higher than that of traditional method. In practice, for the riverways whose flood wave propagating changes a lot, we should simulate the flood propagating according to different flood magnitudes, and then forecast the flood of corresponding magnitudes.

This study was designed to reveal the effects of simulated acid rain on growth, physiology and quality of crop(pakchoi), in Northeast of China. Pakchoi growing in the greenhouse was exposed to simulated acid rain and to a control group. The results showed that the injury of pakchoi was highly correlated to pH of acid rain. Biomass and plant height decreased significantly after the exposure to simulated acid rain indicating that simulated acid rain may limit the growth of pakchoi. Compared with root, eat-part was more sensitive to acid rain. The contents of total free amino acids, soluble sugar, soluble protein and vitamin C were decreased under the treatment of simulated acid rain. As increasing acidity of simulated acid rain, the concentrations of quality decreased obviously. Under the treatment of weak acid, the synthesis of nutrients of pakchoi was promoted. The synthesis of chlorophyll and carotenoid were inhibited, and the photosynthesis affected by acid rain，which ultimately lead to lower production, quality degradation.

In order to investigate the influence of seed sludge on the stability of aerobic granular sludge, aerobic granules which was cultivated using different kinds of seed sludge were restarted in sequencing batch airlift reactor after a prolonged storage period, the influence of seed sludge on the properties and microbial community of aerobic sludge granular were studied. The results showed that seed sludge had some effect on the stability of aerobic granular, the morphology of aerobic granular developed using activated sludge taken from beer wastewater treatment plant, which has better settle-ability and biological activity,  can recover quickly after 35 d restarting,  its settleability reached 93% of fresh aerobic granular, and its removal rate of COD,NH_3-N was similar to that of aerobic granular cultivated  using activated sludge taken from domestic wastewater treatment plant, but its removal rate of TP was better, they were 95.10%,91.80% and 94.00% respectively. DGGE profiles indicated that the microbial community diversity was abundant for seed sludge from beer wastewater treatment plant with its dominant microbial species of 20 operational taxonomy units( OTUs), and even simple for seed sludge from domestic wastewater treatment plant with the dominant species of 11 OTUs.

A novel kind of artificial marble has been synthesized by room temperature curing method, using oil shale ash and unsaturated polyester resin as the main raw materials, assisted by curing agent and accelerating agent. The effects of physicochemical properties on the performance of as-prepared samples have been investigated systematically ,including the proportion of raw materials, the content of curing agent and accelerating agent, curing time, the type of resin and packing size. According to experiment, the optimized formulation of synthesizing artificial marble is identified. The optimized formulation of grass roots
 is unsaturated polyester resin 1 20%-27％, initiator agent 0.5%-2.25％, accelerating agent 0.5%-1.5％, oil shale ash 50%-70％, calcium carbonate powder 5%-20％; The optimized formulation of surface is unsaturated polyester resin 1 25%-30％, initiator agent 0.5%-2.0％, accelerating agent 0.5%-2.0％, aluminum hydroxide 40%-50％, calcium carbonate powder 20%-30％.Under the optimized formulation and technological conditions, the artificial marbles synthesized have artistic appearance and the properties accord with national standards. The compression strength is 79 MPa,the bending strength is 7.4 MPa and the radiation specific activity is 0.67(I_Ra), 0.45(I_r).

The traditional record method of airborne TEM system has the difficulty to detect  high-conductivity anomaly. With thin sheet model, this paper studies the detection resolution of the full-waveform TEM response induced by a trapezoid wave. An approximate method basing on eddy currents is used to estimate the mutual inductance of two coils at any position, and applied to compute the induced electromotive force of a slab model during switchoff and off time. Numerical results indicate that if minimum signal resolution of survey system is 5 nV/m² in the case of conductive overburden, the detectable conductance range is 1~400 S during off time and 0.1~1 000 S during switch-off time. When full-waveform method is adapted to the airborne TEM system, it could broaden the conductance resolution aperture of airborne TEM.

Basement tectonic framework can be deduced by utilizing comprehensive information. Research result in the paper indicates seismic belts and seismic points locate at Moho steepness belt, low velocity layer steepness belt, gravity linear structure, gravity ring structure, or the intersection point of gravity linear structures, and their distributions are also consistent with the distribution of ground water, hot spring and radioactive uranium mines; river system in the country relates closely to the linear structure; while lakes locate at the intersection points of these linear structures. With these reles, the seismic can be zoned to delineate safe area and safety island, thus provides a strong scientific basis for our country's urban constructions and suitable distributions of major construction projects.

An iterative inversion of microtremor surface wave dispersion curves by improved neural network is proposed. The learning speed is improved by batch processing and optimizing the network structure in network training. In order to reduce the iteration number of the inversion, the input model is adjusted according to the changes of the extreme points of  v_R/λ_R-f curve during the inversion. The inversion program is designed and applied to the inversion of dispersion curve from a six-layer model to validate the method. The results show that the method can reduce the iteration number significantly and improve the convergence rate, while is of good anti-noise capability.

Internal multiple elimination method has been studied based on the conventional surface related multiple elimination (SRME) using Common-Focus-Point (CFP)gathers instead of shots gathers. Noisy data results prove the ability of the method. We use muted CFP gather instead of common shot gather in the traditional surface related multiple elimination approach to predict internal multiples related to a target layer. At the matching and subtraction step, the curvelet based on thresholding algorithm is applied. The comparison of the results from curvelet thresholding and direct subtraction shows that the former method provides a better result.

Because of the particularity of neutral and basic volcanic reservoir, it is difficult to compute its gas saturation by the traditional electric conduction model. Through the study on the type and feature of pore and on the litho-electric experimental data of neutral and basic volcanic reservoir, the paper finds that the main pore types are blowhole, corrasion hole and micro-crack, which is of extremely high pore throat radius ratio; there is non-electric conduction pore in the  conductive background. Because of this, through the analysis of Maxwell conductivity model, the total porosity can be divided into conductive porosity and non-conductive porosity. By introducing communicating pore factor, the paper gets the conductive porosity. With the principle of conductivity superposition, the model of the reservoir gas saturation based on the conductive pore is obtained. Comparing with the saturation from the analysis of capillary pressure data, the gas saturation by this model is of less than 3% mean absolute error, and agrees with the well testing data.

The authors introduced a method to measure sample porosity based on the Archimedes law of buoyancy.The authors designed a hardware circuit of porosity measuring instrument, presented the technical specificaiton of the instrument, and analyzed experimental results. The instrument consists of weighing sensor, A/D converter integrated amplifiers and filter, single-chip microcontroller, keyboard and a display part. This instrument can not only be used in measuring the porosity of rock and ore samples, but also be used in detecting the multifarious physical parameters, such as weight, volume and density. This invention has many significant advantages, for example, high degree of intelligence, measurement accuracy, simple operation, automatically displaying the value of porosity ,communication with computer and low cost and power consumption. The measuring accuracy of porosity less than 0.5% while MSE less than 1%，thus meet the need of  porosity measurement.

Ground penetration radar, luminescence dating and radon measurement were used to detect the Xilingang fault in Pearl River Delta. The results illustrate that during the Late Pleistocene epoch, at least two paroxysmal fault movements happened in the research area. The first movement happened about 40 000a ago, causing a block inclination of hanging wall, and an unconformity interface among the Quaternary strata; the slip of the fault reached to 5.5 m. The second paroxysmal movement, which happened 20 000a ago, causing the fault slip about 0.53 m. The peak value of radon on the fault is three times higher than the background value. All the evidences demonstrate that the Xilingang fault is active and has potential dange, therefore the conclusion that the faults located in the north of Pearl River Delta were non-active and steady should be changed.

The mineral characteristic spectrum is in response to the mineral geochemical information, and they are closely linked with each other. These two kinds of information are to achieve precise correspondence on spatial position, and to achieve the coupling relationship on the different levels of both data according to the correlation of the two in genesis, for instance, data layer and decision-making (sign) level, and to improve the accuracy of extracting anomaly information. By analyzing the  remote sensing and geochemical information characteristics and formation mechanisms we can konw that both in space and on the causes they have a certain relevance. Use the inverse distance to a power, changed geochemical data into raster data structure and did spatial scale of the conversion and registration, selected four elements(Au,As,Sb,Bi) which related to the anomaly of the study area to weight fusion with remote sensing data, used the method of principal component analysis to process data, and then extracted the alteration information of Sonid Zuoqi area, Inner Mongolia, compared to using remote sensing data alone this method removed false anomaly points and get a more specific abnormal area. Through outdoor work, the field survey suggested that lots of surface rock alteration existed, proved the validity of the method.

There exists a complex nonlinear relation between ore-bearing possibilities and prospecting evidences. Predicting mineral targets by modeling this complex relation with multivariate nonlinear statistical models is significant for mineral exploration. The authors propose a kernel minimum square error model for mineral target prediction on the basis of kernel function theories and kernel minimum square error. A VC++ program for raster data oriented mineral target prediction with minimum square error algorithm is developed on the basis of GDAL, a C++ library for the input and output of digital image data, and CLAPACK, a linear algebra software package. The model has been applied to the mineral target prediction in Altay, northern Xinjiang. A raster map layer with 100×151 grid cells is generated in MapInfo. 15 evidential raster map layers are transformed into a digital image data cube of size 100×151×15. The discriminant scores derived from kernel minimum error are computed for all the grid cells with the program developed by the authors. It is shown that the areas with high discriminant scores coincide with the known mineral occurrences. Thus, the kernel minimum square error model is feasible for multivariate nonlinear mineral target prediction.

The Zijinshan gold mine, in Shanghang Country, Fujian Province in China, is famous mainly for its very low cutoff grade adopted in exploitation compared to exploration. This research aims at dynamical expressing both the geological structure and properties of the gold mine and its underlying copper mine, under different conditions of deposit industry index mainly consists of grade parameters. According to the idea of transforming the property model to geometric structural model, a new 3D geosciences modeling method, named kriging block (KB) is proposed. By this means, along with applying indicator kriging for the estimation of the grade values and a mixed 3D model (solid+block), a series of typical 3D deposit models of the Zijinshan copper-gold mine with different cutoff grades were successfully built. Because of the dynamical characters of the adopted modeling method, the results can serve mine exploitation and production. In addition, this method is extensible for other similar deposits or other geological bodies.