Placing the main structural features of the Northeast China into Northeast Asia area, to analyze the tectonic setting, the Northeast Asia Late Mesozoic-Paleogene tectonic evolution can be divided into three periods: 1) the Middle-Late Jurassic, extension of the Tethys Ocean and the collision between North America and ancient Eurasia continental plate, resulting in Mongolia-Okhotsk Gulf closure and the formation of large-scale deep-level thrust in Mongolia and the North China block, and a long-range stacking effect in southern Mongolia and the northern margin of the North China block. 2) Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous, the combined effects of Tethys Ocean, the Eurasian continental plate and the Paleo-Pacific tectonic domain (including the old Pacific or Izanaqi plate),resulted in continental crust creeping eastward, stretching and block breaking activities, which were, accompanied by development of a small rift basin group and metamorphic core complexes. 3) Early Cretaceous (Late Albian)-Neogene (Miocene), the combined effects of the tectonic domain between Tethys (later including the Indian plate), the Pacific tectonic domain (including Izanaqi plate) and Eurasia continental plate resulted in Izanaqi ocean disappeared, the collision between the Okhotsk Oceanic micro-plate and the Eurasian continent, and the formations of the Eurasian continental margin volcanic belt and the depression basin on the continental margin. During 100-60 Ma, the interaction between the Pacific tectonic domain (including Izanaqi plate) and the Eurasian continent,had a major influence on the eastern edge of the Eurasian continent and caused continental lithospheric-crust thinning, the change of mantle type and a strong deep magmatic activity. Meanwhile, producing a series of the surface block effects related to the continental margin faulted block activities.

The Ailaoshan tectonic zone is the most significant lineament in the eastern Tibet (Southeast Asia), which separates the Yangtze-South China and the Indochina blocks. Information on multi-stage complex tectonic evolution is preserved in the rocks in the tectonic zone. Late Archean-Neoproterozoic high grade metamorphic rock series, Cenozoic tectono-magmatic assemblages (shearing deformation structures), Late Permian-Early Triassic Jinping-Song Da rifting rock sequences and Early Carboniferous-Early Triassic Ailaoshan tectonic mélange were well developed from east to west along the Ailaoshan tectonic zone. The various tectonic units of different characteristics are separated by fault structures mainly developed in Cenozoic. Granitic intrusions of various stages which were formed due to allochthonous emplacement or mingmatization are widespread along the tectonic belt.The Ailaoshan tectonic belt has multiple tectonic natures during different geologic history stages. On the whole, it has experienced three important tectonic stages, i.e. Pre-tethys, Tethys, and Cenozoic intracontinental stages. During the Pre-tethys evolution until Early Paleozoic, the major part of the belt (especially along the eastern zone) had affinity to the Yangtze block, and preserved records of Late Archean-Neoproterozoic crustal evolution. Since the Late Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic the tectonic belt became a part of the Tethyan domain with the opening of Paleotethys. The belt was evolved into a tectonic domain with different nature from that of the South China-Yangtze plate. Subsequent closure of the Ailaoshan Ocean in from Early Carboniferous and the Jinping-Song Da Ocean since Early Permian resulted in the formation of the paleo-Ailaoshan orogenic belt. The closure of the Tethyan oceans made Yangtze-South China block and Indochina block to become a unified continent. Interaction between the Indian and the Eurasian plates had a sound influence on the Ailaoshan belt. There are Early Cenozoic (Paleocene to Early Oligocene) orogenic contraction, Late Oligocence-Early Miocene post-orogenic extension and high-potassium alkaline magmatic activity, and Late Oligocence-Early Miocene large-scale southeasternward extrusion of the Indochina block, and large-scale left-lateral strike-slips shearing coeval calc-alkaline magmatic activities.

The structure and deformation studies show that the Upper Paleozoic have been suffered three deformation events since the end of the Permian in the Daxing’anling area. The first deformation produced E-W trending faults and folds, which were resulted from the collision between the North China plate and Jia-Meng block along the Xar Moron River suture zone. The second deformation formed NE-NNE trending sinistral strike-slip faults and folds due to the western Pacific Oceanic plate subduction to the Asian continent in Jurassic. The third deformation produced the NW trending faults with dextral strike-slip feature in the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous. The four tectonic layers of Early Paleozoic, Devonian-Early Carboniferous, Late Carboniferous-Middle Permian and the Late Permian-Early Triassic have been divided according to the studies and the comparisons of regional tectonics and paleo-geography in the Daxing’ anling area. After Caledonian movement in the end of the Early Paleozoic, the area was in the regional extension tectonic setting during Devonian-Early Carboniferous, which developed marine facies sediments to the north and terrestrial facies sediments to the south. In the end of the Early Carboniferous the Songnen block collided with the Ergun-Xing’an block along the Nenjiang-Zhalantun belt. During the Late Carboniferous-Middle Permian, the area was in the regional post-orogeny extension tectonic setting with the sediments of the terrestrial facies in the north and the marine facies in the south. The Paleo-Asian Ocean was closed during the Late Permian-Early Triassic period, the sea water retreated from the area and became terrestrial setting.

Tectonic gneiss is one of main tectonites in ductile deformation belt of deep tectonic levels of crust, which record a lots of important information for rock rheological characteristics and being developed in Precambrian high grade metamorphic rocks. Tectonic gneiss is a dynamic tectonite, which is formed by strongly plastic rheology, metamorphism and partial melting, has evidently plastic rheological characteristic in macroscopic structures, but no reduction of grain size in microscopic textures. It characters dense bands and gneissosity in outcrop and sample scale, triple side equilibrium texture in microscopic scale. One of main factors which controlled and affected the formation of the tectonic gneiss is melt，main deformation mechanism are diffusion creep and grain flow, causing huge strain in deformed rocks, but no strain in single grain. Tectonic gneiss zone can be divided into three different types: bedded tectonic gneiss zone of syn-metamorphism, liner and network tectonic gneiss zone of retrogressive metamorphism.

A lot of meta-basalts and mafic dykes occurred in the Northern Liaohe Group in Haicheng-Caohekou area, among which, the meta-basalts of Dashiqiao Formation in south Helan, Liaoyang, preserved a good pillow structure. The meta-pillow lava is chemically characterized by low alkaline, low K₂O/Na₂O ratios and iron-rich, which suggest that it belongs to island-arc tholeiite series. The REE and trace element characteristics indicate that the meta-pillow lava formed in the tectonic setting associated with the island-arc, likely back-arc basin rather than the continental rift. The study of isotopic chronology show that zircon SHRIMP U-Pb age of the meta-pillow lava is (1 869±28) Ma, of meta-diabase dyke is (1 828±13) Ma with a group of ~2 080 Ma captured zircon ages, and the zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb age of granite pegmatite is (1 869.7±7.6) Ma. Based on their occurrence, zircon dating and previous research data, it is suggested that the meta-pillow lava is formed at ~1880 Ma which could represent the forming age of Dashiqiao Formation, and the granite pegmatite is at ~1860 Ma which can be considered as a marker of the end of orogeny, and the meta-diabase dyke at ~1830 Ma which may indicates the beginning of post-orogeny extension.

On the basis of the field investigation and geological interpretation of seismic profiles of Jiamusi uplift and surrounding Mesozoic-Cenozoic basins in Northeast China, combined with recent research results, the basin-mountain coupling are determined: the study area occurred NW-SE extension, formed NE trending extensional basin-mountain coupling system in the Early Cretaceous; suffered NWW-SEE compression, formed the NE-NNE trending compressive basin-mountain coupling system which consists of thrust and compressive basin in the Late Cretaceous; experienced nearly NS trending compression, not only the Cretaceous formation of NE-NNE trending structures and basins were superimposed, but also formed the nearly EW trending compressive basinmountain coupling system which consists of uplifts and compressive depression basins in OligoceneMiocene. The uplifting of Jiamusi uplift in Mesozoic-Cenozoic is mainly the results of twice thrusting superposition in Late Cretaceous and Oligocene-Miocene. The study area has always been active continental margin tectonic setting since the Cretaceous, the above three stages of basin-mountain coupling are related with the subduction of the Pacific plate to the Eurasian plate.

The components and deformation characteristics of Archaean rocks in Xiaoheishan area, southern Liaoning were studied through the field investigation and microscope observation. The Archaean rocks are composed of supracrustal rocks, gneisses and metamorphic mafic veins，which appears as enclaves in Xiaoheishan metamorphic plutons. The supracrustal rocks consist of biotite granulite and banding hornblende magnetite quartzite. The gneisses are composed of banding hornblende biotite plagioclase gneisses and banding hornblende plagioclase gneisses, their protolith was tonalite. Metamorphic mafic veins consist of plagioclase amphibolite and hornblendite. After supracrustal rocks deposited, into which the tonalite intruded, and then mafic veins intruded into the supracrustal rocks and tonalite （gneisses）. Plagioclase amphibolite contains enclaves of hornblendite. The Archaean rocks underwent two episodes of deformation. The first episode of deformation formed folds (DF₁), foliations (DS₁) in parallel with axial-plane of the folds and lineations (DL₁). The second episode of deformation only formed inclined plunging folds (DF₂) by superposed folding without foliations and lineations. Deformation sequence, features of structure and deformation in the Archaean metamorphic rocks show that the two episodes of the deformations should occurred in the setting of middle tectonic level. The first deformation formed nappe structures, and the second episode formed Ⅲ type superposed folds by horizontal compressing in the same direction.

Granites occurred in the Gaoligong tectonic belt were controlled by Nujiang deep fault. The granites emplaced in SN direction as long and narrow lens. Far away from the Nujiang fault, the granite is massive structure and medium to coarse-grained texture. Near to the fault, granites are banded structure and mylonitic texture. The SHRIMP age of zircon from granites is 124-118 Ma. As well, the ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating of biotite from granitic mylonites is 18-10 Ma, same with the deformed age of mylonitic granites from Chayu, which is on the north location of this tectonic belt. The granite belt changes younger from 76 Ma in northeast to 37 Ma in the southwest. This indicates that these plutonic units intruded in order. All these above proposed that the granites in the tectonic belt from Bomi-Chayu to Gaoligong crystallized in 124-118 Ma. The strike-slip peak time of Nujiang deep fault is 18-10 Ma. In this period, the slide in large scale took place in Atyn Tagh fault, Ailaoshan-Honghe fault. There are also many rifts occurred on the south edge of Lhasa block. These coupled with collision of India-Asia and extrusion of India to NNE direction. The granites in the Gaoligong belt are responsive to the whole process of India-Asia collision.

There are many pull apart basins such as Shanxi graben, Jiao-Lai basin and some sags in the Bohai Bay basin within the North China craton. The Huanghua depression is such a pull apart basin located at the center of the Bohai Bay basin. It is NNE-trending depression separating the NNE-trending Jizhong depression from the NWW-trending Jiyang depression. It developed as a pull apart basin in a large-scale strike-slipping fault system. The western margin of the depression is the Cangdong fault system, which is the Lan-Liao-Yanshan-Yangerzhuang fault system. The “Great Qikou sag” is the biggest sag with sedimentary thickness of more than 11 km and under intensive extensional region of the Bohai Bay basin area. The Huanghua depression has sharp western and eastern boundary faults controlling pull apart basin. The “Great Qikou sag” is the major component of the Huanghua depression, its inner structural pattern is controlled by E-W trending structures rather than the previously known Cangdong fault. The single sag in the Huanghua depression is characterized by graben in the lower part and the half graben in the upper part. The heaves in the Huanghua depression developed in the Shayi sedimentary stage, separating “the Great Qikou sag” into several sub-sags such as the present-day Qikou sag, Banqiao sag, Qibei sag and Qinan sag. The Huanghua depression has four major faults including NNE-trending strike-slipping boundary faults, NEE-trending regional extensional faults, E-W trending secondary extensional faults and N-S trending transfer zones such as the coastal transfer zone and the Kongdian heave. The different extensional domains are controlled by the single detachment fault system in the basement. The architecture of the “Great Qikou sag” is a result of the late destruction of the North China craton under regional NNW-oriented extension. The basin underwent four stages of evolutions including Eocene propagating rifting called Kongdian event, Early Oligocene pull-apart graben called Jiyang event, Late Oligocene half-graben called Dongying event and Miocence-Pleistocene thermal depression under dish-like bukling.

The Early Pleistocene rapid uplift of the Tibet plateau plays an important role to global climate change, formation of basin-range geography and appearance of desertification in Western China. Detailed grain size analysis and ³⁶Cl dating have been carried out on the Early Pleistocene fluvio-lacustrine sediments of the Dunhuang basin in northeastern Tibet plateau. Results show that the Dangjinshan Mountains rose rapidly at the end of the Early Pleistocene (1.164-1.087 Ma B. P.), and gravels and coarse sandstones were deposited with high sedimentation rate. From 1.087 Ma B. P. to 0.809 Ma B. P., mountain uplift speed became slower with lower sedimentation rate. Since 0.809 Ma B. P., climate in the Dunhuang basin area became arid, and desert was formed possibly affected by mountain uplift. The regional analysis results suggest that the last uplifting time of Mountains in the Middle-West China was distinction, which generated various climate effects. Therefore, the relationship between tectonic uplift of the Tibet plateau and climate change is needed to further study.

The Campos basin at the east margin of South America is a typical passive margin basin of the  Atlantic type. Campos Basin went through four evolution phases: Pre-rift、Syn-rift、Transitional and Post-rift. The Lower Cretaceous lacustrine black shales of the Lagoa Feia formation formed in the syn-rift phase is the primary source rocks, which started to generate oil at Eocene(52 Ma) and reached its oil generation peak during the Miocene(22-8 Ma). The Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary turbidities, Lower Cretaceous carbonate of the Macae formation, oolitic grainstones of the Lagoa Feia formation and the fractured basement of Cabiunas formation are the four main reservoirs developed in the basin. The evaporate rock of the Alagoas formation of the transitional phase provides a regional seal for the underlying reservoirs and the Tertiary intra-formational marine shale provides a local seal. There are four main reservoir assemblages developed in the basin and the upper turbidities assemblage of the Carapebus formation is the most important one, which takes about 80% of the total recoverable reserves of the basin. Two potential exploration targets in the basin are: the turbidities of the Carapebus assemblage and oolitic grainstones of the Lagoa Feia assemblage.

Calcite is a dominant gangue mineral in the eastern ore belt of Baiyangping poly-metallic metallogenic province. Geochemical characteristics of rare earth element (REE) of calcite from different ore bodies reveal that there are two types of REE distribution patterns: light rare earth element (LREE)-enriched and flat REE. The former represents that the REE behavior of calcite is that of inherited from pre-hydrothermal ore-forming hydrothermal features and the LREE was not apparently carried out during the mineralization process. The latter indicates that LREE was apparently brought out during the mineralization process; the REE content, relevant parameters and REE distribution patterns of calcite from different types of ore bodies change significantly, but they show continuous change tendency; combined with other isotope data and geological background of the mine, it is considered that ore-forming fluids were mainly hot brines and some mantle fluid participated in the ore forming process; The ore-forming conditions change from the reducing to oxidizing ones during the metallogenic process.

Located in the northern margin of North China craton, the Liubagou gold deposit of Inner Mongolia is a large ore deposit characterized by widespread K-feldsparthization. The authors  apply the ⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar isotopic dating of K-feldspar to define the mineralization age, and give a detailed study on the Pb isotopes of ore. In the density map of ⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar age, the peak region of 260-360 Ma is accordant with the main emplacement ages of the intrusions (220-350 Ma). Combining with the published isotopic geochronology data of adjacent region, the ⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar plateau age of （217.9±3.1） Ma indicates that the Liubagou gold deposit formed in the Early Indosinian. The upper intersection point age of lead is 224 Ma, it may represent the main magmatic hydrothermal mineralization ages and serve a test for the reliability of the ⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar dating. Consequently, the Hercynian-Indosinian magmatism was favorable to the widely distributed alkali metasomatism and gold pre-enrichment. The latest magmatic activity of Indosinian (about 220 Ma) induced the magmatic hydrothermal mineralization directly. The age of source region is 2.5 Ga by calculation of Pb isotopic data, indicating that the ore-forming materials primarily came from the strata of the Archean Wulashan Group.

Although generally not much researches have been done, the North Bayan Har metallogenic belt in Qinghai Province shown great mineral potentials and more prospecting achievement is expected. By synthesizing information from geology, geochemical prospecting, and mineral deposits etc., the author build a GIS-based spatial database for North Bayan Har metallogenic belt in Qinghai Province. Then a new regional ore exploration model is built, in which prospective symbols including Au, Sb and As anomalies of stream sediment, heavy concentrate anomalies, NW-NWW striked linear structures and the Bayan Har group. And GIS-based mineral potential mapping is finished in the study area according to expert weights of evidence proposed by the present author earlier. Prospective areas and prospecting targets are mapped again, and prospective areas are defined as the area whose posterior probabilities are more than 0.001, and prospecting targets are the districts whose posterior probabilities are more than 0.005. Then prospecting potential grades of prospecting targets are divided into level A, B & C based on double integrals of posterior probabilities of every forecasting ore-bearing grid in the study area. They consist of 6 prospecting targets with level A, 10 ones with level B and 13 ones with level C.

Aershan area makes up an important section of a polymetallic metallogenic belt in the mid-southern Da Hinggan Mountain. Three types of deposits (ore occurrences) are representative in the area, including hydrothermal vein-type Fe Mn-polymetallic, hydrothermal vein-type Mo (Cu) and skarn-type lead-zinc polymetallic deposits. However, no much attention has been paid on the forming age of their related granites. According to LA-ICP-MS U-Pb isotopic dating, the forming ages of the related oreforming granites are as the followings: Early Indosinian ((237.8±2.3) Ma) and Middle Yanshanian ((152.2 ± 2.9) Ma), Late Yanshanian ((135.1±0.4) Ma), which are basically comparable with the those of the adjacent Wulanhaote-Suolun region. The Hercynian granite formerly designated is actually the Late Yanshanian granite and the Early Yanshanian granites formerly thought are actually the Early Indosinian and Middle Yanshanian ones. These dating could serve as an important basis for understanding the relationship between the intrusion of the granite magmas and the following hydrothermal polymetallic mineralization both in time and space. The present study is also helpful to comprehending the ages of the ore-forming granites related to different polymetallic mineralization type in the area.

Through sampling and analyzing of granitic rocks and their overlying residual soil, the content changes of both the major and trace elements at the surface environment have been determined and the characteristics of granite weathering  and the rules of element mobilization have been studied. In the soil, the average contents of Ti, Mn, Co, Cu, Mo, V and Zr are higher than those in the rocks, while the average contents of Al₂O₃, CaO, Na₂O, K₂O, Sr, Th and U are lower than those in the rocks, and other elements are almost the same. In the vertical profile, the contents of SiO₂, Ti, V, Y and Zr did not change significantly, Al₂O₃, Ba, Th, U have a significantly enriched trend in the layer-B of soil and U decreased significantly at the surface of soil. The content of Mo increased in the layer-C but decreased at the surface of soil. MgO, K₂O, Na₂O, CaO in the layer-O and layer-A decreased significantly. The content of TFe and Mn did not change through the vertical profile. Generally, the lithophile elements showed strong activity in the weathering process while oxyphile elements are more stable with a weak activity. The activity of the chalcophile elements falls in between.

The Sinian mixing sediments of carbonate rocks and terrestrial clastic rocks distributed widely in the Yangtzi plateform, China, are benificial for the study on regional tectonics, paleogeography and life evolution. The Sinian strata in the Xuyi area of Jiangsu Province, China are composed of mixing sediments. Based on the research on the mineralogy, lithology, sedimentary facies of 6 measured sections and 67 investigating sections in this area, the sequence and sedmentary environment of the Upper Sinian mixing sediments are provided here. Eight sedimentary facies are recongnized, and the depositional system and sedimentary framework are reconstructed. The results show that during the Late Sinian the sea level changes is drived by the climate under a stable tectonic background, and the terrestrial clastic deposits are accumulated on the costal plain during the selevel rising. The variety of coastal landform suggests a complex evolutionary process of river and the ocean undergone in the Late Sinian. The increasing contribution of river runoff to the ocean made the sea water became supernutrition and low salinity which might have an important influence on the evolution of marine life.

Using the scaning electronic microscope (JSM-6700F) and energy spectrum (INCA), the micromorphology and microcompositon of clay minerals were analyzed. The authigene illite and chlorite platy crystals are generally straight and 1-3 μm in diameter. Clastic (secondary or primary) illite and chlorite are generally＞3 μm in diameter and irregular platy cluster. In chemical composition, both the authigene and clastic illite or chlorite are almost the same. Research on the probability of occurrence of coexisting clay minerals and their relative contents (XRD) suggests that the clay minerals in the studied area are mainly illite (I), chlorite (C), kaolinte (K) and illite/smectite (I/S) mixtures. The chlorite/smectite (C/S) and smectite (S) are rare. The correlation analysis of the crystallinity of illite(IC) and the relative content of clay minerals suggests that correlation coefficients of IC with I/S, K, I, I/S, C, C/S, C/S and S are 0.611, 0.262, -0.447, -0.290, -0.265, -0.190, -0.160 and -0.117 respectively. Factor analysis is also used to study the spatial distribution of the clay minerals. F1 factors are mainly contributed by IC, relative contents of I/S+C/S and the relative content of I+C. F2 factors are attributed mainly to IC, polymorphism of illite (muscovite), b₀ dimension of illite (muscovite)；F3 factors are ratios of I/S and C/S；F4 factor contributes with S+K. Using the retrogressive analysis, the relationship between the IC and S, I/S,I, K,C and C/S has been set up.

Much thick Cenozoic were deposited in the western Qaidam basin(WQB)，in which not only Qinghai oil field located, but the sediments that close to Altyn Tagh fault and northern marginal fault of Kunlunshan also preserves many information of basin-orogen coupling. The study of detrital apatite fission-track (AFT) data suggests that studying area has experienced an early (32-3 Ma or 4 Ma) of the compress-depressive and late (<3 Ma or 4 Ma) rapid compress-uplift of two periods. Farther analysis showed that these periods can be divided into poly-stages of tectonic-thermal processes in WQB and its around mountains since Late Cretaceous，in which Late Mesozoic (116-68 Ma)，Mesozoic-Cenozoic (ca 68-62 Ma)，Early-Middle Eocene (50-44 Ma)，Late Eocene(ca 36 Ma)，Early Oligocene (ca 30 Ma)，Miocene (ca 22，16，12 Ma) and PlioceneQuaternary (3 Ma or 4 Ma，1 Ma) stages. The AFT data reveals studying area rapid uplift only at 28.4 Ma，19.52 Ma，14.21 Ma and 8.76 Ma，but compression，tilting-uplift-denudation at margin of the basin in about 30 Ma，21.8 Ma，16.38 Ma and 7.38 Ma，corresponds to multiple thrusting of thrusts in WQB.

Recently, high clay dredger fill has been used as the main soil of land reclamation. However, the vertical drain pipes used in vacuum preloading projects were always stagnated by high clays because of high clay content. In order to research the characteristics of this soil, vacuum preloading with 80 kPa vacuum degree was set up based on the physical model. And the physical and chemical indicators of dredger fill were tested by experiments. So the curves of moisture content, soluble salt content, sodium content, pH value, cation exchange value, and organic matter content were shown as figures. Tests show that in the consolidation process the moisture content was inversely proportional to the soluble salt content, pH and other chemical indicators; and the more soluble salt content was in dredger fill around vertical drainage pipes, the higher organic matter content was. At the same time, cation exchange capacity was directly related to pH value. Furthermore, drain pipes stagnation ralated on the vacuum preloading method with 80 kPa were indicated by the physical and chemical indicators. It is adviced to use new technology of step vacuum preloading for the high clay dredger fill reclamation approach to provide improved measures.

Based on a certain regional division of China, rainfall thresholds for regional landslides in different areas were collected. The distribution of thresholds of forecasted 24 h rainfall show that they are highly correlated to climate and are approximately 0.04-0.08 times of mean annual precipitation (MAP). A review of domestic researches showed that the influence of heavy rainfall in short term couldn’t be reflected from current rainfall thresholds which were often obtained without enough argumentation. A rainfall intensity-duration threshold I=4.0D^-0.51 was obtained for the west area of Hubei Province with a method advised for defining the start point of rainfall duration.

On basis of extenics theory the article adds thought of statistics and forms a method which based on extenics analysis of probability statistics. Being taken as examples of Yanbian Prefecture and Helong City project,  the appraisal stochastic elemnts are produced by means of simulating the corresponding factors for each object using Monte-Carlo in Matlab. Then the classical matter-element and extensional matter-element are set up for the stability of rock mass of slope and influence factor, and the possibility of objects are worked out by element and correlation function.  The Class of rock mass of slope are determined by the statistics of possibility,and hence some reasonable proposals are put forward. The possibility of object 2 belongs to class Ⅲ is 27 percent.Even though its maxium possibility belongs to the class Ⅱ, it can be kept safety that object 2 is defined as class Ⅲ because of existence of random sampling.

The specific engineering geological conditions and surrounding rock characteristics of the Guge Kingdom ruins in Tibet are analyzed based on the field investigation, engineering geological exploration and laboratory experiment. The patterns of deformation and failure of caverns which were constructed in the ruins slope are classified into five major categories including eleven types such as roof destructive form, wall destructive form, entrance destructive form, floor destructive form and factitious destructive form, and the former two categories are the most common. Four major categories including nine types of mechanism causing to the deformation and failure of caverns are further put forward, mainly with structural pattern, water physical pattern, stress pattern and compound pattern, which the jointed type, water physical type, hydraulic type, and engineering deviatoric stress play a dominant role. Therefore, the strengthening principles of “safety first, cultural relics preservation, key strengthening, both prevention and treatment, environmental coordination” are brought forward pertinently. Finally, the integrated strengthening countermeasures are put forward in terms of cavern and dangerous rock mass strengthening and treatment and environmental improvement.

Thermal effects have significant impacts to material properties and thermal injury of the rock during rock excavation. The measurement principle of infrared imaging temperature is introduced. Infrared-Charge Coupled Device (IR-CCD) was used to study the infrared thermal image of the rock during excavation process. The experimental results under certain conditions show that thermal-affected zone of the rock in drilling was similar to the shape of warhead, and the thickness of thermal-affected zone was roughly the same as radius of the drill bit. The average temperature of the thermal-affected zone reduces during the cooling process after drilling, but the area of the thermal-affected zone expands gradually. The rock temperature in drilling axes reduces and the position of the max temperature point on it is changing with the cooling time, the discrepancy between each other is also decreasing as time pass by.  This process is influenced by drilling diameter, drilling depth, the thermal and mechanical properties etc. The decreasing speed of maximum temperature in the rock is faster in the beginning of the cooling process than it in the middle and the end of the process. Experimental results confirm that it is utility and effective to use IR-CCD in measuring and analysing the rock temperature in drilling. The conclusions provide important references to improve the efficiency and security of the drilling project.

A field irrigation experiment has been made in an instrumented loess landslide of Heifangtai. Hydrological response and its effect on loess slope are analyzed based on monitoring data and numerical modelling. The result indicates that the groundwater table cannot be enhanced by short-term irrigation. However, the volumetric water content at shallow depths of the slopes increased rapidly, reducing the shear strength of loess and resulting in shallow failure at the margin of the platform. The cracks at the margin of the platform could increase the rate of infiltration. Numerical modeling of longterm irrigation indicates that cracks are favorable for rise of groundwater table. It is justified from the data the significance of loess slope affected by cracks. In addition, the numerical modeling results are consistent with the monitoring data, showing the numerical method can be used to simulate the hydrological response of the monitored site caused by irrigation.

The tradition methods mainly focus on using single aquifer property to characterize qualitatively or semi-quantitatively heterogeneity of aquifer, they did not reflect the synthetic heterogeneity of aquifer properties. In this paper, the heterogeneity synthetic index(HSI) was introduced to characterize synthetic heterogeneity of aquifer. The calculation process included three steps: first, used the Markov chain to establish sedimentary micro-facies distribution model; second, through the ‘facies-controlled modeling’ technique, the improved sequential simulation method was employed to characterize distribution model of hydrogeology parameter; Finally, application of the entropy weight method was used to calculate weight coefficient of the above aquifer property, by superposition of these models according to its weight coefficient, the HSI of aquifer was calculated. This approach was applied to Luancheng aquifer deposit in the southeast Hutuo River alluvial-pluvial fan in the North China Plain (NCP). The results indicated that the heterogeneity was weak in the radial direction of alluvial-pluvial fan due to the micro-facies changed mildly and the continuity of hydrogeology parameter was better, the HSI was 0.74-0.95; while in the superstition zone of alluvial-pluvial fan, the heterogeneity of aquifer was stronger, HSI was 0.38-0.65. The sedimentary environment had significant effect on heterogeneity of aquifer. Therefore based on considering many aquifer properties, HSI could characterize quantitatively the synthetic heterogeneity of aquifer, and calculate the influence of each aquifer properties on the synthetic heterogeneity of aquifer according to its weight coefficient. So the HSI of aquifer could be successfully used to deal with spatial heterogeneity of aquifer, and provide foundation for studying contaminant transport.

Geochemical process is one of the most important factors influenced fluid movement, solute transport and heat transfer in porous media such as rock and soil. Based on the unsaturated soil theory established by Fredlund, in which the unsaturated soil porous media has been considered as a media which has four phases, assumed the effect of precipitation/dissolution to be an individual phase. With some hypotheses, the porosity and water content of porous media are modified by solute concentration, a new coupled relation between solute transport and hydraulic parameters has been built. The new relation updates the traditional coupled model in which the impact from solute field acts on seepage flow field by only density and viscosity. Here, a coupled model of multi-phases and multi-components hydraulic-transport-thermal and geochemical processes in variable saturated porous media is established. Using a infiltrate experiment for reactive coal mine gangue in the laboratory, the coupled numerical model is tested. The results show that the water seepage velocity calculated from experiment matches well the outcome from numerical model which considered the precipitation/dissolution coupling variable. Thus the applicability of the numerical model is verified.

Some kinds of runoff were identified in a karst hydrological system by observation and monitoring in field during rain storm events at YAJI hydro-geological site, Guilin, China. Runoff includes many forms such as epikarst springs, slope return flow, overland flow and soil interflow in a depression. The runoff aroused by rainfall has different residence time and hydrochemistry. A multi sensor for pH and specific electrical conductivity together with calcium and bicarbonate concentration were used to determine the chemical composition of stream water, spring, drop water and stored water in rock holes. The results are quite different among these kinds of karst water, indicating that the chemical items of water can be used for tracing the sources of spring. Calcite dissolution in pure water with different p_CO2 was calculated by PHREEQC. We get a line of Ca²⁺ concentrations at different p_CO2. The dots representing different water in the system were near the theoretical line of Ca²⁺ concentration VS p_CO2 in CaCO₃-H₂O-CO₂ (g) system. It showed that the chemical character of runoff was controlled by p_CO2. Runoff was classified into two groups according to its hydrochemistry based on difference of p_CO2 in atmosphere and soil. The two groups were end numbers of spring water in flood. It showed that event water controlled by atmosphere but not soil air occupied about 70% when storm by end-number method.

The karst process is important composition of global carbon cycle because it can take-up CO₂ from atmosphere. To calculate karst carbon sequestration (Kcs) is useful to complete the theory of global carbon cycle. By the karst dynamic system theory, the Kcs is controlled by groundwater discharge and HCO^-₃ mass concentration. The Banzhai River catchment, located in Maolan National Nature Reserve of Guizhou, was chosen as the study area. By the auto-monitoring technique, the discharge and water chemistry data of Banzhai River catchment were obtained. Based on the analysis of relationship between discharge, HCO^-₃ concentration and karst carbon sequestration under different precipitation conditions including storm period, no/weak precipitation period and dry season.Kcs has positive correlation with discharge and negative correlation with HCO^-₃ concentration. It shows that the discharge of catchment is main factor of Kcs rather than HCO^-₃ concentration. The larger discharge of karst catchment, the larger Kcs from atmosphere.

For the freezing period of the Songhua River mainstream, the hydrodynamics and water quality model was built, which was modified depending on the characteristics of hydrological measurement data in icebound season of 2006 and 2007. The simulated result matched the measurement value very well. And then, this model was used to analyze the nitrobenzene pollution accident of Songhua River. Compared with the observed contamination concentration, the error of simulated value is from 5% to 13%, and the peak value appeared after a lag time of more than 2 hours. Finally, for the two cases of mass flux increased by 20% or reduced by 5%, water quality was further investigated. The simulation result shows that the increased flux leads to the peak value of nitrobenzene appearing on the Baidu River section two hours early and reduced by 15%; the reduced flux leads to the peak value of nitrobenzene appearing six hours later and increased by 4.6%.

To improve the film’s photocatalytic activity and stability in practice, P-25 TiO₂ film immobilized on porous nickel substrate was successfully prepared by a facile dip-coating method in situ without any binder.The characteristics of the film were investigated by XRD and FE-SEM. The effects of parameters such as time, temperature, initial concentration, pH values, luminous flux, and aeration on the photocatalysis degradation of quinoline aqueous solution were discussed. It was found that porous nickel was evenly coated by P-25 nanometer particles and the microcracks on the film surface can enhance the contact between active sites and light or contaminants, which improves resulting in the improvement of photocatalytic activity. The photodegradation experiments showed that photocatalytic degradation of quinoline significantly increased with the increasing light intensity, aeration and reaction time, especially at low pH value.  Both the initial concentration and temperature were not the primary controlling factors for the photocatalytic reaction. The photocatalytic reaction could be slightly influenced by the air stripping, disturbance and water turbulence effects during aeration process. In general, this reusable P-25 film is benefited to photodegradation of  quinoline in aqueous solution and possesses good application prospects if the temperature and pH of aqueous solution was hardly changed.

Referred to a large number of domestic and foreign literatures, bacterial demineralization of an oil shale is  discussed detailedly in this study, especially the reaction mechanism of bacterial depyritization and bacterial desilicification. This study highlights the research progress of flooding shale oil at present, points out the problems of bioleaching an oil shale existing at present, and proposes the prospects of the research and an outlook of the technique application in China.

The purification of the high loss, low-grade diatomite production in Inner Mongolia was carried out by water separation-calcination process. The effects of the times of water separation and calcination conditions on the purification of diatomite were investigated and the characteristics of purified diatomite were conducted by XRD, FTIR, SEM, BET and chemical analysis in this study. The results indicated that the water separation can efficiently remove the quartz, feldspar and clayey impurities in diatomite and the organic matter can be removed by calcination at 600 ℃. Consequently, the silica content fraction in purified diatomite was above 82.98%, the specific surface area was 44.5 m2/g and the tap density was 21 mL/10g. In the absence of air condition, the purified carbonized-diatomite had a good compatibility with rubber which can be widely used instead of semi-reinforcing carbon black.

The success of GRACE has blazed a new trail in the Earth observation on space geodesy. Based on the time-varying gravity anomaly data of the GRACE mission, longterm variations of continental water storage in China and its adjacent areas were estimated. Seasonal changes of water storage in China and its adjacent regions have been clearly revealed. With the remove of seasonal changes by 13-points moving averages, the long-term change rates of continental water storage in four distinct zones, namely southern Himalaya, Asian high mountains of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region plus Tibet and its neighbourhood, Northern China, and Southern China, were found to be -12.7±0.7 km³/a, -60.4±2.7 km³/a, -12.5±0.5 km³/a and +6.6±0.9 km³/a, respectively. Continental water storages of southern Himalaya and the Asian high mountains show apparent decreasing trends, which are consistent with the results of Matsuo and Heki by substantial glacial ice melting in these Asian high mountains. However, acceleration of mass loss of high mountain glaciers in the Northwestern Asian is not clear in recent decades. The long-term trends of continental water storage in the northeast and south of the North China are not stable.

In this paper, we apply Fourier analysis (including local Fourier analysis and general Fourier analysis) of multi-grid method to predict and analyze the convergence of multi-grid method used to discretize Helmholtz equations with complex-valued entries aroused in magnetotelluric problem. The Fourier spectra, which are usually complex in spectral domain,however, should be converted to real domain when visualizing the convergence behavior. The eigenvector spectra in real domain could be used to answer the slow convergence in two-grid method with Gauss-Seidel solver used on the coarsest grid. As not including boundary conditions and variant coefficients, local Fourier analysis (e.g., one-grid Fourier analysis and two-grid Fourier analysis) is difficult to give a reasonable asymptotic convergence estimate of two-grid method with a direct solver on the coarsest grid, whereas two-grid general Fourier analysis could. The Fourier analysis for five-grid method using a direct solver on coarsest grid shows that when the general higher-grid Fourier analysis is applied, the general Fourier analysis gets close to the numerical asymptotic convergence. Based on the set of general multi-grid Fourier analysis results, an empirical formula approximating the asymptotic convergence for five-grid method is derived,thus we just need to carry out the general low-grid Fourier analysis(two-grid and three-grid) on coarsest grids and approximate the asymptotic convergence with low cost.

The computation technique of the finite-element forward modeling for 2.5-dimensional complex resistivity based on anomalous complex potential is described. The variational equations are established for 2D structure with 3D alternating two-point sources. The finite element method is used to solve the equations. The computing area is divided into rectangular elements, each of which is subdivided into four triangles by two diagonal lines. The complex potential and the complex conductivity of rocks within each triangular lattice are described by a linear interpolation to create a linear equation system from the variational equations. For a specific array, the linear equations are solved to calculate the anomalous complex potential at each node and the apparent complex resistivity on the surface. The feasibility of the algorithm is verified through the theoretical model calculation, and the computation results of different survey configurations are demonstrated.

In order to delineate fracture edge information and its multi-scale characteristic in time-frequency domain, a new multi-frequency edge detection(MFED) method based on generalized S transform (GST) is presented, which draw on the idea of wavelet multi-scale edge detection. The MFED achieves highlighting and localizing different scales edge by filtering of different frequencies based on the local time-frequency spectra of GST. The simulation of synthetic signal model demonstrates that MFED can exactly depict the various singular edges and reflect the multi-scale characteristics of the edge, which is similar to the wavelet multi-scale edge detection. MFED is applied to real seismic data processing. The results show that it can detection the fault, the geometry and distribution of fracture zone in different frequency scales.

In view of the impact of  velocity model smoothing on wave traveltime, ray path and the amplitude information, we analyzed the theoretical basis of velocity model smoothing from prerequisite establishment of ray tracing equations, the ray theory of high-frequency approximation and Fresnel zone. Ray paths calculation before and after velocity smoothing for a same model showed that the smoothing of model can effectively improve the coverage of ray tracing without additional initial angle. Ray paths calculation and error analysis of before and after velocity smoothing for different  model showed that selecting a reasonable number of smoothing under the premise of ensuring the viability of ray tracing and coverage, travel time can minimize errors(50 times smoothing in horizontal and vertical, the maximum relative error less than 5% on marmousi model and 50 times smoothing in vertical, the maximum relative error less than 1% on undulating layered model at the same abscissa of all points in z direction) without affecting the quality of migration.

With the development to deep exploration, controlled vibrator seismic exploration has become the main method of mineral deposit prospecting. In order to study the effect of portable mini PHVS-500 vibrator, developed by Laboratory of Geo-Exploration and Instrumentation of Ministry of Education in Jilin University, we carried out seismic method experiments in Jinchang copper-nickel mine. In this paper, we compared the seismic time profiles of PHVS-500 portable mini vibrator and U.S. Minivib T15000 hydraulic vibrator. The results show that four reflections are consistent at the corresponding position of two sources. It is concluded that portable high frequency vibrator system we developed is effective in metal deposit prospecting.

Real-time determination of formation boundary is one of the key problems in geological directional drilling of horizontal wells. Considering mud resistivity and borehole have less effect on LWD electromagnetic wave in a certain range, 3D formation model was simplified as 1D formation model，the forward computation time can be reduced greatly. The distances between instrument and formation boundary are reconstructed using the real time inversion of marquardt method. Experiment result shows that computed location agree with the actual formation boundaries, so running track of the instrument can be controlled, it can maintain the borehole in a desired geological bed, and further improves the capability of geo-steering in horizontal wells.

One Landsat-7 image of 1999 and two Landsat-5 images of 2001, 2009 were chosen to map and detect changes of coral reef community at Dongsha atoll. As the support vector machine (SVM) is very attractive for the classification of remotely sensed data, it was introduced into the extraction and classification of the coral reefs. Considering the training time and classification accuracy, ‘one against one’ and radial basis kernel function (RBF) were determined. The results show that the total area of the coral reefs at Dongsha atoll is about 140.93 km² in 2009. From 1999 to 2009, the coral reefs were in the intermediate stage of degradation, because their areas decreased 17.54 km² and they behaved evident fragmentation. High spatial resolution images are helpful to extract coral reefs properly and accurately, especially to minor area of coral reefs.

The core model of LAHARZ is a semi-empirical numerical model based on the hydrodynamics model and combination with the analysis on the lahars of nine volcanoes. The lahars in four high easy-happening rivers, Erdaobai River, Songhua River, Yalu River and Tumen River, are simulated by the LAHARZ based on the 1∶250000 digital elevation model. The threshold of the energy cone is set to 0.07 according to historical plume height and the average slope. By comparing and matching the simulated river with the real river, the river threshold value is determined to be 5 000. And the volume thresholds are defined as 10⁸m³, 10⁹m³, 10¹⁰m³,and 10¹¹m³ by their historical lahar volumes. The simulated results show that the flow distance and the damage scale were influenced by the different thresholds, which is similar with the historical lahars’ extent. The damage grades are divided into four levels as 40 km, 70 km, 80 km and 100 km. It is important for the planning and construction in the Changbai Mountain area. In addition, this disaster zoning model and method can be used to be the reference of other volcanoes.

A micro-reservoir pore network pattern recognition method is designed by the repeated observation and experiments of a large number of the casting thin section of the rock sample. The key point of this method is that the transform from the RGB（red, green, blue） space into the YUV(Y-brightness, U, V-Color) space make the pore throat network  be identified into good clusterings, and then by use of the morphological watershed segmentation method, segment the pore and throat of the casting thin sections of rock samples. The identified pore-throat networks by this method and the general image segmentation techniques are comparative studied. The comparison results show that the pore-throat networks are more complete and clear by this method identifies. The surface porosity of casting thin section of the rock sample to be identified is calculated by use of Axiovision4.0 software belongs to the German Zeiss image processing system at the same time. Calculation results show that the recognition effect is obvious, relative error is smaller; the micro-pore network of reservoirs accuracy of pattern recognition is improved.