There are mainly the western Xujiaweizi early extensional strike-slip fault system, central Xujiaweizi strike-slip long-term active fault system, eastern Xujiaweizi strike-slip fault system, early extensional and later tenso-shear long-term active fault system, and later tenso-shear fault system according to the study of development and distribution of faults, gas distribution regularity in volcanic rocks and their relationship in Xujiaweizi depression. The main active periods of the faults are K₁h-K₁yc³ and the later of K₁q² to K₂qn. There are many distribution layers in vertical, much depth range, located in or near gas source depression in plane and along faults on gas distribution features in volcanic rocks. Control roles of gas accumulation and distribution in volcanic rocks are manifested in the following areas: faults control formation and distribution of gas source rocks; faults control formation and distribution of volcanic rock body and fractures within them; faults control formation and distribution of gas traps in volcanic rocks; faults control formation layers of gas reservoirs in volcanic rocks.

According to characteristics of oil and gas accumulation in “small and fat” oil reservoir, the authors take Beizhong oil field of Beier depression as an example. The typical examples and reservoir sections are analyzed base on the study of logging curves, results of seismic interpretation, logging interpretation data and dynamic development of test data on oil production of exploration-evaluation wells and development well, combined with faults system split results in Beizhong field. On the basis of “sag-wide oil bearing” in Nanyi（the first member of Nantun Formation） major reservoir of Beizhong oil field, the factors of forming poor oil areas or water areas are loss of major reservoirs within the target layer by the function of fault, causing water areas formed near the faults; adjustment by later reverse faults, oil from Nanyi Layer adjust to Naner（the second member of Nantun Formation） layer or Dayi（the first member of Damoguaihe Formation） Layer formed secondary reservoirs, and causing poor oil areas formed near the reveres faults within main reservoir; oil dynamics migrations and accumulation during oil development, causing quickly water occurrence in lower positions.

Low permeability or ultralow permeability reservoirs are developed in the Yanchang Formation of northern Shanxi, in addition to the usual high impedance reservoir development, but also easy to form a low resistivity reservoir. Therefore, the discovery of low resistivity reservoirs has greatly widened the area of oil exploration and development fields. According to geologic characteristics of Chang 6-1 reservoir in the Yanchang formation of Fanchuan area, Zhidan oil field, combined with a large number of experimental and production data analysis and comparison, causes of low resistivity reservoirs in the area of macro-control mechanism and the factors were analyzed. We believe that the pore complex structure of Chang6-1 led to increased water saturation and high water salinity, high clay content and the presence of radioactive sandstone, which is the main reason for forming the low resistivity reservoir. Identification methods of low-resistivity reservoirs are presented by a large number of actual test comparison of oil and logging data. The results show that calculated spontaneous potential and spontaneous potential curve overlapping quickly and visually display oil layers, Crossplots of acoustic time-deep resistivity and gamma-deep resistivity can divide the oil and water layers. By the secondary log data interpretation of 85 exploration wells on the region, 45 low resistivity oil layers those are omission in the initial interpretation are found in the Chang 6 reservoirs, and oil layer number changes from 117 to 162 with a net increase of 27.8%.

Pyrolysis kinetics characteristics of oil shale samples obtained from Liushuhe basin were investigated by Rock Eval analysis. The pyrolysis characteristics were studied at different heating rates (10, 15, 20, 25, 30 ℃/min) from 200 ℃ to 600 ℃. Based on the Friedman mathematical formula and Sestak reaction mechanism, the reaction activation energy and reaction function were obtained, and so the pyrolysis mathematical model was developed. This mathematical model can be used to calculate the hydrocarbon conversion and required times for the fixed conversion. It is found that the reaction activation energy is not a constant and is a variable with the variety of reaction temperature. The reason is that the pyrolysis reaction process of oil shale is complicated multistep reaction, in which reaction mechanism is variable in different temperature range.

The analysis of sediment source is an important part of basin research, and it plays an important role in favorable reservoir prediction and oil exploration. The parent rocks from different provenances and the difference of sedimentary environment caused differences in the micro characteristics of sediment components from different provenances. The authors choose the characteristic elements and heavy minerals content of the middle part of Third Member of Shahejie Formation in deposit of Minfeng depression as a sample, study the provenance system by the clustering analysis. First, based on the optimization of the trait element ratios, the scope of each provenance system was accurately defined by Q-mode cluster analysis for trait element ratios; Second, the types of parent rock was recovered by R-mode cluster analysis for heavy minerals content. The study shows that the main zone of depression was influenced by the delta of Yonganzhen in Qingtuozi area and the delta of Dongying in the south. The analysis result was consistent with sedimentology features, indicate this method could be used effectively in estimating source direction of sediment.

In the traditional data-driven data mining process, there are huge gaps between the efficient algorithms and intelligent tools as well as the invalidity of knowledge which is obtained by traditional data-driven data mining. Meanwhile, each data in the earth science field contains a solid physical meaning. If there is no corresponding domain knowledge involved in the mining process, the information explored by data-driven data mining will be lack of practicability and not able to effectively solve problems in the earth science area. Therefore, the task-driven data mining is proposed. Additionally, task-driven data mining concepts and principles are elaborated with the help of data mining concepts and techniques. It is divided into seven elements such as data warehousing, data preprocessing, feature subset selection, model formation, model evaluation, model modification and model published. Those constitute a cyclic and iterative process until a predictive model which is capable of effectively achieving the objectives. The task-driven data mining is applied to recognizing the low resistivity reservoirs, and the whole analysis process is elaborated. The white-box model of decision tree and the black-box model of support vector machine are introduced to identify the low resistivity reservoirs, and the accuracy is more than 90%.

To investigate the temporal and spatial distribution of tectonic subsidence and the formation mechanism of anomalous post-rift tectonic subsidence in the Qiongdongnan basin, we calculated the tectonic subsidence history of sixty-eight wells by back stripping method. Then fifteen representative wells were chosen to estimate stretching strain rate using inverse theory and to calculate stretching factors. The results suggest that the extent of tectonic subsidence in the center and southern depressions is greater than that in northern depression. Tectonic subsidence rate that varied with time can be summarized as “locally quick-holisticly slow-locally quick”followed by gradually decreasing in the post-rift period and attained its minimum during 15.5-10.5 Ma, but it started to increase again since 10.5-5.5 Ma. Anomalous post-rift tectonic subsidence is more obvious in both east and west than in the north of the Qiongdongnan basin and the extent in center depressions increases from west to east. In time scale, the post-rift subsidence increases with time, and the process can be summarized as quick-slow-quick multiple stages. Our results suggest that the quick subsidence in the early post-rift stage likely resulted from the diversity of stretching during the rift period, and the quick tectonic subsidence since Later Miocene was likely caused by magmatic activities.

Temperature and stress of country rock are obtained by the simulation of the temperature and stress when magma emplaced. The quantitative relationship between heat field and condensation contraction joint are established by integrated application of strain energy and surface energy theory. The fracture parameters are assessed quantitatively. Consequently, the development law of contraction joint is concluded in metamorphic belt. The metamorphic thickness increases when the intrusive thickness increases, while no metamorphic belt forms when the intrusive thickness is less than 20 m, by the study of the contact metamorphic belt in north slope of Gaoyou sag. Thermal stress decreases with the increasing distance from the intrusive rocks. Condensation contraction joints are chiefly extensive near the intrusive rock and the maximum of crack linear density is about 13 cracks/m. Away from the intrusive rock，the density of fracture line rapidly decreases, especially  3-6 linear density of cracks/m in the metamorphic belt edge. Overall, the upper metamorphic permeability is slightly better than that of the lower one. The maximum porosity of condensation contraction joints lies in the most thickness of the intrusive rocks, and short axis direction of crack penetration is similar to vertical direction，while its permeability is greater than that of the long axis. The validity of this simulation is testified by rock core statistics.

The sedimentation features and its evolution since Cretaceous in the eastern Sanjiang basin play an important role for the oil and gas exploration in the outer Daqing area and also are essential for the research of evolution in NE Asia. Detailed studies on the rock cores, geo-loggings, well loggings, and seismic materials show that, fan delta and lake sediment system developed since Cretaceous. In the Early Cretaceous, it was a spreading back-arc basin, some shore-shallow lake and volcanic sediments developed in the residual stratums; in the Late Cretaceous, it was a NE displayed intra-plate flexure-squeezed basin with short axis sediment sources from the Suibin and Wandashan on the both sides of basin, conversed contemporary fault developed in the Hailang-Qixinghe Formation, area of the semi-deep lake shrinked after extension, followed by basin filling and disappearing in the Yanwo Formation. In the Cenozoic, this basin was a dextral strike-slip pull-apart basin with the main sediments from an inherited short-axis source. During Baoquanling period, a long-axis sediment source appeared in the direction of Huanan uplift. From Baoquanling to the Lower-Mid period of Fujin, the semi-deep lake area extended with the sedimentation center moving towards southeast. During the Late Fujin period, the water body became shallow and the basin extended with the sedimentation center moving northwestward.

Through determination of values of ΔFe/ΔS and Co/Ni of pyrite, two types of ore bodies  were distinguished in Shibaqinghao gold deposit, Inner Mongolia, which are myloniteand quartz vein ore bodies, respectively. The pyrites in mylonite ore body are poor in Fe and S with Co/Ni ratios less than 1; whereas the pyrites in quartz vein ore body are poor in Fe but rich in S with Co/Ni ratios greater than 1. These features are consistent with S and Pb isotope compositions of the two types of ore bodies; the former type may represent metamorphic thermal solution related metallogeny in association with ductile shear deformation, and the later maybe products of magmatism related metallogeny. Our results prove that Shibaqinghao gold deposit formed from a multiple stages of mineralization, and thus support a previously proposed point that “the deposit was controlled by structures of different stages and levels”.

Pangkaimen gold-silver deposit is located in Aihui-Huma metallogenic belt, and the main ore bodies are hosted by Jurassic volcanic rocks in Ganhe Formation. The ore body formed as veins which are under strict control of silicified breccia zone. The basaltic andesite, andesite, and rhyolite in Ganhe Formation are the peraluminous high-K calc-alkaline series, and basalt and quartz porphyry are shoshonite series. They derived from mantle and formed as products of co-genetic magma. The fluid inclusions are poorly developed with main type of gas-liquid two-phase inclusions and minor three-phase inclusions with daughter crystals. The homogenization temperature for gas-liquid two-phase inclusion is from 268.8℃ to 331.6℃, and the salinity (contents of NaCl) from 8.67% to 13.11%. The homogenization temperature for three-phase inclusions is from 288.8℃ to 313.3℃, and the salinity from 37.32% to 39.23% . Therefore, the ore-forming fluids are the hydrothermal system with medium temperature, medium to high salinity. According to the analytical results of hydrogen and oxygen isotope, we infer that the hydrothermal system is a mixed fluid of magmatic hydrothermal fluid with atmospheric water. The tectonic setting for this deposit was changed from compress to extension in the Early Cretaceous. The ore-forming material is mainly from deep-seated magma and volcanic rocks, and the mineralization conditions are medium temperature and shallow depth. The genetic type for this deposit is medium temperature epithermal ore deposit.

The Tongchang deposit is the most typical copper deposit in Mianxian-Lueyang-Ningqiang (Mian-Lue-Ning) area in southern Shaanxi, China. By studying on trace elements and REEs geochemistry of chalcopyrite (pyrite) as well as geological bodies in the deposit, we can draw some conclusions as followings. Firstly, the chalcopyrite is characterized by enrichment of Ni and Zn, depletion of Co, which is similar to the spilite of Late Proterozoic Guojiagou Formaion, while different from diorite and albite rocks in the mine. There are two kinds of chalcopyrites with different REE patterns, one is enriched in LREE and the other has relatively flat REE pattern. The pyrite grains hosted in internal and external contact zones of the diorite intrusion have different Co/Ni ratios, suggesting multiple sources of ore-forming materials. Analyzing on the background values of those oreforming elements in various geological bodies indicates that ore-forming material is mainly from the spilite and minor from the diorite. Secondly, the chalcopyrite is characterized by obvious negative Eu anomalies and its δEu value is much lower than those of the diorite and spilite. The depletion of Eu is likely related to greisenization and albitization caused by volatile fluids during mineralization. Furthermore, Y/Ho ratios of the chalcopyrite are similar to those of albite rocks, implying the close relationship between copper mineralization and Na replacement. Thirdly, due to the inheritance of the trace elements feature from source of ore-forming mineralizing materials, the Ni and Co content in the chalcopyrite is n-n×10 times than in the pyrite, corresponding to that in Cu-Ni sulfide type deposit and different from that in skarn-type, porphyry-type, volcanic-subvolcanic hydrothermal type as well as VMS Cu deposit. The metallogenic model of Tongchang copper deposit can be listed as following. During the Hercynian period, with the closure, subduction and collision of Mian-Lue ancient oceanic basin, the dutile-brittle thrusting nappe structure and strike-slip fault were formed in Mian-Lue-Ning area. The metasomatism of mixed hydrothermal by regional metamorphic fluid and rainwater, which rich in Na⁺, K⁺ and CO₂, resulted in the translation of ore-forming materials (e.g. Cu and Ni) from strata of Guojiagou Group and spilite (and diorite) to form the metallogenic hydrothermal fluid. The hydrothermal fluid was characterized by low temperature and salinity, and enriched in ore-forming materials. The Tongchang deposit was resulted from filling and metasomatism of the hydrothermal fluid in the EW-and NE-trending dutile strike-slip faults in this area.

Based on analysis on fission track dating of apatite and zircon in the granite and sand samples collected from the south, middle and north segment of Longmen Mountain, it is found that the uplift process of Longmen Mountain can be divided into different segments along strike direction and zones in East-West direction. From Songpan-Ganzi fold belt through Longmen thrust belt to western Sichuan foreland basin, the entire Songpan-Ganzi fold belt has experienced regional uplift, and the fission track age shows positive correlation with altitude; while in Longmen thrust belt, the fission track age has negative or no correlation with altitude, suggesting that thrust fault play a dominant role during the uplift process. However, in western Sichuan foreland basin, the samples partly or entirely annealed with burial depth. On both sides of Maoxian-Wenchuan fault, there is an obvious difference in zircon fission track age but no evident difference for apatite, suggesting that the west of Maoxian-Wenchuan fault has undergone more rapid uplift during 38-10 Ma. On both the sides of Beichuan fault, apatite shows obvious fission track age, suggesting a quick uplift process occurred in the west of Beichuan fault during 10-0 Ma. Along strike direction, zircon fission track age increases gradually from north to south part of Longmen Mountain, which may indicate a more rapid uplift process in the northern part during Late Indosinian or Early Yanshanian. Apatite fission track age generally decreases from north through middle and to south, reflecting a more rapid uplift in the middle and south than in the north during Cenezoic.

Nyainqentanglha Early Eocene intermediate-basic intrusive rocks consist of amphibole gabbro and monzodiorite. The zircon LA-MC-ICPMS U-Pb dating for the amphibole gabbro defines a crystallizationage of (49.92±0.24) Ma. The intermediate-basic intrusive rocks are high-K calc-alkaline to shoshonite series based on the SiO₂-K₂O diagram. They contain high total REE with enrichment of LREE and LILE (Rb, Th, K), and depletion of HFSE (Nb, Ta, Ti), showing features of magmatic rocks in island arc or active continental margin. They also show relatively high initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values of 0.708 77-0.713 71, low ε_Nd values from -6.9 to -6.1, old modal age of 1 329-1 995 Ma (T_DM), and no correlation for ε_Nd with MgO and Nb/La, which indicates that they come from an enriched mantle metasomatized by ancient continental crust. REE simulation suggests that the forming processes for the intermediate-basic intrusive rocks were controlled by low tomoderate partial melting of the enriched mantle. The dynamic background for the intermediate-basic intrusive rocks are likely linked to breakoff of Neo-Tethyan slab followed by upwelling of asthenospheric materials from the slab window.

The Hongshuiquan Formation, widely exposed in the northern Da Hinggan area, consists mainly of greywacke, sand-slate, carbonate rocks and tuffs, in which brachiopods, corals and bryozoans flourished in Early Carboniferous. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating of the sandstones from the Hongshuiquan Formation in Ergun and Zhalantun area is carried out in order to discuss the Early Carboniferous basin type. Results show that 87 zircon concordant ages give four age groups: 353-379 Ma with peak age at 366 Ma, 428-473 Ma with peak age at 441 Ma and 464 Ma, 487-521 Ma with peak age at 502 Ma and 1 790-1 943 Ma with peak age at 1 848 Ma. In this frame, the peak ages of 366 Ma, 441 Ma, 464 Ma and 502 Ma are consistent with the magmatic events in Ergun and Xing’an blocks, and the peak age of 1 848 Ma is widely existed in the two blocks, suggesting that sediments of the Hongshuiquan Formation mainly derive from Ergun-Xing’an blocks. The youngest peak age of 366 Ma indicates that the sediments come partly from the Late Devonian volcanic arc. The sandstones from the Hongshuiquan Formation have bidirectional sources (continent and volcanic arc). Combined with regional sediments in Early Carboniferous, we believe that the Hongshuiquan Formation is a suite of sedimentary sequence formed in a backarc basin setting.

Molar-tooth carbonates (briefly called MT or microsparite carbonates) are characterized by early diagenetic sedimentary features. The term of ‘Molar-tooth’ is named after their tapered, ptygmatically folded texture which are mainly developed in Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic carbonates. The origin of these enigmatic structures have been argued. The authors investigated the MT carbonates from Simian (0.65-0.81 Ga) of Neoproterozoic Era in Liaoning and Jilin Provinces of China. A series of biomarkers found from the extracted bitumens of MT carbonates include n-alkanes, alkyl cyclohexanes, acyclic isoprenoids alkanes, extended tricyclic trepans, hopanes, gammacerane, steranes. Furthermore, their biological precursors of these hydrocarbon class are discussed particularly based on the distribution of boilipids in extant organisms. The results show that MT carbonates contain a lot of Prokaryote bacteria (oxygenic photosynthesis cyanobacteria), Archaebacteria (sulfur bacteria, methanotroph), Eukaryote algae (Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta, Phaeophyta), Fungi and Protozoa. Therefore, the origin of MT carbonates should be acompanied by these early organisms. The existence of diverse biomarkers indicates that early organisms of Neoproterozoic era reached a certain extent grade in evolution and prepared ready for the great breakthrough of Edicaran life.

In order to improve the geological survey technological level of drilling rig, the type of JDD-100 fully-hydraulic multifunctional drilling rig was developed. The drilling rig has the functions of cone penetration test, dynamic penetration test, rotary drilling and rotary drilling with high-frequency vibration and so on. The drilling rig is settled system of drilling parameter measurement and automatic controlling, which can monitor nine parameters and obtain geophysical parameters such as density and resistivity of stratum. According to the structure of rotation power head and the working property of hydraulic motors, the output torque test method of all hydraulic rig was developed. The experiments in laboratory and in field certify that the drilling rig had better application in the clay, gravel and broken formation and the drilling speed in complex stratum can be improved 1.5 times than other rigs.

Higher order vagueness is a common attribute of debris flow disasters and their environment, and existing models and assessment methods for describing and analyzing debris flows disasters have scale effect. The scale model of Chinese debris flow hazard assessment is proposed, and fitting scale intervals of relative factors are analyzed by different scaling analysis methods. The high order fuzzy membership functions of factors are developed by interval type-II fuzzy set and are used to describe the complex of debris flow and their environment. The weight of each factor is described by interval weight. And the hazard assessment method is developed on fitting scale intervals. The results show that the method can overcome some faults of single scale methods. And the method is objective becuase it can use all possible status of factors in their fitting scale interval and consider the uncertainty of weights produced by exports for different factors.

The infrastructure reconstruction of 20 new towns for the Three Gorges Project migration caused a large number of high cutting slopes（HCS）, in which about 90 percentage of the HCS are unstable and thus lead to a serious threaten to the transportation and the people’s lives and properties. The integration and three-dimension visualization of digital mapping camera (DMC) images, light detection and ranging (LIDAR) data, geological maps is carried out for the interpretation and features extraction of the HCS from Zigui to Badong section. 177  high cutting slopes with 25.165 km in length in this area are interpreted and the location, size, slope, the slope structure and protective measures of the HCS in this area are obtained by the interpretation and field investigation. Investigation and analysis shows that high cutting slopes mainly distribute in the immigrant towns and the major highways, and its size and stability is controlled by lithology, slope and slope structure; the stability of the HCS in carbonate rocks, crystalline rocks and clastic rocks decreased gradually, and Xiangxi to Xietan section within clastic rock should be have a priority to control and protect because of the low stability of the high cutting slopes in this area.

In view of the problems such as the time of self-consolidation is long and the drain pipes are easy to clogged and consolidation will slow down gragually in practice, a grading vacuum preloading method is put forward, namely, vacuum preloading is imposed hierarchically, and simulation tests are carried out in laboratory. The test results show that the moisture content and the soluble salt content decreases gradually, the strength increases gradually during the consolidation process of dredger fill. The physical and chemical properties of dredger fill have been improved after the hierarchical vacuum preloading. At the same time, samples are tested by the mercury intrusion test which sampled from consolidation process and the pore distribution characteristics is analyzed by using fractal theory. It shows that the large size of pore will be compressed into more small pore with the increase of consolidation pressure and the variation of pore diameter distribution is changed from majority of large size pore (above 50%) into advantage of middle and small size pore, which are above 35% and above 35% respectively.

There are many factors to influence the advantage of water-sealed underground oil tank sites, such as geological environment, geological environment and construction convenience. Firstly, ten influence factors such as geologic structure, geomorphology, rock mass strength, and so on, which are generalized from the engineering geological conditions, technologic and economic conditions and construction conditions are put forward on the base of survey and prospecting work of the first underground state oil reserves in China, and their corresponding quantitative indexes are determined. Then the classification criterion of the water-sealed underground oil tank sites was proposed. Based on the criterion, the extension method was used to evaluate the water-sealed underground oil tank sites. Finally the program was applied in the Huizhou water-sealed underground oil tank engineering. The results show the site of that the Huizhou water-sealed underground oil tank is good.

The relationship between vegetation and groundwater in the hinterland of Mu Us Desert with 6 indicators, such as vegetation populations and cover, groundwater depth and mineralization, vadose zone moisture content and salinity, were investigated. We established the suitable depth of groundwater, unsaturated zone moisture content, groundwater salinity and the vadose zone salinity for dominated vegetation, Artemisia, Salix psammophila and Carex. The results showed that vegetation populations is very sensitive to groundwater depth and vadose zone moisture content, while vadose zone salinity and groundwater mineralization are nonsensitive indicators. In addition, the vegetation, the moisture of which for growth obtained from groundwater, its cover is more sensitive to groundwater depth, while the total coverage is nonsensitive indicators.

The ³H method and CFCs method were applied to date the Quaternary shallow groundwater in order to study the groundwater cycle and renewability evaluation of shallow groundwater in Henan Plain. It can be concluded that the fitting error was small (2 a) so that the ages calculation by the two methods can represent the shallow groundwater ages in Henan Plain. In general, the shallow groundwater was the modern recharged water which was younger than 50 a. The groundwater age was younger than 30 a in the piedmonts of Taihang Mountain, Funiu Mountain, Dabie Mountain and along two sides of the Yellow River on west of Kaifeng. The age increased along with the groundwater flow path. The exploration potential decreased from the piedmonts and the two sides of the Yellow River to the plain. In general, the groundwater cycle was faster in the northern groundwater system of which age was younger, followed by  that in the southern groundwater system. The groundwater cycle was the slowest in central groundwater system of which age was the oldest.

The aim of this paper is to analyze the spatial and temporal changes of renewability of groundwater in Beijing, which is great important for the sustainable utilization and management of groundwater resources. The recharge volume, renewing cycle, renewal rate, and recharge rate of groundwater in the Beijing Plain, especially in the mining aquifers, were calculated using groundwater table dynamic equilibrium method. The renewability of groundwater and changes of its spatiotemporal were further evaluated. The study results show that, under natural conditions, the renewability of groundwater is generally strong with a decreasing trend from the piedmont to the central plain. Secondly, the aquifers in this study have favorable boundary conditions for groundwater recharge from exterior and excellent water bearing conditions. The amount of precipitation is the bottleneck factor influencing the renewability of groundwater. Thirdly, the renewability of groundwater in investigated area and all the sub areas have decreased clearly with mean annual groundwater recharge rate during 2001-2008 (0.28 m/a) decreasing by 35.6% compared with that in 1981-2000. Lastly, the mean groundwater level in 2008 is 19.73 m which is deeper than that in natural conditions (in and before 1960s). The total loss of groundwater volume has reached 101×10⁸ m³ since 2008 (accounting for 18% of the total volume of groundwater in the mining aquifers) because the groundwater exploitation intensity is always exceeding the renewability of groundwater recently. The above evidences show that the issue of groundwater sustainable supply is serious in Beijing under the impacts of climate change and human activities.

Batch experiments were carried out to catch the natural attenuation rule of the petroleum hydrocarbons such as benzene, naphthalene, and phenanthrene in silt sandy, medium sandy, coarse and gravel sandy aquifers collected from the contaminated field site, respectively. The results showed that the natural attenuation of benzene, naphthalene, and phenanthrene in above four aquifer media, both in individual and mixed solute systems, follows the first-order kinetics among the four aquifer media, benzene and naphthalene attenuates as following: the silt sand > the medium sand≈the coarse sand > the gravel sand. For phenanthrene, the sequence of the attenuation rate is the silt sand≈the medium sand≈the coarse sand > the gravel sand. In investigated four aquifer media, the microdegradation plays an important role in the natural attenuation of benzene and naphthalene, while the adsorption onto the aquifer media is the most important for natural attenuation of phenanthrene. Besides, when the three components coexist, the natural attenuation of benzene and naphthalene gets faster while the natural attenuation of phenanthrene gets slower.

Operational characteristics of a continuous airlift aerobic granular sludge fluidized bed (CAFB) were discussed. The formation, mechanism and characteristics of the granule sludge in the reactor were investigated and analyzed. The reactor was operated continuously by inoculating with municipal sewage sludge and the synthetic wastewater mainly consisted of sodium acetate as carbon source. The results showed that dense and compact granules were formatted at 4-5 days, much more quickly than other reported aerobic granule sludge process. The diameter of granules is 800-1 000 μm, specific gravity is 1.006 or so, and accompanied with multi-biofacies and many extracellular polymeric substances produced. These characteristics contributed to the fast formation of the granules to some extent. As the COD loading of 8 and 13 kg COD/(m³·d) were employed, COD removal efficiency of CAFB maintained at 93%-97%. Due to the COD concentration of effluent was as low as 30-80 mg/L, eading to an overgrowth of filamentous and sludge washout eventually. These results showed that CAFB is more applicable for treatment of wastewater with higher organic loading rate.

Batch experiments were undertaken to study the adsorption and desorption mechanisms of lead (Pb, Ⅱ) on the sewage irrigation soil. The results revealed that the adsorption of Pb (Ⅱ) onto the sewage irrigation soil rapidly increased with the increasing initial concentration of Pb in the beginning, and then increased slowly. The sorption isotherm of Pb (Ⅱ) onto the sewage irrigation soil fitted best to Langmuir model, illustrating that the maximum sorption capacity of Pb (Ⅱ) on the soil was 7.84 mg/g. The adsorption of Pb (Ⅱ) onto the sewage irrigation soil decreased in the presence of arsenite, and the adsorption ratio of Pb (Ⅱ) is from99.9%-100% to 97.8%-99.0%.  The adsorption isotherm of Pb (Ⅱ) onto the soil in the presence of arsenite fitted well to Freundlich model. The desorption of Pb (Ⅱ) onto the sewage irrigation soil increased with the desorption time, and the desorption rate of Pb(Ⅱ) onto the soil decreased with the desorption time. The kinetics of desorption of Pb²⁺ onto the sewage irrigation soil are well described by Elovich and power function equations, especially for Elovich equation.

Freeze-thawing has an important effect on physicochemical properties of soil, the migration, transformation and the environmental effects of heavy metal in soils. The effects of freeze-thawing on absorption and desorption characteristics of Pb and Cd in black soil and brown soil were studied by laboratory simulation. The results showed that the absorption ability of Pb and Cd was stronger in black soil than that in brown soil. Freeze-thawing decreased absorption ability of Pb and Cd in the soils, resulting from the change of physicochemical properties of soils under the condition of freeze-thawing. The desorption quantity and rate of Pb and Cd in the soils increased with the increasing adsorption quantity of Pb and Cd. Freeze-thawing enhanced desorption of Pb and Cd in the two soils. However, the desorption ability of Pb and Cd in black soilwere weaker than that in brown soil in the same freeze-thawing condition. The reason is that freeze-thawing made absorption quantity of Pb and Cd in soils increasing was related with the decline of desorption solution pH. Freeze-thawing decreased retention ability of Pb and Cd in soils, consequently increasing ecological risk.

A novel combined biological process (CSTR-UASBAF-NMBR) was used to treat the effluent waste water in a corn deep processing enterprise. Results demonstrated that the combined process successfully started after 50 d. In the 155 days’ steady process, the removal rates of COD and BOD achieved 99.4% and 99.8%, respectively. The investigation to explore optimum conditions of the NMBR indicated that hydraulic retention time (HRT) was controlled in 12 h in NMBR; the effluent could achieve the standard of reclaimed water recycle. Based on the anaerobic digestion model No.1(ADM1) and activated sludge model No.1(ASM1), the mathematical simulation of CSTR-UASBAF-NMBR process was performed. The favorable simulation illustrated that the average deviations of the three processes were lower than 15%, suggesting that the model can predict well on the novel combined process.

We present a new approach for downward continuation of potential fields: a derivative-iteration method in the case of that downward continuation is an unstable problem. From the definition of vertical first-order derivatives, we connect the values of the potential fields of observation planes with the values of the planes of upward continuation in a certain height and downward continuation in the same height. We use also the iterative method to successive approximation. Thus we deduce the recursive formula of the derivativeiteration method for continuation downward of potential fields in space domain. Taking the complexity of achieving upward continuation integral equations in spatial domain into accout, the fast Fourier transform is adopted in the recurrence formula. Then it gets the derivative iteration formula in wavenumber domain. It also proves the convergence of this method.The analysis of model tests and a practical example indicate that,comparing with the immediate FFT method, advantages of the iteration method are strong stability and a great downward continuation depth.

Now the advanced detection by electrical resistivity method can’t get good result, and the theoretical research lags obviously behind the practice. Therefore, systematic study on forward modeling of advanced detection is carried out. First, forward modeling is taken for typical water-bearing structures such as fault using FEM, and the abnormal response characteristics are obtained. The key technology of interference recognition and removal is proposed that provides an effective method for useful information extraction. Second, the instrument and material for physical model test is studied, and beneficial exploration for advanced detection with electrical resistivity method is taken in laboratory scale. Results verify the effectiveness of the method. Finally, advanced detection work is taken in practical project, and qualitative judgment of water-bearing structure is realized. The application effect shows that the forward modeling provides important guide for engineering application. It also laid a solid foundation for 3D electrical resistivity inversion tomography and location of water-bearing structure.

Angle-domain is the basic unit to describe rugged terrain. Apparent resistivity anomaly of complicated terrain can be drawn using the method of angle domain overlapping and then the topographic correction can be performed. We superpose the distorted apparent resistivity of the simple angle-domain terrain to get the distorted apparent resistivity of complicated angle-domain terrain. The method analyses the error of combination and superposition. It’s also compared with the result of ANSYS modeling. It’s proved that the apparent resistivity anomaly of complicated angle-domain terrain can be gained by combination and superposition when the terrain does not vary greatly. And finally we show some examples in which the topographic effect  is obtained  by the method of angle domain overlapping,and the topographic correction is conducted in terms of the terrain correction formulation. The comparison with the result of horizontal terrain shows that the comparison method can weaken the topographic influence，and extrude the anomaly of the local geological body.

We analyzes the cause of formation of complicated wave field on rugged surface, and proposes a reverse-time prestack depth migration method based on a time-space domain one-way wave equation with high dip angle for imaging subsurface geological structures below the rugged surface. From synthetic shot gathers of a complicated structure with rugged surface simulated by solving acoustic wave equations using the finite-difference method, it is known that if the shot is in the low velocity layer, the energy received on the low velocity layer is much stronger than that received on the high velocity layer, and a strong guided wave is created in the low velocity layer. The proposed prestack migration method is applied to the synthetic shot gathers. Although neither the guided wave related to the low velocity media, nor the random noise is suppressed before migration, the interfaces are clear and their positions are correct, and the planes of fault are well focused too.

The subsea channel sand and sheet sand, in the west of Daqing placanticline, play the most important role in the oil layer of Putaohua. The sand reservoir has the characteristic of chare distribution, 1-3 m thick, which varies fast horizontally . So the prediction of sand reservoir by seismic has a limit of resolution. Therefore the reservoir evaluation and development has a risk of uncertainty. In order to improve the prediction accuracy of thin narrow sand body, taking Gulong oilfield as an example, we created the stepwise well-seismic joint tracking inversion. The method is based on petrophysical response characteristic analysis, optimizing inversion method and parameters. Continuously increasing rolling well numbers, by optimizing and adjusting five batches 161 development wells, the prediction accuracy of sand body is increased continuously, which ensures the effect of preliminary development plan of the oilfield. A set of rolling prediction and adjusting workflow is developed, which can be popularized and applied.

It is important to remove cloud in the CCD images of satellite for enhancing and extracting remote sensing information，especially in low latitude areas. In order to remove thin cloud in the CBERS-02B CCD images, two different forms of wavelet transforms were used. Low-frequency coefficients that are decomposed by two wavelet transforms are processed by homomorphic filter separately for lowing its low-frequency information. Results is reconstructed with low-frequency coefficients and high-frequency coefficients which decomposed from Mallat and   trous wavelet transform. According to quantitative evaluation,   trous wavelet transform combining with homomorphic filter algorithm can produce good results in thin cloud removal with higher entropy and standard deviation. It also can retain a large amount of information and rich detail information.

Based on the methodology analysis of integrated model of information prediction and evaluation of mineralization prospect, the comprehensive evaluation model of mineralization prospect of linear weighting method and weighted Minkowski distance method are derived based on the assign a value to two states and factor analysis by improving quantity of information method.  The quantity of information method was expanded into the construction of geological variable, screening, assignment, which is the base for the spatial analysis and modeling of MapGIS served for evaluation of mineralization prospect with quantitative prediction and evaluation. The spatial analysis model of MapGIS for evaluation of mineralization prospect with quantitative prediction and evaluation was constructed based on the existence of variable and assignment by applying the mixed spatial analysis model.Take iron, copper, lead-zinc ore prospect evaluation in the map of Changkeng in Wuyishan metallogenic belt of scale 1∶50000 as example. The model was applied for quantitative prediction and evaluation. 12 metallogenic prospect areas with iron, copper, lead-zinc ore have been delineated, including 3 areas of class A, 3 of class B and 6 of class C.