Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition) ›› 2023, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (8): 2201-2211.doi: 10.13229/j.cnki.jdxbgxb.20211091

Previous Articles    

Aerodynamic characteristics of a racing car in pitching motion

Zhe ZHANG(),Shi-da SONG,Guo-hua WANG,Ying-chao ZHANG()   

  1. State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control，Jilin University，Changchun 130022，China
  • Received:2021-10-23 Online:2023-08-01 Published:2023-08-21
  • Contact: Ying-chao ZHANG E-mail:zhangzhejlu@jlu.edu.cn;yingchao@jlu.edu.cn

RICH HTML

 10   

PDF (PC)

254

Abstract:

In this paper， the simulation conditions of pitching motion are determined， and the external flow field of the whole vehicle under various conditions is simulated and analyzed. The aerodynamic characteristics under various pitching conditions and the interaction between aerodynamic components are explored. The reasons for the differences of aerodynamic result between various pitching conditions are obtained by analyzing the changes of flow field around the vehicle body. By analyzing the simulation data， it can be seen that the aerodynamic negative lift of the car under all pitching conditions is mainly provided by the body， front wing and tail wing， while the front and rear wheels mainly provide aerodynamic lift. The aerodynamic drag of the car is mainly generated by the body and tail wing， and the sum of the two accounts for more than 75%. The sum of the aerodynamic drag of the front and rear wheels accounts for only about 10%. When the car body attitude changes in pitch， the changes of front wing， tail wing， ground clearance and the interaction between aerodynamic components lead to the change of the aerodynamic characteristics of the whole car. The results show that under the condition of pitch angle -1.0°， the aerodynamic lift drag ratio of the whole vehicle is the largest， the aerodynamic efficiency of the car is the highest， the absolute value of the total aerodynamic negative lift is the largest， the total aerodynamic resistance is relatively small， and the aerodynamic pitch torque is the smallest. Under this condition， the performance of the car is the best.

Key words: automotive aerodynamics, aerodynamic characteristics, racing car, pitching motion

CLC Number: 

  • U461.1

Fig.1

Simplified model of racing car"

Table 1

Aerodynamic device lift data of a simplified racing car model"

气动装置升力有悬架/N无悬架/N
总计-324.665-335.889
车身-69.154-76.823
前轮6.3806.583
前翼-118.850-123.909
后轮7.91910.865
尾翼-151.390-152.605
悬架0.430—

Table 2

Aerodynamic device drag data of a simplified racing car model"

气动装置阻力有悬架/N无悬架/N
总计180.695185.483
车身73.74380.391
前轮4.1593.169

前翼

后轮

25.108

7.345

26.303

7.549

尾翼66.89568.071
悬架3.445—

Fig.2

Schematic diagram of vehicle surface grid and local detail surface grid"

Fig.3

Schematic diagram of calculation domain"

Fig.4

Volume grid encryption domain"

Table 3

Simulation strategy"

类型相关设置参数
湍流模型SST k-ω模型
边界条件

入口速度v=15 m/s

出口压力p=0 Pa

空气密度ρ=1.184 15 kg/m3

滑移壁面

地面滑移

边界层

层数11

厚度8 mm

扩张比率1.2

网格基础尺寸0.512 m
计算域11?L×12?W×5?H

Fig.5

Automobile wind tunnel test of Jilin University"

Table 4

Comparison data of wind tunnel test and numerical simulation"

项目气动阻力/N气动升力/N
风洞试验185.433-301.143
数值仿真191.299-315.027

Fig.6

Schematic diagram of body attitude change"

Table 5

Aerodynamic lift data of body attitude horizontal condition"

各部件名称升力/N升力值占比/%
总计-315.019—
车身-97.763-31.03
前轮10.6603.38
前翼-94.890-30.12
后轮12.7464.05
尾翼-145.772-46.27

Table 6

Aerodynamic drag data of body attitude horizontal condition"

各部件名称阻力/N阻力值占比/%
总计191.299—
车身81.68942.70
前轮10.6515.57
前翼21.99011.50
后轮12.0686.31
尾翼64.89033.92

Fig.7

Pressure nephogram and cumulative curve of aerodynamic lift and aerodynamic drag under horizontal condition of body attitude"

Fig.8

Velocity vector diagram under horizontal condition of body attitude"

Fig.9

Turbulent kinetic energy cloud diagram of Y=0 section under horizontal condition of body attitude"

Fig.10

Isosurface under basic working condition"

Fig.11

Coefficient curves of aerodynamic lift and drag of racing car under pitching condition"

Fig.12

Curve of pitching moment coefficient of racing car under pitching condition"

Table 7

Aerodynamic lift data of racing cars with pitch angles of -1.0° and 0.5°"

各部件名称-1.0°/（L·N-1）占比/%0.5°/（L·N-1）占比/%
总计-353.864—-304.670—
车身-110.80631.31-95.09631.21
前轮10.198-2.8813.797-4.53
前翼-114.84932.46-93.48230.68
后轮10.527-2.9710.834-3.56
尾翼-148.93442.09-140.72346.19

Table 8

Aerodynamic drag data of racing cars with pitch angles of -1.0° and 0.5°"

各部件名称-1.0°（D·N-1）占比/%0.5°（D·N-1）占比/%
总计187.425—191.905—
车身76.60340.8781.51742.48
前轮9.0234.8112.1366.32
前翼24.11712.8722.13311.53
后轮11.4286.1010.9535.71
尾翼66.25435.3565.16633.96

Fig.13

Isosurface comparison diagram of racing car under pitching angle of -1.0°（left） and 0.5°（right）"

Fig. 14

Pressure nephogram comparison of racing car under pitching angle of -1.0°（left） and 0.5°（right）"

Fig.15

Speed vector nephogram comparison of racing car under pitching angle of -1.0°（left） and 0.5°（right）"

1 约瑟夫·卡茨, 张英朝.赛车空气动力学[M].北京:机械工业出版社出版, 2019.
2 Brammer H. Aerodynamics of a race car[D]. Queensland: School of Engineering, University of Queensland, 2002.
3 Stapleford W R, Carr G W. Aerodynamics Characteristics of Exposed Rotating Wheels[M]. Motor Industry Research Association, 1969.
4 Kellar P S. Formula 1 car wheel aerodynamics[J]. Sports Engineering, 1999, 2(4):203-212.
5 Al Muharrami M S, Almousa S M, Almutairi A F M, et al. Study of open and closed wheels aerodynamics of racing cars in wind tunnels with movable ground at different car speeds[C]∥ 18th Australasion Fluid Mechanics Conference Launceston, Australia, 2012.
6 Ehirim O. Optimal diffuser design for formula sae race car using an innovative geometry buildup and CFD simulation setup with on-track testing correlation[C]∥ SAE Technical Papers, 2012-01-1169.
7 Lu X. Research on the flow field around a formula SAE car[C]∥ Sae Technical Papers, 2015-26-0208.
8 Kalinowski M, Szczepanik M. Aerodynamic shape optimization of racing car front wing[J]. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2021(1):012058.
9 Ma J, Chen X, Duan Y, et al. FSAE race car dynamics and trajectory optimization considering aerodynamic effects[C]∥ SAE Technical Paper, 2018-01-0821.
10 Hetawal Sneh. Aerodynamic study of formula SAE car[J]. Procedia Engineering, 2014, 97: 1198-1207.
11 Rehnberg S, Lucas B, Svensson R, et al. Race car aerodynamics-the design process of an aerodynamic package for the 2012 chalmers formula SAE car[C]∥ SAE Technical Paper, 2013-01-0797.
12 Craig C, Passmore M A. Methodology for the design of an aerodynamic package for a formula SAE Vehicle[J]. SAE International Journal of Passengen Cars-Mechanical Systems, 2014, 7(2): 575-585.
13 潘小卫. 赛车CFD仿真及风洞试验研究[D].长沙:湖南大学机械与运载工程学院, 2009.
Pan Xiao-wei. Research on CFD simulation and wind tunnel test of racing car[D]. Changsha: School of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, 2009.
14 牛贺功. 基于CFD的FSAE赛车外流场数值模拟及优化[D]. 青岛: 青岛理工大学汽车与交通学院, 2014.
Niu He-gong. Numerical simulation and optimization of FSAE racing car based on CFD[D]. Qingdao: College of Automotive and Transportation, Qingdao Technological University, 2014.
15 张璇. 基于CFD技术的FSC赛车外流场分析及优化[D].锦州: 辽宁工业大学汽车与交通工程学院,2017.
Zhang Xuan. Analysis and optimization of external flow field of FSC racing car based on CFD technology [D].Jinzhou: School of Automotive and Traffic Engineering, Liaoning University of Technology, 2017.
16 孙文. 基于CFD的低速赛车前后翼设计[D]. 长沙:湖南大学机械与运载工程学院, 2016.
Sun Wen. Design of front and rear wings of low-speed racing car based on CFD[D]. Changsha: School of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, 2016.
17 曹惠南. 考虑侧风影响的平头商用车气动减阻优化[D]. 长春: 吉林大学汽车工程学院, 2020.
Cao Hui-nan. Aerodynamic drag reduction optimization of flat headed commercial vehicles considering the influence of crosswind[D].Changchun: College of Automotive Engineering, Jilin University, 2020.
18 Jessing C, Stoll D, Kuthada T, et al. New horizons of vehicle aerodynamics[J]. Proceedings of Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 2017, 231(9): 1-13.
[1] Li XIN,Wei LAN,Jiang LIU,Qin-lin WAN,Peng GUO,Xing-jun HU,Yang XIAO. Simulation and control of pollution on automobile body surface during wading [J]. Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition), 2019, 49(6): 1786-1794.
[2] Xing-jun HU,Zheng HUI,Peng GUO,Yang-hui ZHANG,Jing-long ZHANG,Jing-yu WANG,Fei LIU. Characteristics of aerodynamics for an automobile by fluid-structure coupled method [J]. Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition), 2019, 49(5): 1414-1419.
[3] WANG Yan, GAO Qing, WANG Guo-hua, ZHANG Tian-shi, YUAN Meng. Simulation of mixed inner air-flow integrated thermal management with temperature uniformity of Li-ion battery [J]. Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition), 2018, 48(5): 1339-1348.
[4] WANG Jing-yu, WANG Ze-wei, GU Qing-tong, HU Xing-jun, WANG Bao-yu. Numerical simulation of transient aerodynamic characteristics of turning vehicle [J]. 吉林大学学报(工学版), 2015, 45(1): 44-48.
[5] LIU Shun-an, HE Xing-zhu, CHEN Yan-li,YANG Lu-hong,LI Wan-lin. Aerodynamic characteristics of a ducted tail rotor with asymmetric layout [J]. 吉林大学学报(工学版), 2014, 44(5): 1353-1359.
[6] CONG Qian, LIU Yu-rong, MA Yi, JIN Jing-fu. Aerodynamics analysis of the airfoil when wings of swallow is gliding [J]. 吉林大学学报(工学版), 2011, 41(增刊2): 231-235.
[7] WANG Jing-yu,HU Xing-jun,LI Qing-chen,WANG Jing-sheng. Influence of tail-end styling on aerodynamic characteristics of minibus [J]. 吉林大学学报(工学版), 2011, 41(03): 618-622.
[8] Hu Xing-jun;Zhang Ying-chao;Li Sheng;Lin You-zhi;Wang Jia-xue;Yang Yong-bai . Numerical simulation of vehicle aerodynamic characteristics based on DRSM [J]. 吉林大学学报(工学版), 2008, 38(03): 504-0507.
[9] He Bao-qin，Wu Yun-zhu，Fu Li-min . Influence of vehicle shape on the aerodynamic characteristics of intelligent vehicle platoon [J]. 吉林大学学报(工学版), 2008, 38(01): 7-011.
[10] Wu Yun-zhu, He Bao-qin, Fu Li-min . Influence of velocity on transient aerodynamic characteristics
of overtaking and overtaken vehicles
 [J]. 吉林大学学报(工学版), 2007, 37(05): 1009-1013.
[11] Fu Li-min;Wu Yun-zhu; He Bao-qin . Aerodynamic characteristics of vehicle platoon
 [J]. 吉林大学学报(工学版), 2006, 36(06): 871-0875.
Viewed
Full text


Abstract

Cited
  Shared   
  Discussed   
No Suggested Reading articles found!
Copyright © Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition), All Rights Reserved.
Tel: +86-431-85095297　Fax: +86-431-85094074　E-mail: xbgxb@jlu.edu.cn
Powered by Beijing Magtech Co. Ltd