Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition) ›› 2023, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (8): 2201-2211.doi: 10.13229/j.cnki.jdxbgxb.20211091

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Aerodynamic characteristics of a racing car in pitching motion

Zhe ZHANG(),Shi-da SONG,Guo-hua WANG,Ying-chao ZHANG()   

  1. State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control，Jilin University，Changchun 130022，China
  • Received:2021-10-23 Online:2023-08-01 Published:2023-08-21
  • Contact: Ying-chao ZHANG E-mail:zhangzhejlu@jlu.edu.cn;yingchao@jlu.edu.cn

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Abstract:

In this paper， the simulation conditions of pitching motion are determined， and the external flow field of the whole vehicle under various conditions is simulated and analyzed. The aerodynamic characteristics under various pitching conditions and the interaction between aerodynamic components are explored. The reasons for the differences of aerodynamic result between various pitching conditions are obtained by analyzing the changes of flow field around the vehicle body. By analyzing the simulation data， it can be seen that the aerodynamic negative lift of the car under all pitching conditions is mainly provided by the body， front wing and tail wing， while the front and rear wheels mainly provide aerodynamic lift. The aerodynamic drag of the car is mainly generated by the body and tail wing， and the sum of the two accounts for more than 75%. The sum of the aerodynamic drag of the front and rear wheels accounts for only about 10%. When the car body attitude changes in pitch， the changes of front wing， tail wing， ground clearance and the interaction between aerodynamic components lead to the change of the aerodynamic characteristics of the whole car. The results show that under the condition of pitch angle -1.0°， the aerodynamic lift drag ratio of the whole vehicle is the largest， the aerodynamic efficiency of the car is the highest， the absolute value of the total aerodynamic negative lift is the largest， the total aerodynamic resistance is relatively small， and the aerodynamic pitch torque is the smallest. Under this condition， the performance of the car is the best.

Key words: automotive aerodynamics, aerodynamic characteristics, racing car, pitching motion

CLC Number: 

  • U461.1

Fig.1

Simplified model of racing car"

Table 1

Aerodynamic device lift data of a simplified racing car model"

气动装置升力有悬架/N无悬架/N
总计-324.665-335.889
车身-69.154-76.823
前轮6.3806.583
前翼-118.850-123.909
后轮7.91910.865
尾翼-151.390-152.605
悬架0.430—

Table 2

Aerodynamic device drag data of a simplified racing car model"

气动装置阻力有悬架/N无悬架/N
总计180.695185.483
车身73.74380.391
前轮4.1593.169

前翼

后轮

25.108

7.345

26.303

7.549

尾翼66.89568.071
悬架3.445—

Fig.2

Schematic diagram of vehicle surface grid and local detail surface grid"

Fig.3

Schematic diagram of calculation domain"

Fig.4

Volume grid encryption domain"

Table 3

Simulation strategy"

类型相关设置参数
湍流模型SST k-ω模型
边界条件

入口速度v=15 m/s

出口压力p=0 Pa

空气密度ρ=1.184 15 kg/m3

滑移壁面

地面滑移

边界层

层数11

厚度8 mm

扩张比率1.2

网格基础尺寸0.512 m
计算域11?L×12?W×5?H

Fig.5

Automobile wind tunnel test of Jilin University"

Table 4

Comparison data of wind tunnel test and numerical simulation"

项目气动阻力/N气动升力/N
风洞试验185.433-301.143
数值仿真191.299-315.027

Fig.6

Schematic diagram of body attitude change"

Table 5

Aerodynamic lift data of body attitude horizontal condition"

各部件名称升力/N升力值占比/%
总计-315.019—
车身-97.763-31.03
前轮10.6603.38
前翼-94.890-30.12
后轮12.7464.05
尾翼-145.772-46.27

Table 6

Aerodynamic drag data of body attitude horizontal condition"

各部件名称阻力/N阻力值占比/%
总计191.299—
车身81.68942.70
前轮10.6515.57
前翼21.99011.50
后轮12.0686.31
尾翼64.89033.92

Fig.7

Pressure nephogram and cumulative curve of aerodynamic lift and aerodynamic drag under horizontal condition of body attitude"

Fig.8

Velocity vector diagram under horizontal condition of body attitude"

Fig.9

Turbulent kinetic energy cloud diagram of Y=0 section under horizontal condition of body attitude"

Fig.10

Isosurface under basic working condition"

Fig.11

Coefficient curves of aerodynamic lift and drag of racing car under pitching condition"

Fig.12

Curve of pitching moment coefficient of racing car under pitching condition"

Table 7

Aerodynamic lift data of racing cars with pitch angles of -1.0° and 0.5°"

各部件名称-1.0°/（L·N-1）占比/%0.5°/（L·N-1）占比/%
总计-353.864—-304.670—
车身-110.80631.31-95.09631.21
前轮10.198-2.8813.797-4.53
前翼-114.84932.46-93.48230.68
后轮10.527-2.9710.834-3.56
尾翼-148.93442.09-140.72346.19

Table 8

Aerodynamic drag data of racing cars with pitch angles of -1.0° and 0.5°"

各部件名称-1.0°（D·N-1）占比/%0.5°（D·N-1）占比/%
总计187.425—191.905—
车身76.60340.8781.51742.48
前轮9.0234.8112.1366.32
前翼24.11712.8722.13311.53
后轮11.4286.1010.9535.71
尾翼66.25435.3565.16633.96

Fig.13

Isosurface comparison diagram of racing car under pitching angle of -1.0°（left） and 0.5°（right）"

Fig. 14

Pressure nephogram comparison of racing car under pitching angle of -1.0°（left） and 0.5°（right）"

Fig.15

Speed vector nephogram comparison of racing car under pitching angle of -1.0°（left） and 0.5°（right）"

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