Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition) ›› 2025, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (8): 2711-2721.doi: 10.13229/j.cnki.jdxbgxb.20240018

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An information hiding algorithm based on the normal vector of multiple surface images in 3D models

Yue-fa OU1(),Wei DENG2(),Shuai REN3,Sheng-xia LIU3   

  1. 1.School of Mechanical and Marine Engineering，Beibu Gulf University，Qinzhou 535011，China
    2.School of Computer Science ＆ Engineering，Guilin University of Aerospace Technology，Guilin 541004，China
    3.School of Information Engineering，Chang'an University，Xi'an 710064，China
  • Received:2024-01-05 Online:2025-08-01 Published:2025-11-14
  • Contact: Wei DENG E-mail:ouyuefa88@126.com;460960790@qq.com

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Abstract:

To address the shortcomings of existing single carrier 3D model information hiding algorithms in terms of capacity， robustness， and invisibility， a information hiding algorithm based on 3D model multi carrier surface normal vectors is proposed. Firstly， divide the 3D model carrier set into m classes， correspondingly， the binary sequence of secret data is also divided into m segments， then， obtain the feature points of the 3D model， find the distance from the centroid of the model to each triangular patch and sort the triangular patches of the 3D model， determine the cosine value interval of the angle between the normal vector of the triangular surface of the 3D model and the direction vector of the connection between the vertex and the centroid， secondly， the original hidden data is transformed into the corresponding binary encoding sequence B through Hilbert curve scrambling processing， finally， the embedding of hidden data is achieved through the matching degree between the cosine value interval and the binary encoding sequence of the hidden data， through simulation experiment analysis and comparison， it can be concluded that this algorithm has good robustness and invisibility， and can effectively resist universal attacks during the transmission process of dense carriers.

Key words: information hiding, 3D models, multi carriers, carrier classification, triangular patch

CLC Number: 

  • TP309.2

Fig.1

Flowchart of hidden data Embedding"

Fig.2

Schematic of the side folding process"

Fig.3

Schematic diagram of vertex degrees"

Fig.4

Normal vector distribution in different flatness regions"

Fig.5

Schematic diagram of the distribution of point and surface elements"

Table 1

Stealth data embedding rules"

余弦值区间隐秘数据序列角度区间
（0， 0.125）000（90°， 89°）
（0.125， 0.25）001（89°， 75°）
（0.25， 0.375）010（75°， 68°）
（0.375， 0.5）100（68°， 60°）
（0.5， 0.625）011（60°， 51°）
（0.625， 0.75）101（51°， 41°）
（0.75， 0.875）110（41°， 29°）
（0.875， 1）111（29°， 0°）

Fig.6

Original 3D models carrier"

Fig.7

To hide confidential data"

Fig.8

3D models containing classified information"

Fig.9

Comparative analysis of SNR for algorithms"

Fig.10

3D models clipping attack"

Fig.11

Comparison of experimental results of clipping attack"

Fig.12

3D models simplification attack"

Fig.13

Comparison of simplified attack experimental results"

Fig.14

3D models rotational attack"

Fig.15

Comparison of experimental results of rotational attack"

Fig.16

Non-uniform compression attack on 3D models"

Fig.17

Comparison of experimental results of non-uniform compression attack"

Fig.18

3D models noise attack"

Fig.19

Comparison of noise attack experimental results"

Table 2

Combinatorial attack experimental results"

含密载体Corr
M11'M12'M21'M22'M31'M32'
②③--⑤--④--0.696
--③--②--①0.723
--③--②--⑤①0.669
⑤--③----①0.551
--②①--④--0.732
--④--⑤②①--0.685
⑤--④①----③0.518
--③--①②--0.682
②----③--⑤0.633
--①②--③--④0.589
①④--⑤--③--0.629
③④--②----0.736
----⑤--①②0.688
④--②--①--0.693
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