Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition) ›› 2026, Vol. 56 ›› Issue (3): 621-638.doi: 10.13229/j.cnki.jdxbgxb.20241305

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Advances in properties of solid waste⁃based controlled low strength material：a review

Hai-hu ZHANG(),Jin-song QIAN()   

  1. The Key Laboratory of Road and Traffic Engineering，Ministry of Education，Tongji University，Shanghai 201804，China
  • Received:2024-12-05 Online:2026-03-01 Published:2026-03-31
  • Contact: Jin-song QIAN E-mail:zhanghaihulyx@163.com;qianjs@tongji.edu.cn

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Abstract:

This paper focused on the effects of different solid wastes on the workability， mechanical properties， and durability of controlled low strength material（CLSM） as well as mechanisms. Various strength prediction models were systematically summarized. In addition， the strength formation mechanism and durability of cementless solid waste-based CLSM were outlined. In conclusion， future research recommendations and perspectives were given. Waste-based CLSM， offering low-carbon， highly flowable and tunable-strength advantages， is the key to greening backfill projects； establishing a waste-property/performance database， machine-learning-aided mix optimization， and systematic upgrades of durability and long-term heavy-metal safety are imperative.

Key words: controlled low strength material, solid waste, engineering properties, strength prediction, durability

CLC Number: 

  • TU528

Table 1

Sources and main characteristics of solid waste for preparation of CLSM"

固废类型来源主要特性
粒化高炉矿渣［34］钢铁厂在高炉炼铁过程中产生的副产品比表面积高、细度较小，具有潜在的水硬胶凝性
脱硫矿渣［35］炼钢厂脱硫过程中产生的副产物主要成分为硫酸钙，细度模数较天然砂小
气化渣［36］煤炭气化过程中残留的固体废渣富含SiO2、Al2O3和Fe2O3，具有优良的粒度级配
水泥窑灰［37］水泥生产过程中产生的副产品化学成分类似于水泥，布莱恩细度高于水泥
钢渣粉［38， 39］钢铁工业的副产品具有较低的胶凝和火山灰活性
钢渣［40］钢铁工业的副产品粒度分布与分级良好的砂相似，固有孔隙率较大，含有游离CaO
铜渣［41］铜冶炼过程中产生的副产品低火山灰活性，吸附能力低、密度大
炉底灰［42］燃煤发电中残留在锅炉底部的固体废物成分类似于粉煤灰，具有低火山灰活性，颗粒较粗
赤泥［43］生产氧化铝的副产品比表面积大，含有大量的Al2O3和Na2O、碱性高
循环流化床燃烧灰［44］循环流化床燃烧技术中产生的副产物颗粒呈棱角状、比表面积大，硫酸钙含量较高
城市生活垃圾焚烧底灰［45］生活垃圾焚烧发电时产生的焚烧渣较高的吸水率和比表面积，含有有机物和重金属
再生混凝土骨料［46］建筑垃圾或废弃混凝土破碎而成孔隙率较高、表观密度较低，表面附着硬化水泥砂浆
废橡胶颗粒［47］废旧轮胎破碎而成密度和比重小
废玻璃砂［48］废旧玻璃破碎而成表面光滑，具有较高的耐磨性
建筑渣土［49］工程建设开挖过程中的弃土—
油砂废料［50］油砂开采和提炼过程中产生的副产品含有大量石英晶体和少量油类物质
废水处理污泥［51］污水处理过程中产生的固体沉淀物组成类似于黏土，含水率高、亲水性强，含有机质
造纸污泥［42］纸浆和造纸工业的副产品颗粒呈团絮状结构，吸水性高
人造室内石污泥［52］人造石材生产过程中的废料颗粒较小，含有大量亲水性SiO2
酸性矿井排水石灰污泥［53］酸性矿井水处理时产生的固体沉淀物含有硫酸钙和未完全反应的石灰石，含水率高

Table 2

Influence of various solid wastes on flowability of CLSM"

固废类型掺入比例影响主要原因
粒化高炉矿渣［34］取代10%~30%水泥提高减少内部空隙的尺寸和体积，延迟早期钙矾石的形成
脱硫矿渣［35］取代10%~50%砂提高细度较天然砂小
气化渣［36］取代20%~50%细骨料提高减少内部空隙，降低颗粒干涉
水泥窑灰［37］80~300 kg/m3降低粉尘颗粒棱角状且亲水力较强
钢渣粉［38， 39］取代10%~45%水泥提高颗粒形态与细度减少内摩擦
钢渣［40］取代10%~30%砂降低吸水性提高
铜渣［41］取代25%~100%砂略微提高吸水性低
炉底灰［42］取代50%~100%砂降低火山灰反应消耗了水
赤泥［43］取代5%~30%水泥降低比表面积大增加表面吸附水量
循环流化床燃烧灰［44］取代20%~100%粉煤灰降低棱角状和高比表面积
城市生活垃圾焚烧底灰［45］取代22.5%~90%砂略微降低较高的吸水率和比表面积
再生混凝土骨料［46］取代20%~100%砂降低形状不规则和较强的吸水率
废橡胶颗粒［47］取代10%~20%细骨料提高疏水性
废玻璃砂［48］取代10%~30%砂提高表面光滑，减少颗粒间内摩擦
建筑渣土［49］取代70%~100%砂降低比表面积大，吸水性增强
油砂废料［50］取代5%~15%砂提高细粒度的填充作用和润滑作用
废水处理污泥［51］20%~80%降低不规则颗粒形态
造纸污泥［42］5%~10%降低高吸水性
人造室内石污泥［52］取代30%~100%砂降低比表面积大增加表面吸水
酸性矿井排水石灰污泥［53］5%~10%降低促进钙矾石形成，减少扩散

Table 3

Influence of various solid wastes on bleeding of CLSM"

固废类型掺入比例影 响主要原因
气化渣［36］取代20%~50%细骨料提高细颗粒填充空隙增加自由水含量
水泥窑灰［37］80~300 kg/m3降低胶结特性
钢渣粉［38， 39］取代10%~45%水泥提高填充效应增加自由水含量
钢渣［40］取代10%~30%砂降低强吸水性强，自由水减少
赤泥［43］取代5%~30%水泥降低塑性和较强的表面吸附水能力
循环流化床燃烧灰［44］取代20%~100%粉煤灰降低高比表面积增加吸附水量
再生混凝土骨料［46］取代20%~100%砂降低较强的吸水率
废橡胶颗粒［47］取代10%~40%骨料先升高后降低不规则表面延迟颗粒沉积减缓泌水
油砂废料［50］取代5%~15%砂降低含大量细颗粒抑制水分逸出表面
人造室内石污泥［52］取代30%~100%砂降低污泥里含有大量亲水性SiO2

Fig.1

Effect of dosage of gasification coarse slag and steel slag powder on bleeding［36，39］"

Fig.2

Linear fitting of flowability to bleeding［32，39，43］"

Table 4

Influence of various solid wastes on setting time of CLSM"

固废类型掺入比例影响主要原因
粒化高炉矿渣［34］取代10%~30%水泥延长（14.5~18.1 h）弱水化特性
脱硫矿渣［35］取代10%~50%砂延长（4.7~5.7 h）—
水泥窑灰［37］80~200 kg/m3延长（17~31 h）吸附水分，阻碍水化反应
赤泥［43］取代5%~30%水泥缩短（6.4~9.8 h）释放大量OH-，提高碱性，促进水化反应
钢渣粉［38，39］取代10%~45%水泥延长（5.6~12.8 h）低火山灰活性，延缓早期水化
钢渣［40］取代10%~30%砂缩短（10.5~13 h）火山灰效应
循环流化床燃烧灰［44］取代20%~100%粉煤灰缩短（5~8 h）石膏促进钙矾石生成
城市生活垃圾焚烧底灰［45］取代22.5%~90%砂延长（16.1~16.9 h）高吸水性，延迟水化；含有大量未燃尽的有机物
再生混凝土骨料［46］取代20%~100%砂延长（21~44 h）—
废橡胶颗粒［47］取代10%~40%骨料延长（7.1~9.1 h）—
废玻璃砂［48］取代10%~30%砂延长（6.2~7.7 h）—
建筑渣土［49］取代70%~100%砂延长（11.8~20.3 h）吸收水分，且土颗粒包裹水化产物，阻碍水化
废水处理污泥［51］20%~80%延长（14.2~＞24 h）吸收水分，延缓水泥水化
酸性矿井排水石灰污泥［53］5%~10%延长（2.5~6.8 h）释放石灰，减缓凝结

Fig.3

Effect of different replacement ratios of varioussolid wastes on setting time［34， 38， 40， 43］"

Table 5

Influence of various solid wastes on unconfined compressive strength of CLSM"

固废类型掺入比例影响主要原因
粒化高炉矿渣［34］取代10%~30%水泥降低CaO/SiO2比较低
脱硫矿渣［35］取代10%~50%砂降低—
气化渣［36］取代20%~50%细骨料升高细颗粒填充效应及Ca2+增加
水泥窑灰［37］80~300 kg/m3升高成分与水泥相似，具备反应活性
钢渣粉［38， 39］取代10%~30%水泥降低活性低，水化缓慢
钢渣［40］取代10%~30%砂先升高后降低固有孔隙，导致体系孔隙率增加
铜渣［41］取代25%~100%砂降低比重大，降低摩擦阻力
炉底灰［42］取代50%~100%砂升高火山灰反应
赤泥［43］取代5%~30%水泥先升高后降低Al2O3与Ca（OH）2反应生成铝酸钙
循环流化床燃烧灰［44］取代20%~100%粉煤灰先升高后降低钙矾石填充效应
城市生活垃圾焚烧底灰［45］取代22.5%~90%砂略微降低城市生活垃圾焚烧底灰的多孔结构和吸水特性
再生混凝土骨料［46］取代20%~100%砂先升高后降低含有水泥和细陶瓷，产生火山灰效应
废橡胶颗粒［47］取代10%~40%骨料降低骨料间的黏结强度降低
废玻璃砂［48］取代10%~30%砂降低—
建筑渣土［49］取代70%~100%砂降低土覆盖砂粒和水化产物，降低结合力，阻碍水化
油砂废料［50］取代5%~15%砂升高增强流动性以减小水灰比
废水处理污泥［51］20%~80%降低吸水性，延缓水泥水化
造纸污泥［42］5%~10%降低高吸水性，易成团，影响分散
人造室内石污泥［52］取代30%~100%砂升高微小颗粒的填充效应降低了孔隙率和有害孔隙数量
酸性矿井排水石灰污泥［53］5%~10%升高残余钙增加火山灰反应

Fig.4

Effect of different replacement ratios of steel slag and red mud on UCS ［40，43］"

Fig.5

Neural network-based prediction model"

Fig.6

Elastic/rebound modulus of solid waste based CLSM"

Fig.7

Change of strength of CLSM with construction waste after dry-wet cycles and freeze-thaw cycles［49，76］"

Fig.8

Weight loss rate of CLSM incorporating solid waste after sulfate dry-wet cycle"

Fig.9

Drying shrinkage for CLSM incorporating solid waste"

Fig.10

Material composition of cementless solid waste-based CLSM and its hardening properties"

Fig.11

SEM images of cementless solid waste-based CLSM composed of different materials"

Fig.12

Relationships between Ca/Si， Si/Al and （CaO+ Al2O3）/SiO2 ratios with compressive strength"

Fig.13

Residual strength of CLSM（waste glass powder（GP）+hydrated lime（CH）+ fine limestone）"

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