Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition) ›› 2026, Vol. 56 ›› Issue (3): 621-638.doi: 10.13229/j.cnki.jdxbgxb.20241305

Previous Articles    

Advances in properties of solid waste⁃based controlled low strength material：a review

Hai-hu ZHANG(),Jin-song QIAN()   

  1. The Key Laboratory of Road and Traffic Engineering，Ministry of Education，Tongji University，Shanghai 201804，China
  • Received:2024-12-05 Online:2026-03-01 Published:2026-03-31
  • Contact: Jin-song QIAN E-mail:zhanghaihulyx@163.com;qianjs@tongji.edu.cn

RICH HTML

 0   

PDF (PC)

42

Abstract:

This paper focused on the effects of different solid wastes on the workability， mechanical properties， and durability of controlled low strength material（CLSM） as well as mechanisms. Various strength prediction models were systematically summarized. In addition， the strength formation mechanism and durability of cementless solid waste-based CLSM were outlined. In conclusion， future research recommendations and perspectives were given. Waste-based CLSM， offering low-carbon， highly flowable and tunable-strength advantages， is the key to greening backfill projects； establishing a waste-property/performance database， machine-learning-aided mix optimization， and systematic upgrades of durability and long-term heavy-metal safety are imperative.

Key words: controlled low strength material, solid waste, engineering properties, strength prediction, durability

CLC Number: 

  • TU528

Table 1

Sources and main characteristics of solid waste for preparation of CLSM"

固废类型来源主要特性
粒化高炉矿渣［34］钢铁厂在高炉炼铁过程中产生的副产品比表面积高、细度较小，具有潜在的水硬胶凝性
脱硫矿渣［35］炼钢厂脱硫过程中产生的副产物主要成分为硫酸钙，细度模数较天然砂小
气化渣［36］煤炭气化过程中残留的固体废渣富含SiO2、Al2O3和Fe2O3，具有优良的粒度级配
水泥窑灰［37］水泥生产过程中产生的副产品化学成分类似于水泥，布莱恩细度高于水泥
钢渣粉［38， 39］钢铁工业的副产品具有较低的胶凝和火山灰活性
钢渣［40］钢铁工业的副产品粒度分布与分级良好的砂相似，固有孔隙率较大，含有游离CaO
铜渣［41］铜冶炼过程中产生的副产品低火山灰活性，吸附能力低、密度大
炉底灰［42］燃煤发电中残留在锅炉底部的固体废物成分类似于粉煤灰，具有低火山灰活性，颗粒较粗
赤泥［43］生产氧化铝的副产品比表面积大，含有大量的Al2O3和Na2O、碱性高
循环流化床燃烧灰［44］循环流化床燃烧技术中产生的副产物颗粒呈棱角状、比表面积大，硫酸钙含量较高
城市生活垃圾焚烧底灰［45］生活垃圾焚烧发电时产生的焚烧渣较高的吸水率和比表面积，含有有机物和重金属
再生混凝土骨料［46］建筑垃圾或废弃混凝土破碎而成孔隙率较高、表观密度较低，表面附着硬化水泥砂浆
废橡胶颗粒［47］废旧轮胎破碎而成密度和比重小
废玻璃砂［48］废旧玻璃破碎而成表面光滑，具有较高的耐磨性
建筑渣土［49］工程建设开挖过程中的弃土—
油砂废料［50］油砂开采和提炼过程中产生的副产品含有大量石英晶体和少量油类物质
废水处理污泥［51］污水处理过程中产生的固体沉淀物组成类似于黏土，含水率高、亲水性强，含有机质
造纸污泥［42］纸浆和造纸工业的副产品颗粒呈团絮状结构，吸水性高
人造室内石污泥［52］人造石材生产过程中的废料颗粒较小，含有大量亲水性SiO2
酸性矿井排水石灰污泥［53］酸性矿井水处理时产生的固体沉淀物含有硫酸钙和未完全反应的石灰石，含水率高

Table 2

Influence of various solid wastes on flowability of CLSM"

固废类型掺入比例影响主要原因
粒化高炉矿渣［34］取代10%~30%水泥提高减少内部空隙的尺寸和体积，延迟早期钙矾石的形成
脱硫矿渣［35］取代10%~50%砂提高细度较天然砂小
气化渣［36］取代20%~50%细骨料提高减少内部空隙，降低颗粒干涉
水泥窑灰［37］80~300 kg/m3降低粉尘颗粒棱角状且亲水力较强
钢渣粉［38， 39］取代10%~45%水泥提高颗粒形态与细度减少内摩擦
钢渣［40］取代10%~30%砂降低吸水性提高
铜渣［41］取代25%~100%砂略微提高吸水性低
炉底灰［42］取代50%~100%砂降低火山灰反应消耗了水
赤泥［43］取代5%~30%水泥降低比表面积大增加表面吸附水量
循环流化床燃烧灰［44］取代20%~100%粉煤灰降低棱角状和高比表面积
城市生活垃圾焚烧底灰［45］取代22.5%~90%砂略微降低较高的吸水率和比表面积
再生混凝土骨料［46］取代20%~100%砂降低形状不规则和较强的吸水率
废橡胶颗粒［47］取代10%~20%细骨料提高疏水性
废玻璃砂［48］取代10%~30%砂提高表面光滑，减少颗粒间内摩擦
建筑渣土［49］取代70%~100%砂降低比表面积大，吸水性增强
油砂废料［50］取代5%~15%砂提高细粒度的填充作用和润滑作用
废水处理污泥［51］20%~80%降低不规则颗粒形态
造纸污泥［42］5%~10%降低高吸水性
人造室内石污泥［52］取代30%~100%砂降低比表面积大增加表面吸水
酸性矿井排水石灰污泥［53］5%~10%降低促进钙矾石形成，减少扩散

Table 3

Influence of various solid wastes on bleeding of CLSM"

固废类型掺入比例影 响主要原因
气化渣［36］取代20%~50%细骨料提高细颗粒填充空隙增加自由水含量
水泥窑灰［37］80~300 kg/m3降低胶结特性
钢渣粉［38， 39］取代10%~45%水泥提高填充效应增加自由水含量
钢渣［40］取代10%~30%砂降低强吸水性强，自由水减少
赤泥［43］取代5%~30%水泥降低塑性和较强的表面吸附水能力
循环流化床燃烧灰［44］取代20%~100%粉煤灰降低高比表面积增加吸附水量
再生混凝土骨料［46］取代20%~100%砂降低较强的吸水率
废橡胶颗粒［47］取代10%~40%骨料先升高后降低不规则表面延迟颗粒沉积减缓泌水
油砂废料［50］取代5%~15%砂降低含大量细颗粒抑制水分逸出表面
人造室内石污泥［52］取代30%~100%砂降低污泥里含有大量亲水性SiO2

Fig.1

Effect of dosage of gasification coarse slag and steel slag powder on bleeding［36，39］"

Fig.2

Linear fitting of flowability to bleeding［32，39，43］"

Table 4

Influence of various solid wastes on setting time of CLSM"

固废类型掺入比例影响主要原因
粒化高炉矿渣［34］取代10%~30%水泥延长（14.5~18.1 h）弱水化特性
脱硫矿渣［35］取代10%~50%砂延长（4.7~5.7 h）—
水泥窑灰［37］80~200 kg/m3延长（17~31 h）吸附水分，阻碍水化反应
赤泥［43］取代5%~30%水泥缩短（6.4~9.8 h）释放大量OH-，提高碱性，促进水化反应
钢渣粉［38，39］取代10%~45%水泥延长（5.6~12.8 h）低火山灰活性，延缓早期水化
钢渣［40］取代10%~30%砂缩短（10.5~13 h）火山灰效应
循环流化床燃烧灰［44］取代20%~100%粉煤灰缩短（5~8 h）石膏促进钙矾石生成
城市生活垃圾焚烧底灰［45］取代22.5%~90%砂延长（16.1~16.9 h）高吸水性，延迟水化；含有大量未燃尽的有机物
再生混凝土骨料［46］取代20%~100%砂延长（21~44 h）—
废橡胶颗粒［47］取代10%~40%骨料延长（7.1~9.1 h）—
废玻璃砂［48］取代10%~30%砂延长（6.2~7.7 h）—
建筑渣土［49］取代70%~100%砂延长（11.8~20.3 h）吸收水分，且土颗粒包裹水化产物，阻碍水化
废水处理污泥［51］20%~80%延长（14.2~＞24 h）吸收水分，延缓水泥水化
酸性矿井排水石灰污泥［53］5%~10%延长（2.5~6.8 h）释放石灰，减缓凝结

Fig.3

Effect of different replacement ratios of varioussolid wastes on setting time［34， 38， 40， 43］"

Table 5

Influence of various solid wastes on unconfined compressive strength of CLSM"

固废类型掺入比例影响主要原因
粒化高炉矿渣［34］取代10%~30%水泥降低CaO/SiO2比较低
脱硫矿渣［35］取代10%~50%砂降低—
气化渣［36］取代20%~50%细骨料升高细颗粒填充效应及Ca2+增加
水泥窑灰［37］80~300 kg/m3升高成分与水泥相似，具备反应活性
钢渣粉［38， 39］取代10%~30%水泥降低活性低，水化缓慢
钢渣［40］取代10%~30%砂先升高后降低固有孔隙，导致体系孔隙率增加
铜渣［41］取代25%~100%砂降低比重大，降低摩擦阻力
炉底灰［42］取代50%~100%砂升高火山灰反应
赤泥［43］取代5%~30%水泥先升高后降低Al2O3与Ca（OH）2反应生成铝酸钙
循环流化床燃烧灰［44］取代20%~100%粉煤灰先升高后降低钙矾石填充效应
城市生活垃圾焚烧底灰［45］取代22.5%~90%砂略微降低城市生活垃圾焚烧底灰的多孔结构和吸水特性
再生混凝土骨料［46］取代20%~100%砂先升高后降低含有水泥和细陶瓷，产生火山灰效应
废橡胶颗粒［47］取代10%~40%骨料降低骨料间的黏结强度降低
废玻璃砂［48］取代10%~30%砂降低—
建筑渣土［49］取代70%~100%砂降低土覆盖砂粒和水化产物，降低结合力，阻碍水化
油砂废料［50］取代5%~15%砂升高增强流动性以减小水灰比
废水处理污泥［51］20%~80%降低吸水性，延缓水泥水化
造纸污泥［42］5%~10%降低高吸水性，易成团，影响分散
人造室内石污泥［52］取代30%~100%砂升高微小颗粒的填充效应降低了孔隙率和有害孔隙数量
酸性矿井排水石灰污泥［53］5%~10%升高残余钙增加火山灰反应

Fig.4

Effect of different replacement ratios of steel slag and red mud on UCS ［40，43］"

Fig.5

Neural network-based prediction model"

Fig.6

Elastic/rebound modulus of solid waste based CLSM"

Fig.7

Change of strength of CLSM with construction waste after dry-wet cycles and freeze-thaw cycles［49，76］"

Fig.8

Weight loss rate of CLSM incorporating solid waste after sulfate dry-wet cycle"

Fig.9

Drying shrinkage for CLSM incorporating solid waste"

Fig.10

Material composition of cementless solid waste-based CLSM and its hardening properties"

Fig.11

SEM images of cementless solid waste-based CLSM composed of different materials"

Fig.12

Relationships between Ca/Si， Si/Al and （CaO+ Al2O3）/SiO2 ratios with compressive strength"

Fig.13

Residual strength of CLSM（waste glass powder（GP）+hydrated lime（CH）+ fine limestone）"

[1] Schandl H, Miatto A. Data on the domestic processed output, balancing items, and solid waste potential for five major world economies[J]. Data in Brief, 2019, 22: 662-675.
[2] Yang S Z, Yao X L, Li J W, et al. Preparation and properties of ready-to-use low-density foamed concrete derived from industrial solid wastes[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2021, 287: No.122946.
[3] 中华人民共和国生态环境部. 2020年全国大、中城市固体废物污染环境防治年报[R]. 北京: 中华人民共和国生态环境部, 2020.
[4] Nai C X, Tang M Q, Liu Y Q, et al. Potentially contamination and health risk to shallow groundwater caused by closed industrial solid waste landfills: site reclamation evaluation strategies[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021, 286: No.125402.
[5] Song Q B, Li J H, Zeng X L. Minimizing the increasing solid waste through zero waste strategy[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2015, 104: 199-210.
[6] Zhao D Q, Zhang B L, Shen W G, et al. High industrial solid waste road base course binder: performance regulation, hydration characteristics and practical application[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021, 313: No.127879.
[7] Islam K M N. Municipal solid waste to energy generation: an approach for enhancing climate co-benefits in the urban areas of Bangladesh[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2018, 81: 2472-2486.
[8] Hoa N T, Matsuoka Y. The analysis of greenhouse gas emissions/reductions in waste sector in Vietnam[J]. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 2017, 22(3): 427-446.
[9] Abdoli M A, Rezaei M, Hasanian H. Integrated solid waste management in megacities[J]. Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management, 2016, 2: 289-298.
[10] Chen C, Zhai M Y, Wang X, et al. Development of an industrial solid waste ecological analysis model in Shanghai, China[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2024, 31(5): 7396-7407.
[11] Gu J R, Liu X M, Zhang Z Q. Road base materials prepared by multi-industrial solid wastes in China: a review[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2023, 373: No.130860.
[12] ACI Committee. 229R-13: Report on controlled low-strength materials[R]. Farmington Hills: American Concrete Institute, 2013.
[13] Liu Y L, Su Y P, Xu G Q, et al. Research progress on controlled low-strength materials: metallurgical waste slag as cementitious materials[J]. Materials, 2022, 15(3):No. 727.
[14] Raghavendra T, Udayashankar B. Flow and strength characteristics of CLSM using ground granulated blast furnace slag[J]. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2014, 26: No.04014050.
[15] Ling T C, Kaliyavaradhan S K, Poon C S. Global perspective on application of controlled low-strength material(CLSM) for trench backfilling-an overview[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2018, 158: 535-548.
[16] Alizadeh V. Finite element analysis of controlled low strength materials[J]. Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering, 2019, 13: 1243-1250.
[17] Mahamaya M, Das S K. Characterization of ferrochrome slag as a controlled low-strength structural fill material[J]. International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2018, 14(3): 312-321.
[18] Riviera P P, Bertagnoli G, Choorackal E, et al. Controlled low-strength materials for pavement foundations in road tunnels: feasibility study and recommendations[J]. Materials and Structures, 2019, 52(4):No. 72.
[19] Farrag K. Controlled low-strength material used around buried pipelines[J]. Transportation Research Record, 2011, 2251(1): 157-164.
[20] Do T M, Kim H K, Kim M J, et al. Utilization of controlled low strength material(CLSM) as a novel grout for geothermal systems: laboratory and field experiments[J]. Journal of Building Engineering, 2020, 29: No.101110.
[21] Do T M, Kang G O, Kim Y S. Thermal conductivity of controlled low strength material(CLSM) under various degrees of saturation using a modified pressure plate extractor apparatus—a case study for geothermal systems[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2018, 143: 607-613.
[22] Parhi S K, Dwibedy S, Panda S, et al. A comprehensive study on controlled low strength material[J]. Journal of Building Engineering, 2023, 76: No.107086.
[23] Li Y C, Liu L, Deng Y F, et al. Unlocking the potential of iron ore tailings in controlled low-strength material: feasibility, performance, and evaluation[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2023, 423: No.138772.
[24] Dev L, Kumar A, Singh C K. Controlled low-strength materials(CLSM) as backfill: experimental investigation on CLSM properties and numerical evaluation of stresses and strains using PLAXIS 2D[J]. Geomechanics and Geoengineering, 2023, 18(6): 577-592.
[25] Zhen G Y, Lu X Q, Zhao Y C, et al. Characterization of controlled low-strength material obtained from dewatered sludge and refuse incineration bottom ash: mechanical and microstructural perspectives[J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2013, 129: 183-189.
[26] Aggarwal J, Goyal S, Kumar M. Sustainable utilization of industrial by-products spent foundry sand and cement kiln dust in controlled low strength materials (CLSM)[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2023, 404: No.133315.
[27] Kim Y S, Do T M, Kim M J, et al. Utilization of by-product in controlled low-strength material for geothermal systems: engineering performances, environmental impact, and cost analysis[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2018, 172: 909-920.
[28] Devaraj V, Mangottiri V, Balu S. Prospects of sustainable geotechnical applications of manufactured sand slurry as controlled low strength material[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2023, 400: No.132747.
[29] Chen H J, Lin H C, Tang C W. Application of the Taguchi method for optimizing the process parameters of producing controlled low-strength materials by using dimension stone sludge and lightweight aggregates[J]. Sustainability, 2021, 13(10): No. 5576.
[30] Dalal P H, Patil M, Iyer K R, et al. Sustainable controlled low strength material from waste materials for infrastructure applications: state-of-the-art[J]. Journal of environmental management, 2023, 342: No.118284.
[31] Mistri A, Illikainen M, Perumal P. Mine tailings and bottom ash from waste incineration as alternative fine aggregates for controlled low-strength materials[J]. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2024, 36(5): No.04024096.
[32] Wan X, Ding J W, Jiao N, et al. Preparing controlled low strength materials(CLSM) using excavated waste soils with polycarboxylate superplasticizer[J]. Environmental Earth Sciences, 2023, 82(9): No.214.
[33] Guo Q Q, Chen Y H, Xu J, et al. Investigation on mechanical parameters and microstructure of soil-based controlled low-strength materials with polycarboxylate superplasticizer[J]. Applied Sciences, 2024, 14(3): No.1029.
[34] Sheen Y N, Zhang L H, Le D H. Engineering properties of soil-based controlled low-strength materials as slag partially substitutes to Portland cement[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2013, 48: 822-829.
[35] Huang L J, Wang H Y, Wei C T. Engineering properties of controlled low strength desulfurization slags (CLSDS)[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2016, 115: 6-12.
[36] Liu Y, Yuan N, Wang S H, et al. Evaluation of the applicability of gasification coarse slag as a fine aggregate in controlled low-strength material: preparation, performance, and environmental effect[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2024, 31(10): 14927-14937.
[37] Lachemi M, Hossain K M A, Shehata M, et al. Characteristics of controlled low-strength materials incorporating cement kiln dust[J]. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 2007, 34(4): 485-495.
[38] Le D H, Nguyen K H. An assessment of eco-friendly controlled low-strength material[J]. Procedia Engineering, 2016, 142: 260-267.
[39] Wang L, You W J, Li C. Effect of steel slag powder on the performance of controlled low-strength materials mixed with recycled aggregates[J]. Indian Geotechnical Journal, 2023, 53(6): 1338-1346.
[40] Kim Y S, Dinh B H, Do T M, et al. Development of thermally enhanced controlled low-strength material incorporating different types of steel-making slag for ground-source heat pump system[J]. Renewable Energy, 2020, 150: 116-127.
[41] Lim S, Lee W, Choo H, et al. Utilization of high carbon fly ash and copper slag in electrically conductive controlled low strength material[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2017, 157: 42-50.
[42] Wu H, Huang B, Shu X, et al. Utilization of solid wastes/byproducts from paper mills in controlled low strength material(CLSM)[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2016, 118: 155-163.
[43] Do T, Kim Y S. Engineering properties of controlled low strength material(CLSM) incorporating red mud[J]. International Journal of Geo-Engineering, 2016, 7: 1-17.
[44] Shon C S, Mukhopadhyay A K, Saylak D, et al. Potential use of stockpiled circulating fluidized bed combustion ashes in controlled low strength material (CLSM) mixture[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2010, 24(5): 839-847.
[45] Kuo W T, Gao Z C. Engineering properties of controlled low-strength materials containing bottom ash of municipal solid waste incinerator and water filter silt[J]. Applied Sciences, 2018, 8(8): No.1377.
[46] Etxeberria M, Ainchil J, Pérez M E, et al. Use of recycled fine aggregates for control low strength materials(CLSMs) production[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2013, 44: 142-148.
[47] Wang H Y, Chen B T, Wu Y W. A study of the fresh properties of controlled low-strength rubber lightweight aggregate concrete(CLSRLC)[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2013, 41: 526-531.
[48] Wang H Y. A study of the engineering properties of waste LCD glass applied to controlled low strength materials concrete[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2009, 23(6): 2127-2131.
[49] Qian J S, Hu Y Y, Zhang J K, et al. Evaluation the performance of controlled low strength material made of excess excavated soil[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2019, 214: 79-88.
[50] Mneina A, Soliman A M, Ahmed A, et al. Engineering properties of controlled low-strength materials containing treated oil sand waste[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2018, 159: 277-285.
[51] Ho L S, Jhang B J, Hwang C L, et al. Development and characterization of a controlled low-strength material produced using a ternary mixture of Portland cement, fly ash, and waste water treatment sludge[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2022, 356: No.131899.
[52] Shin Y, Jang J G, Choi J, et al. Utilization of artificial interior stone sludge as fine aggregate in controlled low-strength material(CLSM)[J]. Journal of Building Engineering, 2023, 71: No.106441.
[53] Gabr M A, Bowders J J. Controlled low-strength material using fly ash and AMD sludge[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2000, 76(2): 251-263.
[54] Wang W C, Xue J C, Huang C Y, et al. Incineration bottom ash as aggregate for controlled low strength materials: implications and coping strategies[J]. Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, 2023, 21: 837-850.
[55] Lachemi M, Hossain K M A, Shehata M, et al. Controlled low strength materials incorporating cement kiln dust from various sources[J]. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2008, 30(5): 381-392.
[56] Wang L, Zou F L, Fang X L, et al. A novel type of controlled low strength material derived from alum sludge and green materials[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2018, 165: 792-800.
[57] Khadka S D, Okuyucu O, Jayawickrama P W, et al. Controlled low strength materials(CLSM) activated with alkaline solution: flowability, setting time and microstructural characteristics[J]. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 2023, 18: No.e01892.
[58] Zhang S, Jiao N, Ding J W, et al. Utilization of waste marine dredged clay in preparing controlled low strength materials with polycarboxylate superplasticizer and ground granulated blast furnace slag[J]. Journal of Building Engineering, 2023, 76: No. 107351.
[59] Elaqra H A, Haloub M A A, Rustom R N. Effect of new mixing method of glass powder as cement replacement on mechanical behavior of concrete[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2019, 203: 75-82.
[60] Dinh B H, Kim Y S, Kang G O. Thermal conductivity of steelmaking slag-based controlled low-strength materials over entire range of degree of saturation: a study for ground source heat pump systems[J]. Geothermics, 2020, 88: No. 101910.
[61] Lan W T, Wu A X, Yu P. Development of a new controlled low strength filling material from the activation of copper slag: influencing factors and mechanism analysis[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2020, 246: No.119060.
[62] Huang L J, Sheen Y N, Le D H. On the multiple linear regression and artificial neural networks for strength prediction of soil-based controlled low-strength material[C]∥The 3rd International Conference on Advanced Materials Design and Mechanics (ICAMDM), Singapore,2014: 349-352.
[63] Han W J, Lee D S, Lee J S, et al. Prediction of flowability and strength in controlled low-strength material through regression and oversampling algorithm with deep neural network[J]. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 2024, 20: No.e03192.
[64] Zhao G, Pan X, Yan H, et al. Predicting engineering properties of controlled low-strength material made from waste soil using optimized SVR models[J]. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 2024, 20: No.e03325.
[65] Türkel S. Long-term compressive strength and some other properties of controlled low strength materials made with pozzolanic cement and Class C fly ash[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2006, 137(1): 261-266.
[66] Du L X, Folliard Kevin J, Trejo D. Effects of constituent materials and quantities on water demand and compressive strength of controlled low-strength material[J]. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2002, 14(6): 485-495.
[67] Rahmati M, Toufigh V. Evaluation of geopolymer concrete at high temperatures: an experimental study using machine learning[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2022, 372: No.133608.
[68] Okuyucu O, Jayawickrama P, Senadheera S. The relationship between curing regime and mechanical properties of controlled low-strength material[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2022, 315: No.125460.
[69] Qian Y F, Jiang M Y. The influence of fiber on the mechanical properties of controllable low-strength materials[J]. Materials, 2023, 16(15): No.5287.
[70] Okuyucu O, Jayawickrama P, Senadheera S. Mechanical properties of steel fiber-reinforced self-consolidating controlled low-strength material for pavement base layers[J]. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2019, 31(9): No. 04019177.
[71] Zhang J X, Wang J G, Li X H, et al. Rapid-hardening controlled low strength materials made of recycled fine aggregate from construction and demolition waste[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2018, 173: 81-89.
[72] Kim S C, Kim D J, Byun Y H. Effect of fly ash on strength and stiffness characteristics of controlled low-strength material in shear wave monitoring[J]. Materials, 2021, 14(11): No.3022.
[73] Dev K L, Robinson R G. Pond ash-based controlled low-strength materials for pavement applications[J]. Advances in Civil Engineering Materials, 2019, 8(1): 101-116.
[74] Chompoorat T, Thepumong T, Nuaklong P, et al. Alkali-activated controlled low-strength material utilizing high-calcium fly ash and steel slag for use as pavement materials[J]. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2021, 33(8): No.0003798.
[75] Chompoorat T, Likitlersuang S, Jongvivatsakul P. The performance of controlled low-strength material base supporting a high-volume asphalt pavement[J]. Journal of Civil Engineering, 2018, 22(6): 2055-2063.
[76] 王帅. 利用地铁盾构渣土制备可控低强度材料的研究[D]. 郑州: 郑州大学土木工程学院, 2020.
Wang Shuai. Study on controllable low-strength materials made from subway shield muck[D]. Zhengzhou: School of Civil Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 2020.
[77] Chiou I J, Chiang C C, Ho C L. Utilization of waste printed circuit board resin in controlled low-strength materials[J]. Advanced Materials Research, 2013, 699: 630-636.
[78] Hunag L J, Wang H Y, Wu Y W. Properties of the mechanical in controlled low-strength rubber lightweight aggregate concrete(CLSRLC)[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2016, 112: 1054-1058.
[79] Katz A, Kovler K. Utilization of industrial by-products for the production of controlled low strength materials(CLSM)[J]. Waste Management, 2004, 24(5): 501-512.
[80] Kuo W T, Wang H Y, Shu C Y, et al. Engineering properties of controlled low-strength materials containing waste oyster shells[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2013, 46: 128-133.
[81] Naik T R, Kraus R N, Chun Y, et al. Properties of flowable slurry containing wood ash[J]. Recycling Concrete and Other Materials for Sustainable Development, 2004, 219: 85-98.
[82] Lini D K, Robinson R G. Pond ash based controlled low strength flowable fills for geotechnical engineering applications[J]. International Journal of Geosynthetics and Ground Engineering, 2015, 1(4): 32.
[83] Zhu Y P, Liu D R, Fang G W, et al. Utilization of excavated loess and gravel soil in controlled low strength material: laboratory and field tests[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2022, 360: No.129604.
[84] Won J P, Lee Y S, Park C G, et al. Durability characteristics of controlled low-strength materials containing recycled bottom ash[J]. Magazine of Concrete Research, 2004, 56(7): 429-436.
[85] Naik T R, Singh S S, Ramme B W. Performance and leaching assessment of flowable sslurry[J]. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2001, 127(4): 359-368.
[86] Tikalsky P J, Bahia H U, Deng A, et al. Excess foundry sand characterization and experimental investigation in controlled low-strength material and hot-mixing asphalt[R]. United States: Pennsylvania Transportation Institute, Pennsylvania State University, 2004.
[87] Sousa V, Bogas J A, Real S, et al. Industrial production of recycled cement: energy consumption and carbon dioxide emission estimation[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2023, 30(4): 8778-8789.
[88] Andrew R M. Global CO2 emissions from cement production, 1928-2018[J]. Earth Syst Sci Data, 2019, 11(4): 1675-1710.
[89] Lee N K, Kim H K, Park I S, et al. Alkali-activated, cementless, controlled low-strength materials(CLSM) utilizing industrial by-products[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2013, 49: 738-746.
[90] Do Tan M, Kang Gyeong O, Go G H, et al. Evaluation of coal ash-based CLSM made with cementless binder as a thermal grout for borehole heat exchangers[J]. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2019, 31(6): No.04019072.
[91] Mahamaya M, Jain S, Das S K, et al. Engineering properties of cementless alkali activated CLSM using ferrochrome slag[J]. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2022, 35(3): No.0004620.
[92] Park S M, Lee N K, Lee H K. Circulating fluidized bed combustion ash as controlled low-strength material(CLSM) by alkaline activation[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2017, 156: 728-738.
[93] Halmen C, Shah H. Controlled low-strength materials composed solely of by-products[J]. ACI Materials Journal, 2015, 112: 239-246.
[94] Hwang C L, Chiang C H, Huynh T P, et al. Properties of alkali-activated controlled low-strength material produced with waste water treatment sludge, fly ash, and slag[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2017, 135: 459-471.
[95] Jamali S, Naganathan S. Performance assessment of cementless controlled low-strength material(CLSM) utilizing coal ashes[J]. Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering, 2015, 9: 102-116.
[96] Jiang M Y, Qian Y F, Sun Q. Preparation of controlled low-strength materials from alkali-excited red mud-slag-iron tailings sand and a study of the reaction mechanism[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2023, 30(9): 22232-22248.
[97] Jang J G, Park S M, Chung S, et al. Utilization of circulating fluidized bed combustion ash in producing controlled low-strength materials with cement or sodium carbonate as activator[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2018, 159: 642-651.
[98] Manh Do T, Kang G O, Kim Y S. Development of a new cementless binder for controlled low strength material(CLSM) using entirely by-products[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2019, 206: 576-589.
[99] Do Tan M, Kang Gyeong O, Go G H, et al. Evaluation of coal ash-based CLSM made with cementless binder as a thermal grout for borehole heat exchangers[J]. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2019, 31(6): No.04019072.
[100] Achtemichuk S, Hubbard J, Sluce R, et al. The utilization of recycled concrete aggregate to produce controlled low-strength materials without using Portland cement[J]. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2009, 31(8): 564-569.
[101] Lachemi M, Şahmaran M, Hossain K M A, et al. Properties of controlled low-strength materials incorporating cement kiln dust and slag[J]. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2010, 32(8): 623-629.
[102] Xiao R, Polaczyk P, Jiang X, et al. Cementless controlled low-strength material(CLSM) based on waste glass powder and hydrated lime: synthesis, characterization and thermodynamic simulation[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2021, 275: No.122157.
[103] Chindaprasirt P, Jaturapitakkul C, Chalee W, et al. Comparative study on the characteristics of fly ash and bottom ash geopolymers[J]. Waste Management, 2009, 29(2): 539-543.
[104] Wang A G, Zheng Y, Zhang Z H, et al. The durability of alkali-activated materials in comparison with ordinary portland cements and concretes: a review[J]. Engineering, 2020, 6(6): 695-706.
[1] Ling XU,Xiao-bing WANG,Jie YUAN,Hua-ping REN,Yi-feng HAN,Xi-yong XU. Controlled low strength materials based on silty sand and its properties in narrow backfill zone [J]. Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition), 2025, 55(8): 2657-2668.
[2] Qiong FENG,Xiao-yang XIE,Peng-hui WANG,Hong-xia QIAO,Yun-xia MA. Prediction of reinforced concrete durability based on whale optimization algorithm-back propagation neural network [J]. Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition), 2025, 55(7): 2276-2285.
[3] Wen-yuan XU,Wei LI,Da-yang WANG,Yong-cheng JI. Damage mechanism of FRP reinforced concrete under alkali freezing coupling effect [J]. Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition), 2025, 55(6): 2050-2062.
[4] Kai-xiang CHEN,He-nian ZHANG,Pei-sheng XI,Chang-dan WANG,Tao YU,Bing-xin ZHANG. Influence of carbonization humidity on mechanics and durability of carbonization block [J]. Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition), 2024, 54(2): 445-452.
[5] Xu-dong LI,Xin-yu WANG,Cheng TIAN,Xin-feng ZHANG,Zhi-hui NIU,Zhi-qiang ZHAO. Compiling vehicle durability load spectrum based on customer usage correlation [J]. Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition), 2024, 54(1): 66-75.
[6] Kong-hui GUO,Shi-qing HUANG,Hai-dong WU,Dang LU. UniTire tire model including in⁃plane dynamic characteristics [J]. Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition), 2023, 53(12): 3305-3313.
[7] Nai-jie CHAI,Wen-liang ZHOU. Durability assessment model of reinforced concrete bridges based on improved positive and negative clouts decision theory [J]. Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition), 2023, 53(12): 3481-3491.
[8] Kai CUI,Peng-fei XU,Jing-jing HUANG,Xiang-peng YU,Xiao-hai WANG. Comparison of bond performance between grouting slurry and soil interface in soil sites and durability in arid environment [J]. Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition), 2023, 53(10): 2856-2868.
[9] Chang-kai WEN,Bin XIE,Zheng-he SONG,Jian-gang HAN,Qian-wen YANG. Design method of tractor durability accelerated structure test [J]. Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition), 2022, 52(3): 703-715.
[10] Dong TANG,Yu-bin HAN,Lun HUA,Jin-chong PAN,Sheng LIU. Effect of lubricating oil ash on performance of gasoline particle filter in direct injection gasoline engine [J]. Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition), 2022, 52(11): 2501-2507.
[11] Wen-long MU,Jing-xin NA,Wei TAN,Guang-bin WANG,Hao SHEN,Jian-ze LUAN. Residual strength prediction of adhesive CFRP-aluminum alloy adhesively bonded joint based on FTIR analysis [J]. Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition), 2021, 51(1): 139-146.
[12] Jie YUAN,Xin CHEN,Hong-lin HE,Bo YANG,Xiao-jun ZHU. Repair and rejuvenation of cracked concrete by microbiologically⁃induced calcite⁃precipitation [J]. Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition), 2020, 50(2): 641-647.
[13] Zhe WANG,Yi XIE,Peng-fei ZANG,Yao WANG. Energy management strategy of fuel cell bus based on Pontryagin′s minimum principle [J]. Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition), 2020, 50(1): 36-43.
[14] NA Jing-xin, PU Lei-xin, FAN Yi-sa, SHEN Chuan-liang. Effect of temperature and humidity on the failure strength of Sikaflex-265 aluminum adhesive joints [J]. Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition), 2018, 48(5): 1331-1338.
[15] LAN Feng-chong, LI Zhong-chao, ZHOU Yun-jiao, CHEN Ji-qing. Stress distribution and strength prediction of aluminum-magnesium alloy adhesive-bonded single-lap joints [J]. 吉林大学学报(工学版), 2015, 45(3): 726-732.
Viewed
Full text


Abstract

Cited
  Shared   
  Discussed   
No Suggested Reading articles found!
Copyright © Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition), All Rights Reserved.
Tel: +86-431-85095297　Fax: +86-431-85094074　E-mail: xbgxb@jlu.edu.cn
Powered by Beijing Magtech Co. Ltd