异构机密计算综述

doi:10.13229/j.cnki.jdxbgxb.20231163

Abstract

Abstract:

Confidential computing is an effective method for addressing data security and privacy issues. However， with the increasing diversification and heterogeneity of computing devices， the implementation of traditional confidential computing on diverse heterogeneous devices becomes extremely complex and challenging. How to achieve heterogeneous confidential computing has become a current research hotspot. Based on the implementation technology of confidential computing on heterogeneous devices， a comprehensive analysis and evaluation of heterogeneous confidential computing were conducted. Firstly， the concept and challenges of heterogeneous confidential computing are introduced. Secondly， the software boundary expansion techniques and hybrid boundary expansion techniques in mainstream heterogeneous confidential computing technologies are discussed. The article also summarizes the evaluation analysis methods and standards in current heterogeneous confidential computing research. Finally， we points out the future research directions in the field of heterogeneous confidential computing.

Key words: computer applications, confidential computing, heterogeneous, boundary expansion

CLC Number:

TP391

Tao XU,Shuai-di KONG,Cai-hua LIU,Shi LI. Overview of heterogeneous confidential computing[J].Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition), 2025, 55(3): 755-770.

Figures/Tables 9

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References 86

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方法	安全机制	扩展依赖性	性能开支	适用场景
SSF	利用编译工具和硬件指令实现隔离	依赖特定的编译器工具和硬件指令	较小	多租户的云计算和数据中心
BYOTEE	利用FPGA的可重编程特性实现隔离	依赖FPGA	取决于配置的复杂性	高度定制的安全解决方案
TEEOD	在FPGA上即时实例化安全处理器创建Enclave	依赖FPGA	取决于FPGA的资源和配置	动态或按需的安全应用
SGX-FPGA	建立CPU与FPGA之间的信任关系和双向数据加密	依赖FPGA	初始化时间较长，两次加密的性能开支大	CPU和FPGA的异构系统，
ShEF	添加Shield实现可信I/O，利用安全启动构建信任根	依赖FPGA	取决于加密算法的选择有关	云服务提供商
HIX	分离操作系统驱动程序、扩展SGX、Lockdown机制	依赖MMU和修改PCIe root complex	较小	跨GPU和CPU的计算环境
BASTION-SGX	利用SGX机制和蓝牙固件的修改实现可信I/O通信	依赖特定的SGX硬件和修改后的蓝牙固件	取决于加密解密，但具体数据未给出	物联网设备
SGXIO	利用可信Hypervisor为SGX应用提供可信IO	依赖于设备虚拟化	对GPU有较高开支	通用SGX环境
HISA	利用安全监视器实现请求调用和数据交互	依赖FPGA	较小	CPU-FPGA系统

方法	安全机制	扩展依赖性	性能开支	适用场景
Cure	寄存器、扩展总线协议、访问控制列表	软件和硬件的修改	较小	高性能计算
VirTEE	添加SM和EM以管理内存	与Cure一致	较Cure增加	需要实时迁移的应用
Keystone	RISC-V物理内存保护和缓存分区	依赖RISC-V平台	由分区带来的性能开支	RISC-V平台应用
HETEE	通过PCIe控制资源	需要专门的防篡改机箱	较小	定制化数据中心
Graviton	修改GPU外围硬件	需要修改GPU外围硬件	17%~33%性能开销	GPU上的安全任务
Sanctum	微小硬件扩展，代替SGX机制的软件栈	硬件修改较小	较小	需要高级别安全的应用

攻击向量	物理攻击	需要更改固件/驱动/硬件	TEE正常部署	硬件可信	攻击者具有系统的最高权限	侧信道攻击	DDoS攻击	TCB大小
HETEE	√	√	-	√	√	-	-	-
BASTION-SGX	-	√	√	-	√	-	-	-
BYOTEE	-	-	-	√	√	√	-	√
Cure	-	√	-	√	√	√	-	√
HIX	-	√	√	√	√	-	-	-
VirTEE	-	√	-	√	√	-	-	√
ShEF	√	-	-	√	√	-	-	-
HISA	-	-	-	√	√	-	-	-
SGX-FPGA	-	-	√	√	√	-	-	-
Spons & Shield	-	-	-	√	√	-	-	-
Gravtion	-	√	-	√	√	-	-	-

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