Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition) ›› 2024, Vol. 54 ›› Issue (10): 2807-2818.doi: 10.13229/j.cnki.jdxbgxb.20221522

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Mental workload of drivers at high-density interchanges of freeways based on ECG data

Jin XU1,2(),Zheng-huan CHEN1,Qi-shuo LIAO3,Zhan-ji ZHENG1,He-shan ZHANG1   

  1. 1.School of Traffic & Transportation，Chongqing Jiaotong University，Chongqing 400074，China
    2.Chongqing Key Laboratory of "Human-Vehicle-Road" Cooperation and Safety for Mountain Complex Environment，Chongqing Jiaotong University，Chongqing 400074，China
    3.Chongqing City Transportation Development & Investment Group Co. ，Ltd. ，Chongqing 401121，China
  • Received:2022-11-28 Online:2024-10-01 Published:2024-11-22

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Abstract:

To clarify the effects of high-density interchange environments on the mental load of drivers， a field driving test with 38 drivers was conducted in high-density interchange scenarios of “Shanghai Chongqing Expressway” （No.G50） in Chongqing， China. And the ECG data were collected under natural driving conditions using PhysioLAB physiological instrument. Subsequently， a quantitative model of mental workload was developed using factor analysis based on heart rate and heart rate variability indexes to explain drivers' mental workload differences under different interchange spacing. The results show that： The reduction of interchange spacing increases drivers' mental workload， and the average mental workload in small spacing interchanges increases by 15.15% compared with normal-spacing interchanges. Between the different driving styles of drivers and other genders， there are differences in the mental workload. And the reduction in interchange spacing significantly impacts anxious drivers and female drivers. The mental workload decreases after the increased familiarity with the driving environment. Vehicle weaving can lead to a significant increase in the mental workload of the driver. The average mental workload of drivers during the merging of small spacing interchanges increasesby 13.89% compared to the diverging process.

Key words: road engineering, interchange, freeways, high-density interchanges, small spacing interchanges, mental workload

CLC Number: 

  • U491.2

Fig.1

Site of driving test"

Table 1

Information about the test interchange"

试验对象立交净距/m立交类型行驶路线编号行驶工况
白杨沟—跑马坪420小净距立交BP1匝道→主线
BP2主线→匝道
跑马坪—白杨沟480小净距立交PB1主线行驶
PB2辅道行驶
跑马坪—黑石子540小净距立交PH主线→匝道
黑石子—跑马坪840小净距立交HP匝道→主线
白杨沟—东环3200常规净距立交BD主线行驶
东环—白杨沟2800常规净距立交DB主线行驶

Fig.2

Test instruments and vehicles"

Fig.3

Basic information of the subjects"

Fig.4

Correlation between indicators"

Table 2

KMO and Bartlett sphericity test"

KMO 取样足够检验0.639
巴特利特球形检验近似卡方1538.372
自由度6
显著性0.000

Table 3

Common degree of variables"

标准化变量初始提取
ZDRMSSD1.0000.869
ZDSDNN1.0000.896
ZHRm1.0000.928
ZHRmax1.0000.954

Table 4

Total variance explanation"

成分初始特征值提取载荷平方和旋转载荷平方和
特征值方差贡献率/%累积/%特征值方差贡献率/%累积/%特征值方差贡献率/%累积/%
12.74068.49068.4902.74068.49068.4901.85646.40846.408
20.90822.71191.2020.90822.71191.2021.79244.79391.202
30.2315.78196.982——————
40.1213.018100.000——————

Fig.5

Gravel map"

Table 5

Factor analysis component matrix"

标准化变量旋转前成分旋转后成分
1212
ZDRMSSD0.8480.3880.8790.310
ZDSDNN0.7810.5350.9340.157
ZHRm0.913-0.3070.4440.855
ZHRmax0.760-0.6140.1200.969

Table 6

Factor score coefficient matrix"

标准化变量成分
12
ZDRMSSD0.519-0.092
ZDSDNN0.614-0.226
ZHRm0.0050.475
ZHRmax-0.2700.679

Fig.6

Contribution rate of each index in mental workload model"

Table 7

Results of variance analysis"

场 景心理负荷值
均值方差
BP10.4060.040
PH0.4050.040
HP0.3630.037
PB10.3430.037
BP20.3630.041
PB20.3160.028
BD0.3450.034
DB0.3180.027
F2.400
Fcrit2.026
P0.020

Fig.7

Mental workload at different spacings"

Fig.8

Mental workload of different evaluation methods"

Fig.9

Mental workload heat map"

Table 8

Results of variance analysis"

驾驶风格小净距立交常规净距立交
均值方差均值方差
焦虑型0.370.040.310.03
愤怒型0.430.040.370.03
冒险型0.360.040.310.03
F3.0651.813
Fcrit3.0273.059
P0.0480.167

Fig.10

Mental workload of different driving styles"

Fig.11

Mental workload of different genders"

Fig.12

Mental workload of different driving laps"

Fig.13

Mental workload of different driving conditions"

Fig.14

Lane change form definition for different scenes"

Table 9

Description of different scenes in the form of lane change"

场景（工况）换道形式模式特征换道涉及 车道数面临的主要冲突来源
匝道→主线（BP1）Ⅰ从匝道进入辅道后驶入车道3，直行通过交织区2

①来自主线3条车道的分流车辆变道驶入辅道；

②车道3的车辆加速直行；

③与前车保持合理间距的行为。

Ⅱ从匝道进入辅道后驶入车道2，直行通过交织区3

①来自主线3条车道的分流车辆变道驶入辅道；

②车道2、3的车辆加速直行；

③与前车保持合理间距的行为。

Ⅲ从匝道进入辅道后驶入车道1，直行通过交织区4

①来自主线3条车道的分流车辆变道驶入辅道；

②车道1、2、3的车辆加速直行；

③与前车保持合理间距的行为。

主线→匝道（BP2）Ⅰ

从主线车道3驶出进入辅道，

完成分流操作

2

①来自匝道的汇入车辆换道驶入主线；

②与前车保持合理间距的行为。

Ⅱ

从主线车道2驶出进入辅道，

完成分流操作

3

①来自匝道的汇入车辆换道驶入主线；

②与前车保持合理间距的行为；

③车道3的车辆加速直行。

Ⅲ

从主线车道1驶出进入辅道，

完成分流操作

4

①来自匝道的汇入车辆换道驶入主线；

②与前车保持合理间距的行为；

③车道2、3的车辆加速直行。

Fig.15

Mental workload of different lane changes"

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