外泌体在口腔疾病诊断及治疗中应用的研究进展

doi:10.13481/j.1671-587X.20260228

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

外泌体是一类包含脂质、核酸和蛋白质的膜性囊泡，可转运多种生物活性分子，在生理和病理进程中发挥关键调节效能。随着对外泌体作用机制的深入研究，外泌体已被证实在口腔疾病中具备潜在的诊断和治疗价值。基于从唾液、血清和血浆等体液中提取外泌体的液体活检技术显示，外泌体在口腔疾病的早期诊断及病程监测方面展现出广阔的发展潜能。在口腔鳞状细胞癌、牙周炎、口腔扁平苔藓和原发性干燥综合征等疾病中，外泌体所携带的微小RNA（miRNA）及蛋白质等成分呈现出特征性的表达差异，因此具备成为诊断生物标志物的潜力。此外，外泌体在促进组织再生、调节免疫及递送药物等方面表现出的多元功能，也为牙髓炎、牙周炎及组织损伤等口腔疾病的治疗开辟了新路径。本文深入探讨外泌体在口腔疾病诊断和治疗中的应用进展，以期为口腔疾病的预防、诊断及治疗提供理论基础。

关键词: 外泌体, 口腔疾病, 液体活检, 生物标志物, 组织再生, 免疫调节, 药物递送

Abstract:

Exosomes are a class of membranous vesicles containing lipids， nucleic acids， and proteins， which are capable of transporting various bioactive molecules and play key regulatory roles in physiological and pathological processes. With in-depth research into the mechanisms of action， exosomes have been demonstrated to possess the potential diagnostic and therapeutic value in oral diseases. Liquid biopsy techniques based on the extraction of exosomes from body fluids such as saliva， serum， and plasma have revealed the broad potential for exosomes in the early diagnosis and disease progression monitoring of oral conditions. In diseases such as oral squamous cell carcinoma， periodontitis， oral lichen planus， and primary Sj?gren’s syndrome， components carried by exosomes， including microRNA （miRNA） and proteins， exhibit characteristic differences in their expressions， thereby holding potential as diagnostic biomarkers. Furthermore， the diverse functions of exosomes in promoting tissue regeneration， modulating immunity， and delivering drugs have opened new avenues for the treatment of oral diseases such as pulpitis， periodontitis， and tissue injuries. This article provided an in-depth discussion of the advances in the application of exosomes in the diagnosis and treatment of oral diseases， aiming to offer a theoretical foundation for the prevention， diagnosis， and management of these conditions.

Key words: Exosome, Oral disease, Liquid biopsy, Biomarker, Tissue regeneration, Immune regulation, Drug delivery

中图分类号:

李恬,王家凤,张志民. 外泌体在口腔疾病诊断及治疗中应用的研究进展[J]. 吉林大学学报(医学版), 2026, 52(2): 543-550.

Tian LI,Jiafeng WANG,Zhimin ZHANG. Research progress in application of exosomes in diagnosis and treatment of oral diseases[J]. Journal of Jilin University(Medicine Edition), 2026, 52(2): 543-550.

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