Fulongquan sag is of complex structural features and belongs to the second-order structural unit of the southeast uplift in Songliao basin, the first-order structural unit. Geological interpretation of seismic profile indicates that Fulongquan sag has undergone four stages since the Cretaceous: near EW extension begins from the deposition of Huoshiling Formation to the deposition of Yingcheng Formation, which forms NS trending half-garben and rollover structures controlled by a large scale dustpan-like, depression-controlling normal fault; near EW compression begins from the deposition of the Upper Member of Yingcheng Formation to the deposition of the Middle Member of Quantou Formation, leading to the thrust faults through the inversion of the early normal faults, further to the uplift of the west boundary of the sag, near the depression-controlling fault caused by the thrust of the hanging walls, and to the NS trending fault-propagation fold in the center of the sag and to the formation of the duplex in the foot wall of the depression-controlling fault; near NS trending divergent strike-slip extension starts from the deposition of the Upper Member of Quantou Formation to Nenjiang Formation, forming the NS trending strike-slip faults with dip-slip component and negative flower structures; stage of near EW compression starts from the deposition of Sifangtai Formation to the deposition of the lower strata of Cenozoic, leading to the early depression-controlling fault with hanging wall thrust again and a large scale anticline in the hanging wall. The stress field changes of extension, compression, and strike-slip in Songliao basin may be related to the changes in the dip angle, direction and speed of the Pacific plate subduction.

Southern Ordos block were divided into 11 irregular sub-groups from A to K in terms of the newly observed GPS data through converting the different GPS data into the detail relative motion between the blocks. The authors provide a new idea and model for studying the detailed movement differences based on these different GPS data. The present stress field is compressive in east and central parts of southern Ordos. The compressive stress comes from the southwest Qinling power wedge which is a compressive stress peak. The compressive stress peaks make up the Wugong-Xianyang-Kouzhen Line a stress axis, and then those shape-wedged blocks, that are standing both sides of the stress axes, are all laterally extruding and escaping in the western Weihe basin. The escaping blocks make some GPS motion vectors deviate off the main motion direction. There is a wide sinistral strike-slip in the eastern Weihe basin, which can show action of blocking and collision of western Henan uplift. The shape-wedged blocks were extruded laterally, which complicate the GPS vector data. The pattern of relative movement of these blocks complies with a "three head collision" tectonic model in southern Ordos. Based on this model, collision among Sichuan block, Ordos block, and Yuxi block resulted in stress concentration, and these blocks were then laterally extruded along the strike-slip faults developed in low stress region. The authors present a "multi-head collision" and "escape between heads" model which has a certain universality. It will be an effective way to figure out where are the "head" contact point and where are the "escape between heads" for study the focal mechanism distribution around some large or medium blocks.

In order to evaluate the oil shale resource potential in north Songliao basin, 14 geological wells are drilled, more than 2 100 old wells are reviewed and a number of oil shale samples are tested. According to the testing data of the oil shale, combined with the well logging, seismic, deposit, and the other research achievements, the main characteristics of oil shale is summarized, and the potential resources of oil shale and shale oil,buried less than 1 000 m in depth, are preliminarily estimated using the volume abundance method. Oil shales in north Songliao basin are mainly developed in the lacustrine deposit when the first section of Qingshankou Formation, the first and second section of Nenjiang Formation deposited, which are the results of the twice maximum flooding period in the basin. The average density of oil shale in Nenjiang Formation and Qingshankou Formation is 2.20 t/m³ and 2.18 t/m³ respectively, and the average oil yield is 5.39% and 5.55% respectively. The types of organic matter of the oil shale are I and II₁ in the developing stage from immaturity to low maturity; and they are excellent hydrocarbon source rocks. Oil shale resources in north Songliao basin are widely distributed, stable in strata, and have a great resource potential. It is estimated that the potential resource of oil shale is 6 008.40×10⁸ t and of shale oil is 297.50×10⁸ t for those are buried less than 1 000 m in depth. The oil shale can be an important supplement or replacement of the conventional oil and gas in Daqing oil field in the near future.

The development of hydrocarbon source rock and its sedimentary environment are closely related. Based on the theory and the application of the palynofacies, we discussed the formation environment of the source rock of Permian Dalong Formation,Longtan Formation, and Qixia Formation in South Yellow Sea basin. By the systematic analysis of the pollen and the organic matter of the typical drilling profiles for their abundant characteristics and composition types, and combined with the plankton algae and the sign of organic matter of the favorable hydrocarbon source rocks, the hydrocarbon generation potential was evaluated finally in this article. The results show that the hydrocarbon generation potential and the formation environment of a high mature marine source rock could be evaluated objectively through a palynological study. The source rock in Qixia Formation are dominated by amorphous organisms with high productivity, and was formed in far-continental shelf with anoxic environment, which provided good conditions for the development and preservation of hydrocarbon source rocks. The organic matters in Dalong Formation are also dominated by amorphous organisms, but the hydrocarbon generation potential is inferior to Qixia Formation. The source rock in Longtan Formation was formed in oxygen aeration continental shelf area,and the organic matters are dominated by coaly organisms and mainly of terrigenous input. The frequent change in sedimentary water is infavorable for the formation of the hydrocarbon source rocks.

Case study on the thick layer sandstone of the First Member of Shahejie Formation in Qinan slope, the authors analyzed the distribution characteristics of gravity flow channel in the continental rifted lake basin by the ideas and methods of seismic sedimentology. Combined with the regional geological setting, restaint provenance source, and core observation the types of sedimentary facies, stratal slice, seismic inversion and 3D visualization are determined. According to the study, the sand body should be the gravity flow channel sediments which could be the combination of slump rock, sandy debris flow, and turbidity flow. The gravity current sediment bands distribute along the half graben like faulted trough. In terms of the depositonal regime of gravity flow channel,the turbidity channel is subdivided into three types of microfacies: central channel,channel margin,and subaqueous overflow. A depositional model is established based on the integrated studies. Six lithological facies are recognized in the rock core. The authors discussed the genesis of gravity flow channel and analyzed its pool-formed characteristics. It is revealed that the gravity channel is an important reservoir with a good pool-formation combination and exploration potential in this area. This study indicates a new oil & gas exploring realm in Qikou sag.

The whole rock analysis, the ICP-MS trace,the rare earth elements test, and the mineral composition analysis were made to the mudstone and sandstone samples collected from Jiexi Huizhai Upper Triassic Xiaoshui Formation and Huizhou Huangdong Lower Jurassic Jinji Formation. Based on the changes of the element content and the ratios, the water was in a reductive and anaerobic environment as a whole; and it was mainly in a dry and hot climate during the Late Triassic Xiaoshui Formation in Jiexi area and the Early Jurassic Jinji Formation in Huizhou area in east Guangdong. The ∑REE is high, the LREE is rich (LREE/HREE are 10.86 and 15.63), and the HREE is more stable (∑HREE are 6.09×10^-6 and 7.99×10^-6) with a negative Eu anomaly (δEu are 0.67 and 0.87) in Xiaoshui Formation. The LREE is rich (LREE/HREE=7.29-10.03), the HREE is more stable (∑HREE=(15.39-19.72)×10^-6) with a negative Eu anomaly (δEu=0.59-0.65) in Jinji Formation. The mudstone REE distribution diagram and the source rock discrimination diagram show that the Xiaoshui Formation and Jinji Formation source rocks were from the sedimentary rocks, granite, and basalt of the upper-crust. The sediment source rocks of Xiaoshui Formation in the lower part were deeper than the ones in the upper part. The sediment source rocks of Jinji Formation in the upper part were deeper than the ones in the middle-lower part. Based on the Dickinson diagram, the discrimination diagrams of K₂O/Na₂O-SiO₂, Zr-Th, La-Th-Sc, Th-Co-Zr/10,and the REE characteristics values, the tectonic background of Late Triassic Jiexi area was the back-arc extensional basin. It presents the feature of a passive continental margin and also the continental island arc (transformed by the Andean continental margin arc). The provenance was from the volcanic arc orogenic belt. Huangdong area was the back-arc extrusion basin in Early Jurassic with the passive continental margin characteristics. The sediment provenance is from the cut magmatic arc.

Based on Vail's sequence stratigraphy theory,the sequence stratigraphy framework of Early Cretaceous Shahezi Formation in Zhaozhou area in Songliao basin is established through the study of cores,seismic data,logging data, and other materials. Shahezi Formation is one second grade sequence, and it includes four third grade sequences from the bottom to the top,SQ1-SQ4. Each third grade sequence develops dichotomy structure,transgressive system tract, and regressive system tract. Among them,Top SQ4 suffered serious erosion, its transgressive system tract exists only in the basin margin. Based on the contrast of the sequence stratigraphic division,combined with the background of the tectonic activity,source supply, and the other conditions in the study area,three types of sedimentary facies were developed in Shahezi Formation:fan delta in the west, braided river delta in the east, and lake facies. The sedimentary evolution was mainly controlled by the development of the sequence stratigraphy as described:"stratigraphic control sand body,sedimentary facies development inheritance,sedimentary deposits from different provenance and development regionally". In the development of SQ1 and SQ4,the basin was small and water was shallow. The lobate fan delta and the braided river delta distribute in a small range,the content of shale is low and the abundance of organic matter is poor; while in the stages of SQ2 and SQ3,both water and other source supply entered adequately into the lake basin, this resulted in the contiguous development of the fan-shaped body (lake facies?), in which the dark mudstone is large and thick with abundant organic matter. In addition, the underwater distributary exists as the main sand body in the leading edge subfacies. In such a sedimentary environment, two sets of optimal hydrocarbon source rocks were developed during the largest lake flooding period in SQ2 and SQ3.

The oil shale of Changle sag exists in Lijiaya Formation of Wutu Group, corresponds to the stratum of 2nd Kongdian Formation in Jiyang depression and Weibei sag. By means of the organic geochemical theories and methods, the characteristics of oil shale in Changle sag are studied. The oil shale has a high organic matrix abundance. Its kerogen type is mainly typeⅠ and typeⅡ₁, at an immature-low maturity stage, has a strong potential for oil generation,so it has good prospects for oil and gas exploration. By analyses of the regional tectonic evolution and climate change, the oil shale of Changle sag are formated in left turn to right turn conversion period of Tanlu fault zone, weak tectonic activity coupled with warm and humid climate. The oil shale and coal co-exist in TST and HST. The oil shale metallogenic model belongs to the rift lake march type.

Zircon LA-ICP-MS dating of the granite from the No.Ⅵ section of Hutouya deposit yields an emplacement age of (233.6±1.8) Ma (MSWD=1.2, n=17). The geochemical analysis indicates that the granite belongs to the weakly peraluminous granitic rocks, showing the nature of high-K calc-alkalic series. The rock has high REE content, and the chondrite-normalized REE distribution patterns show the characteristics of LREE enrichment, obvious LREE and HREE fractionation, and significant negative Eu anomaly. The trace element composition of the granite is enriched in Rb, Th, U, La, Nd and poor in Ba, Sr, Nb, P, Ti. The Sr-Nd isotope composition and geochemical characteristics indicate that the magma source of the granite mainly derived from enriched lithospheric mantle. The data of this study indicate that the granite from the No.Ⅵ section of Hutouya deposit formed under a collision, and post-collision setting.

Dongshanwan W-Mo poly-metallic deposit is a newly discovered porphyry type deposit in the southern Great Xing'an Range.It occurs in the contact zone of the Late Yanshanian granitoids and Permian strata. It mainly develops as vein-let type and fine vein disseminated type in terms of mineralization. The formation of Dongshanwan deposit can be divided into three stages: I. wolframite-arsenopyrite-quartz,Ⅱ. arsenopyrite-molybdenite-quartz, and Ⅲ. silver polymetallic-quartz. For the purpose of getting the origin, nature,and evolution characteristics of the ore-forming fluids of the different mineralization stages, we discuss the petrography, micro-thermometry, and carbon-hydrogen-oxygen isotope of the fluid inclusions. The results show that: the aqueous two-phase and vapor-rich two-phase fluid inclusions developed in stage I and II, their homogenization temperature ranges 232.7-321.7 ℃ and 201.2-352.7 ℃, the salinity values of ranges 3.4%-9.8% and 4.1%-10.4%, and the ore-forming fluid belongs to medium temperature and medium salinity NaCl-H₂O hydrothermal system. The aqueous two-phase fluid inclusions developed in stage III, their homogenization temperature ranges from 198.6 to 273.5℃, the salinity values ranges from 5.0%-8.4%, and the ore-forming fluid belongs to low temperature and low salinity NaCl-H₂O hydrothermal system. The δ¹⁸O value of quartz sample ranges from 7.5‰-9.0‰, the δD_H2O-SMOW value and δ¹³C_PDB value of the fluid inclusions in quartz are -175.6‰--160.3‰ and -23.5‰--20.1‰. The ore-forming fluid has the characteristics of hydrothermal magma, which is accompanied by adding of meteoric water and organic matter in the formation, this led to a lower value of δD_H2O-SMOW and δ¹³C_PDB value of ore-forming fluid. The immiscibility and adding of meteoric water led to the mineralization of tungsten and tin, and the silver poly-metallic mineralization might be caused mainly by cooling of the ore-forming fluid.

Hetaoba area is located in the connecting part between Duolun and Zhenglanqi of Xilinguole of Inner Mongolia, and tectonically sits in the connecting part of Inner Mongolia Hercynian tectonic-magmatic belt and the north of the North China craton. A new found uranium deposit exists at the acidic volcanic rocks that are located at the arc belt of the south of Mesozoic Zhenzishan Mountain likely as a kind of hydrothermal-type uranium deposit relating to the Mesozoic volcanic rocks. This uranium deposit is formed in the node of subvolcanic rocks and controlled by the SN-NE trenched fault structure. Through the preliminary studies we found that the transitive belt of Mesozoic volcanic uplift and sag as well as the intersection of multi faults, which controlling the volcanic basin and subvolcanic rocks, are favorable for uranium mineralization. Other signs such as kaolinization, potassium alteration, silicification, and limonitization tectonic belt, and abnormal ring of earth instant Rn anomaly, high electronic resistance, and strong variety of magnetic ratio constitute uranium ore-forming indicator for further uranium survey.

Dayingzi granite, which located in northwest Chifeng, Inner Monggolia, attracts great attention for its relation with Nianzigou molybdenum deposit in recent years. Our study shows that there are significant differences between the interior biotite monzonitic granite and the marginal orthoclase granite on the field occurrence, lithofacies, ore potentiality, petrological geochemistry and isotope chronology. These indicate that the granite is a composite rockmass with multistage intrusion. The overall geochemical features of Dayingzi granite is characterized by its high silicon,aluminumrich, alkali-rich, low magnesium, calcium-poor characteristics, with the enrichment of large ion lithophile elements (LILE)Rb,Th, while depleted of high field strength elements (HFSE) Ti, and P. The content of rare earth elements is high, obvious fractionation of light away from heavy rare earth with remarkable Eu negative anomaly. Even more remarkable Eu negative anomaly and lower trace elements of U, Ba and Sr are detected in marginal orthoclase granite than biotite granite. As ore-hosting rock of Jijiagou molybdenum deposit, the marginal orthoclase granite is a product of magmatism process in north margin of North China craton during Hercynian-Early Indo-Chinese epoch as indicated by its U-Pb isotopic age of (267.6±2.8); while as ore-hosting rock of Nianzigou molybdenum deposit, the interior biotite adamellite with a U-Pb isotopic age of (152.4±1.6) Ma, is a product of the intra-continental extension in a postorogenic or the large scale lithosphere thinning environment during Indo-Chinese Early Yanshanian.

Yangjiazhangzi area in the Western Liaoning Province (Liaoxi) is located in the east section of Yanshan fold belt which is in the north rim of the North China craton. There are four main types of intrusive rocks in this area: medium-coarse grain moyites, porphyritic moyite, porphyaceous, and fine-grained hornblende monzonite. The main rock is porphyritic moyite and porphyaceous moyite,which appear as large batholiths,and distribute along the north-east. Zircon U-Pb isotope dating shows its emplacement mainly in 181-188 Ma. Fine-grained hornblende monzonite presents as a stock, and distribute along the north-south. Zircon U-Pb isotope dating shows its emplacement mainly in 227 Ma. Petrogeochemistry analysis results indicate that porphyritic moyite and porphyaceous moyite belong to weak peraluminous high k calc alkaline rock series. The fine-grained hornblende monzonite belongs to metaluminous high k calc alkaline rock series. Porphyritic moyite and porphyaceous moyite are rich in high field strength elements Th, La, Nd, Hf and Gd, and depleted of high field strength elements Ti, Ho and large ion lithophile elements Ba, Sr; fine-grained hornblende monzonite is rich in high field strength elements Gd, Er and large ion lithophile elements Ba, Sr, and depleted of high field strength elements Nb, Hf, Ti, Pr, Y, Yb. The chondrite-normalized REE patterns show that all the three rocks belong to the right slope type, the LREE fractionation is obvious, and the HREE fractionation is insignificant. Researches show that Mesozoic magmatism in this region mainly occurred in Early Jurassic, and had close genetic relation with the famous Yangjiazhangzi molybdenum deposits, but the Late Triassic magmatism was relatively weak.

Diabase dikes in Liujiang of Qinhuangdao mainly distribute along the limerock outcropping zone,such as Mount Liangjia,Shimen Village, Chaoshuiyu (northwest), Shaguodian (northeast), Chuaizhuang Village (north), Shiling Ridge (northwest),Mount Jiguan and other regions as veins, dykes, sills,and other output forms. The constant element analysis of diabase in Liujiang indicates that the content of SiO₂ varies greatly with a fairly low average. The average content of FeO+Fe₂O₃ is higher than the average of basic rocks; the average values of Al₂O₃,CaO,MgO and K₂O+Na₂O are within the average of basic rocks;the average value of TiO₂ is 1.53%; the enrichment of HFSE Ta,Nb, Zr, Hf,La/Nb value is higher than 1;it shows that magma was contaminated by the crust material in different degree during its ascending. The total REE is high, and LREE are more than HREE. The chondrite normalized REE distribution patterns are consistent, tilted to the right, with no obvious Eu anomaly.This reflects that the fractional crystallization is not obvious in magma,and evolution and REE fractionation degree between samples is the same. The petrographic features of the diabase in Liujiang indicate that the diabase in Liujiang was derived from shoshonitic series in the intra-plate rift environment. According to the tectonic setting of the study area, the author concludes that shoshonitic series basaltic magma moved along the fractures, cooled down,then formed the diabase.

The Xijing mafic intrusion is located in Longshoushan terrane in the west of Alxa block and the north of Qilian orogenic belt. Previous interpretation for mafic-ultramafic intrusions along Longshoushan rift suggested that the genesis of these intrusions were related to the magmatism of Jinchuan intrusion. The major petrographic components of Xijing intrusion are olivine websterite and gabbro, and Xijing intrusion was formed in (421.0±9.0) Ma, which is consistent with the age of eclogites from North Qilian orogenic belt. The values of ε_Nd(t) and (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i are 4.06-5.52 and 0.704 548-0.707 575 respectively, which lie in the field of lithospheric mantle. The calculation of isotope and trace elements indicates that Xijing intrusion was contaminated by the lower crustal materials in about 10%. At last, we interpret the evolution of Xijing intrusion and Longshoushan intrusion belt as follows: during Qilian continental subduction, the ocean lithosphere detached from the continental lithosphere, the hot asthenosphere impinged the base of the overriding mantle lithosphere near the breakoff point. Because of the conduction, the heat flow went up and caused the melting of lithosphere at solidus of a hydrated peridotite at a depth of 80 km, which produced basalt magmatism. During the ascent of magma through the mantle into the crust, the magma was contaminated with lower crust and formed the Xijing intrusion and Longshoushan mafic-ultramafic intrusion belt.

The study on Geochronology and Geochemistry of the alkali feldspar granite in Horqin Right Wing Middle Banner of Inner Mongolia. Zircon U-Pb dating demonstrates that the weighted mean ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U age for the zircons from the adamellite (syenogranite) is (166±1) Ma,i.e.the Middle Jurassic. The alkali feldspar granite is slightly peraluminous and belongs to the alkaline series. The alkali feldspar granite is characterized by high SiO₂(74.80%-76.34%), high alkali (7.94%-8.71%), high TFeO/MgO (13.54-24.28), low CaO(0.10%-0.21%), low MgO(0.08%-0.16%), and TiO₂(0.07%-0.10%). The alkali feldspar granite is characterized by a "sea-gull" REE pattern with a significant negative Eu anomaly (0.09-0.17). It is rich in Zr(128.95×10^-6-156.32×10^-6), Yb(4.93×10^-6-5.35×10^-6), and Y(40.93×10^-6-56.75×10^-6), and depleted of Sr(23.16×10^-6-37.14×10^-6), Ba(186.13×10^-6-231.31×10^-6) and Ti. Thus, the alkali feldspar granite belongs to A-type aluminous granite. The high Rb/Sr (ranging from 4.26 to 7.81, and the average value is 6.12) and Rb/Nb ratios(ranging from 10.2 to 14.7,and the average value is 12.7) of the rock indicate a crustal origin. The comprehensive analysis shows that the alkali feldspar granite was the product of low pressure felsic crust partial melting. In addition,based on Rb-(Yb+Ta), Rb-(Y+Nb), Ta-Yb, Nb-Y, Nb-Y-Ce, Ce/Nb-Y/Nb, Ce/Nb-Yb/Ta diagrams and combined with regional tectonic evolution, we suggest that the alkali feldspar granite was formed in an extensional setting of the Middle Jurassic orogeny,also the formation of Songliao basin.

The authors analyze and discuss the modeling technique of 3D geomodeling in the process of numerical reservoir simulation, introduces the detailed modeling method based on corner-point grids model and gives the corresponding implementation steps. The main process is to:construct the fault model according to the fault data;bulid the pillar gridding model based on the fault model;complete the layer which bares the fault based on the pillar gridding skeleton model through, adopting the layer recovery technique to complete the layer that contains fault; and further, accomplish the building of the property model according to the interpolation of physical property parameters based on the structural model. Finally, by takeing the fractured-vuggy reservoir of Tahe oilfield as an example, we validate the modeling process and technology.

Through the investigation of filling height and freezing depth of the low embankment high-grade highway soil in Jilin Province, the filling height of the low embankment is found in the range of 0.0 m to 2.2 m in the investigated region. The maximum frozen soil depth is 1.6 m to 2.4 m based on the drilling data. Three kinds of embankment soils with different plasticity indices were selected from seasonal frozen soil regions. The testing schedules were made with the method of orthogonal design(L₁₆(4⁵)). By using the static molding method,the soil samples were compacted differently in its different moisture contents and compactness. After setting freeze-thaw cycles,the unconfined compressive resilient modulus of the soil samples were tested respectively. For the same kind of soil under the different influencing conditions, the experiment results show that the influence of different factors are as following: moisture content> freeze-thaw cycles> compactness. With the increase of themoisture content, the embankment soil strength decreases linearly; with the increase of freeze-thaw cycles, the embankment soil strength decreases, the first and second cycles create a greater impact on embankment soil strength. With the increase of compactness, the embankment soil strength increases, but increasing percentage is small. According to the indoor experiment data, the exponential function is adopted for multiple nonlinear fitting that deliver good results.

The uncertainty of dynamic shear modulus ratio has a large impact on the site seismic response analysis results. Most studies on the influence are qualitative at present. The authors try to quantitatively study the influence on the engeering sites in Bohai Sea. Firstly, The authors builted the site seismic response calculation models;secondly, by adding a series of deviations to the original dynamic shear modulus ratio with maintaining other parameters unchanged, the anthors calculated the change of response spectra, and then got the sensitivity values of response spectra on the dynamic shear modulus ratio. According to the research, the conclusion is drown as below: 1)With the dynamic shear modulus ratio curves going up and down, a turning point appears near the characteristic period of the datum response spectrum; 2)Under probability level 2 and 3, the platform segments of the response spectra show the highest sensitivity values which are basically between 1.0 and 3.0. The absolute sensitivity values on the decending segment are mostly larger than 1.0, and increase quickly at first; and then decrease slowly to zero with the increase of period; but relatively stable between 1.0 to 2.0 on the ascending egment with the increase of period.

Accurate and reliable groundwater depth forecasting model is important to ecological environment protection and water resource planning and management. To minimize the interference of the nonlinear and complicated kinetic changes in the shallow water depth forecasting in western Jilin, a model for prediction is established based on the combination of wavelet analysis and artificial neural network,the wavelet network (WA-ANN) model: The parameters inputted in the models are monthly precipitation, evaporation, labor exploitation, and pre-monthly groundwater depth recorded from January 2002 to December 2009; and output was monthly groundwater depth in the study area. A comparison is made to BP artificial neural network (BP-ANN) model and autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model. The results show that ARIMA model processes more simple, but WA-ANN model predicted more accurate than both the BP-ANN and ARIMA models. In conclusion, the wavelet neural network model is more applicable for monthly average shallow groundwater depth forecasting.

The experiments under different conditions were designed by taking the typical spring samples in Jingyu in combination with the practical situation of the field, with considering the influencing factors of pH value and CO₂. The experimental results were studied by chemical kinetic analysis and mineral reaction mechanism by matlab. The results showed that it is difficult to release H₂SiO₃ under the initial neutral pH value(pH=7.25); H₂SiO₃ increases slowly with the initial alkaline pH value (pH=8.10); and the release rate is 3.08 mg/(kg·d). CO₂ could promote the release of H₂SiO₃, and the average releasing rate increased from 4.29 mg/(kg·d) to 12.00 mg/(kg·d) in initial alkaline pH value, although it is not significant in initial faint acid pH value. The release of H₂SiO₃ could be described by the Stanford first-order kinetic equation. H₂SiO₃ in mineral water of Jingyu is mainly produced by Metasilicate mineral magnesium (plagioclase, olivine, and pyroxene) reaction. It is hard to generate H₂SiO₃ in Neutral pH value. Under the condition of alkaline pH, H₂SiO₃ is produced by the hydrolysis of basalt mineral; and under the condition of faint acid, H₂SiO₃ is produced by the reaction of basalt mineral and H⁺, CO₂.

Six karst water systems in Southwest China are selected for comparison study, in order to find out the relationship between spring chemographs and their hydrogeological characters. The six karst springs are S31 in Yaji experimental site, Maocun subterranean river, Guancun subterranean river, Chenqi spring, Qingmuguan subterranean river, and Shuifang spring in Jinfo Mt. Some important results are summarized. The repeated chemograph changes in springs were found through continuous auto-monitoring of pH, temperature, specific electrical conductivity (SPC) and other indexes. There are some common differences in chemographs impacted by intrinsic and extrinsic properties of the system. Firstly, recharge from rainfall leads to changes in discharge and water-rock interaction. Secondly, the CO₂ recharge with infiltration promotes the karst process. Finally, contaminate leaching from surface also has impact on water chemistry. When the SPC, pH, water temperature, and saturation index of calcite (SIc) decrease after rainfall recharge event, it indicates the occurrence of dilution process. When the SPC together with other indexes show peaks after rainfall recharge, it indicates CO₂ effect caused by seepage recharge from epikarst water dissolved with CO₂ in soil. When the chemographs are found lagging behind the change of hydrograph, piston flow effect occurs. Eluviation effect occurs when the ions related to human activities increase after rainfall recharge. This can be explained by the contaminant distinctly input from the surface washing, and probably have influence on variation trend of SPC. Chemographs of karst water system tend to have several effects frequently, and the mutual types are different, suggesting that different strong or weak impact on karst water by diffusion or concentration recharge from rainfall recharge, and the difference in runoff pattern and regulation and storage mechanism. In general, karst water system which is dominated by diffusion recharge, usually presents more CO₂ effect in chemographs, and less dilution effect. In karst water system with strong karstification, rainfall recharge is controlled by solution fissure and conduits. Their chemographs presents more in dilution effect, while less in CO₂ effect. Karst systems dominated by concentration recharge are easily to have piston flow effect. However, the variation of water chemistry is weakened in systems when they have big thickness of vadose zone and high storage capacity of aquifer.

In order to deeply understand the factors and mechanism of the flow process in a karst spring basin, a fracture-conduit media physical model and a numerical model are established according to the hydrogeological conceptual model in a karst area of Southwest China. Recharge, spring vent, sinkhole, and pumping well are selected as the impacting factors to the simulate spring flow process. The results of the experiments show three phases of spring flow process under the single rainfall test: increase, stability, and attenuation. The results also show that recharge has a very small impact on the attenuation coefficient with the same spring vent diameter; the corresponding attenuation coefficients with 3,4,5,7 mm diameter are 0.003 6, 0.006 7, 0.011 5, 0.012 9, a logarithmic relationship; the proportion of sinkhole flow is much larger than the fissure's. 2-3 mm is the transition zone of the larger fissure to the small cracks, the spring flows of the two types of media are quite different. The location of pumping wells is an important factor affecting the spring flow decay process, and the attenuation coefficients are decreased when the pumping well are located at near the spring vent, center of the model, and in the sinkhole.

In order to study the indicating effect of the particle size of river sediments to the regional climate change, three representative sedimental sections were collected in the middle and lower reaches of the Haohe River bed. The grain size of the sediments and quartz tail-sands were measured. The results showed that the three representative sedimental sections can be divided into four sub-layers. The first sub-layer sediments is mainly fine silty sand, the second, the third and the fourth sub-layer sediments are mainly coarse silty sand. Grain size frequency distribution curves of the second, the third, and the fourth sub-layer are very similar to quartz tail-sands. This showed that the grain size characteristics of sediments was controlled by quartz tail-sands when a great deal of quartz tail-sands was discharged into Haohe River. The results also showed that grain size of Haohe River sediments changed with the river power in the past 30 years, which was connected with the natural variations such as rainfall, flood, and so on. The peaks of the sedimental average particle diameter had corresponding relation with the years when heavy rain or flood occurred. The grain size characteristics of Haohe River sediments could indicate the climate change of Haohe River basin: when the grain size of sediment was big, it indicated more rainfall humid climate; when the grain size of sediment was small, it indicated less rainfall arid climate.

Cellular neural network is an effective method for extracting useful anomalies with a strong capability of horizontal resolution. Its key point is to optimize the template when using cellular neural network to extract hydrocarbon gravity anomaly information. We presented an improved algorithm based on the characteristics of the cellular neural network and the particle swarm optimization, joined constraint condition in template, and introduced the shrinkage factors in particle swarm optimization individual characteristics through the analysis of the dynamic performance of cellular neural network. Through the model testing and the actual data processing, the algorithm proved to be more stable to optimize the template for extracting reservoir gravity anomaly information.

The substance of the potential field downward continuation iteration method is an operating process of "upward continuation rather than downward continuation" based on the criterion of "iteration result tend to be the observation data". We have analyzed the operational mechanism of the method by chasing its operation routine, and obtained the dynamic rule of the data flow in spatial domain. It turned out that the iteration method for a downward continuation leads to an upward continuation of the potential field on the individual levels. The relationship between the iteration period n and the height h of the upward continuation is n~(n+1)h.Shown in an alternating serie of satisfying Leibniz theorem to each iteration result in spatial domain, the convergence of this method is obtained. The convergence can also be verified by using the criterion of minimizing the difference between measured value and calculated data. The mathematical reasoning and numerical computation results show that an initial value of the iteration method can be arbitrary. Also, we have studied the effect of the iteration tolerance criterion, and pointed out the possibility that a tolerance might never be satisfied in practice if the criterion is not fitted.

In order to study the topographic effects of AEM and effectively extract the electromagnetic field from topographic effects, the authors research the response of the frequency airborne electromagnetic method in complex terrain. The result indicates that a steep slope has a significant influence to the response of the frequency airborne electromagnetic method, especially, terrain influence will be the greatest at the place of gully. It complicates the electromagnetic anomaly, and affects the interpretation of the electromagnetic anomaly. Based on the comprehensive research, the authors correct the typical earth electrical model using 2D and 3D topographical correction method, remove and suppress the electromagnetic anomaly caused by the topographic interference, highlight the anomaly of anomalous body, improve the effectiveness of the interpretation of the frequency airborne electromagnetic method.

In the process of geophysical exploration, observation data are limited and errors exist, leading to the presence of non-unique inversion results. In order to solve the problem of non-uniqueness, the authors study the mathematical theory of cross-gradient, and achieve the joint inversion of 2D magnetotelluric and first-arrival wave seismic traveltime with cross-gradient. At the same time, we establish two models. Through test of each model and comparison between the two models, it is proven not only that the result of the cross-gradient joint inversion is better than the single inversion in remediation on geometry and physical property parameters, but also that the cross-gradient is independent from the petro-physical properties. Further, the cross-gradient figure evidences the high similarity of the joint inversion models, and the cross-plot of joint inversion presents a better correlation with physical properties. These, in turn, prove the validity of the joint inversion.

In the process of the marine seismic acquisition, swell noise is a kind of common noise, which has low frequency, high energy, and long period. A general approach is difficult to achieve the balance between denoising and signal protection. According to the characteristics of the swell noise, we applied the OC-Seislet transform method based on wave-equation offset-continuation (OC) operator for denoising. The proposed method characterizes the complex seismic wavefield by OC operator, compresses the noise data by optimal transform-basis function, use soft threshold to separate the signals from noise in the transform domain, and then invert transform the interpolated result to the data domain so as to remove the swell noise. After applying the real data to the model, OC-Seislet transform method proves that it can remove the swell noise from the original data; meanwhile, it can protect seismic events even in a structural complex area.