Nanpu sag faults and their development can be systematically classified into 6 types (Ⅰ-Ⅵ)according to the periods of fault development, the deformation behaviour, and the evolution mechanisms. Fault systems Ⅲ, Ⅴ, and Ⅵ are the main fault types in the middle and upper oil-bearing group, and they are also the important controlling pool fault types. Among them, type Ⅲ, a latterly-developed fault system, serves to seal and adjust the hydrocarbon in the middle and upper oil-bearing groups; while type Ⅴ and Ⅵ, which are fault systems with a long history, serve as the main pathways for the vertical migration of hydrocarbon from source rock to intermediate and shallow reservoirs. The traps related to the faults resulting from latterly developed faults are the primary candidates for the development of hydrocarbon reservoirs; The fault intensive areas developed latterly control the distribution of hydrocarbon reservoirs; The palaeo-transition areas caused by the faults development at different periods provide the location of the depositional systems and sand systems, and limit the distribution of the hydrocarbon reservoirs; The breakdown of the cap rock by the faults controls the positions of the hydrocarbon accumulation; And the sealing of the fault controls the enrichment degree of the hydrocarbon in the fault traps.

Ordos basin is a typical area of distribution of low permeability and ultra-low permeability oil reservoirs. Triassic Yanchang Formation is rich in low permeability oil reservoirs. They are characterized by many sets of thin sand layers containing oil with large reserve, low reserve abundance, and low single well production. Based on exploration and development practices, greater than 0.3×10^-3μm² permeability reservoirs have been well exploited in Changqing oilfield, while (0.1-0.3)× 10^-3μm² tight sandstone reservoir is currently the focus for exploration and development. The controlling factors of tight oil reservoirs in Triassic Yanchang Formation were investigated. The tight oil in Yanchang Formation is featured as large-sized sand body complex, tight reservoir, complicated pore throat structure, high content of rigid components, abundant fracture and saturation, low fluid pressure, et al. The forming of the large-scaled superimposed tight oil reservoir is controlled by the combination of the interbed lithology of wide-ranging source rock and reservoirs with strong hydrocarbon generation and expulsion during the geological history.

Major relative high quality reservoirs are locally developed in the context of the entire super densified Xujiahe Formation in Xinchang in west Sichuan. They have a great burial depth, complicate diagenesis, and high density. The relative high quality reservoir is in the 2nd member of Xujiahe Formation with a big burial depth, which developed more primary pores than secondary pores; while the 4th member of Xujiahe Formation with small burial depth developed more secondary pores than primary pores. The main reason of this appearance is the divergent mechanisms of the primary pore conservation and secondary pore development of the 2nd and 4th member of Xujiahe Formation. The existence of the relatively developed encapsulating chlorite and the harsh particulates led to the well conservation of the primary pores in the 2nd member of Xujiahe Formation; while the single thick sand and the undeveloped mudstone layer cause the poor influx of organic acid fluid, so that the feldspar corrosion is limited. As for the 4th member of Xujiahe Formation, the plasticity of the rocks is relatively high; this, in turn, resulted in the disappearance of the primary pores under the diagenetic compaction, while the secondary pores are relatively popular with minor authigenic kaolinite sedimentated, multiple thin single sand and mudstone developed, and sufficient feldspar corroded by organic acid fluid.

Deepwater sandstone, viewed as poor reservoir traditionally, is now the potential target for increasing reserves and production. However, the exploration practice in recent years showed that deepwater mass transport deposits (MTDs) in lacustrine basin can form high-quality reservoir. Its reservoir properties are even superior to a delta front. Based on the data of core observation, casting thin sections, scanning electron microscope, measured porosity, organic acid content of formation water, and formation overpressure, the main controlling factors of high quality deep-water MTDs in Qingshankou Formation, Yingtai area, Songliao basin have been analyzed. According to the analysis, it can be concluded that MTDs sandstone of Qingshankou Formation is debris-feldspar sandstone with high texture maturity, where the reservoir space is dominated by primary intergranular pores and secondary dissolution pores, and the detrital grains are dominated by point-contacted with low calcite cement and quartz overgrown. The development of a good deepwater sandstone reservoir is controlled by sedimentary process and overpressure cycles. Sedimentary process of MTDs is the foundation, which makes the deepwater sandstone inherit the primary characteristics of porosity and permeability of sandstone in delta front (deposited in high energy environment). Inhibition of destructive diagenesis caused by overpressure is the core factor, which can preserve the primary pores and lead to a low content of cement. Organic acid dissolution can be a supplement to promote the development of secondary pores. MTDs deepwater sandstone of Qingshankou Formation is distributed inside the source rock as lenticulars with good physical properties, which can be treated as favorable exploration targets.

The Cretaceous Bashijiqike Formation is a high-quality sandstone reservoir and a primary oil/gas-producing bed in Kelasu structure zone. As its burial depth is between 2 300 m to 7 900 m, and cores are relatively limited, and the prediction of effective reservoirs is considerably difficult. Based on the comprehensive application of the core, well logging data, mercury injection data, and oil production test, the lower physical property limit of deep clastic reservoirs in Kelasu structure zone is determined by the distribution function curve method, the upper limit of water saturation method, the lowest effective pore throat radius method, and the entry pressure method. The functional equation between lower physical property limit and depth is obtained. The lower porosity limit of effective reservoirs is 2.63%. The lower burial depth limit of effective reservoirs is predicted to be about 8 320 m, which indicates a bright exploration prospect. The lower porosity limit and the lower burial depth limit would be 1.69% and 9 860 m in theory. On the basis of the research of lower physical property limit, combining the analysis of the sedimentary characteristics, buried depth, reservoir pressure, and diagenesis characteristics of Bashijiqike Formation sandbodies, the controlling factors of effective reservoirs are discussed. The main controlling factors of the effective reservoir include buried depth, dissolution and fissure.

To understand the distribution of fluvial reservoirs, we investigated the fluvial sand bodies' characteristics and influencing factors of Neogene in Liubei area of Raoyang sag through combining the strata correlation, sedimentary facies, and main faults characteristics. The results showed that the sand bodies of the ultra short-term cycles of Neogene in Raoyang sag appeared as a belt distribution in plane, and the main extending direction was substantially paralleled to the boundary faults that controlled the depression. The main faults of NE and NEE in Liubei area still show the growing characteristics inherited from Neogene. Controlled by the inherited NE and NEE faults, the axis of the basin margin extended parallel to the faults; and the composited paleo-geomorphology system of valley depressions, slopes or ridges were formed substantially paralleled to the axis as the downthrown side. The subsidence center of the upthrow side extended axially; and the strata extended northeast. The high-gradient fan or fluvial sediments were deposited near the faults of the basin margin, and they were mainly transported laterally. Away from the provenance area, the influence of transverse fluvial or alluvial fan sediment from the short axis provenance was weakened in the downthrown side of the main faults. The rivers changed their course along the low end of the axial tilt direction (representing the maximum slope direction), and converged to form the sedimentary system of axial transport extending to the strike of the main fault boundary.

Offshore area refers to the region covered by 5 meters seawater or less. Liaohe basin extends to Liaodong Bay, and it is a crucial area of oil and gas exploration for Liaohe oilfield. Because of the restrictions such as mining right and environmental protection, oil and gas exploration of this area progressed very slowly in the past although the land part of the basin has been well studied and explored since 1970's. The both parts of the land and under sea water are geologically similar concerning their structure and sequential stratigraphy. The authors take the offshore and land as a whole, delineate the hydrocarbon accumulation conditions of the area involving in structure, stratigraphic framework, source in the area rocks, and hydrocarbon reservoir. The detailed correlation of the geological conditions was analyzed between the land and under sea. With the analogy of oil and gas accumulation factors, oil and gas exploration potential of the offshore area is predicted. It was indicated that Bijialing-Lingnan slope is the best place to be a lithological reservoir. The related favorable factors are as follows: 1)the slope coupled with various slope breaks forms a perfect zone for oil and gas migrating; 2)multi-directional provenances resulted in the sandstone-rich region; 3)slope belt controls the distribution of sand body and sedimentary facies, resulting in interbedding of the sand-mud deposits; 4)the slope belt is adjacent to the hydrocarbon-rich sag, and therefore constitutes a favorable association of source, reservoir, and cap rocks,by which lithologic reservoirs is easy to form. Accordingly, the authors indicate that the lithological reservoir in Bijialing-Lingnan slope belt is the main exploration target in the offshore area. The outcomes can be suitable for the oil and gas exploration of the seashore area in the other oil fields in Bohai Bay basin to some extent.

Based on a geological research on structure, sedimentary evolution, basin type, and major reservoir-forming stage of the main geological epochs in the world, we evaluate the potential of heavy oil and oil sand resources, and point out the favorable prospects. According to CNPC's appraisal (2011), the geological resources and recoverable resources of heavy oil in the world are 4 271.2 billion barrels and 714.7 billion barrels respectively; the geological resources and recoverable resources of oil sand are 6 694.5 billion barrels and 709.5 billion barrels. Most of them are distributed in North America, South America, Russia, and Caucasia, and are produced mainly in North America and South America. In view of structural domains, the global heavy oil and oil sand are mainly concentrated in four macro-tectonic zones, i.e. Cordilleran folded orogen, Himalayan-Alpine folded orogen, Siberian platform peripheral mountain system, and Ural mountain front, where the basins are predominantly craton or foreland basins, and the reservoirs are formed in two modes of slope degradation and uplift destruction. The exploration of heavy oil and oil sand targets 3 regions in the future: 1)America where the resources are intensively ascertained and explored; 2)East Siberia basin and Volga-Ural basin in Russia where the resources are highly potential but less explored; and 3)Middle East with large resource potential but not yet be concerned.

The 33rd Oil Shale Symposium sponsored by Colorado School of Mines was held in 14-16 Oct, 2013. The emphasis of the symposium was on the following: geological surveys, chemical analyses, surface retorting technologies, in-situ technologies, international projects and development, and risk assessments of oil shale. A summary is given of the most important facts and views presented in the symposium. It is indicated that the development and utilization of oil shale in the world is evolving toward in-situ, fast, economical and environment friendly direction. Many techniques and ideas presented in the symposium, such as the spectroscopic analysis, boiling oil in situ conversion process and its pilot test, the design, and development of the new oil shale, are worthy of our learning and reference.

The Bakken Formation of Williston basin in North America is a typical hybrid shale-oil system. The characteristics of geology and geochemistry, porosity and permeability, micro-fracture development, and shale oil for organic-rich shales and juxtaposed organic-lean intervals, are systematically analyzed in this paper. The results show that the shale oil sweet point is mainly controlled by the mature shale, which is rich in organic matter and high content of light oils, abnormal pressure, well-developed micro-fractures, and dolomitization in organic-lean intervals all together. Meanwhile, organic-lean intervals are the main shale oil productive layer in hybrid shale oil system due to its relative high porosity, permeability, and low adsorptive capacity. This has an important implication for discovering the causes that the continental shale oil exploring results are not desirable in Eastern China. The subjective factor is that only organic rich shale and mudstone are taken as shale oil exploration targets; while the objective factors are that the development of natural micro-fracture is limited in organic-rich shale and mudstone but the organic-lean intervals, and the retained oil is mainly existed in organic matter with high wax generated from lacustrine source rocks relative to marine source rocks; the maturity of organic-rich shale and mudstone is not high enough to generate lighter oil. Therefore, we suggest to enhance a fine evaluation and an exploration of organic-lean carbonate or silt and fine sandstone with thin intervals in mature organic-rich shale system; and mature organic-rich shale with open fractures is proposed for shale oil exploring in lacustrine face basins of Eastern China.

Karakorum metallogenic belt is one of the hot area for the mineral resource exploration and development in West China with a great prospecting potential. According to the metallogenic theories established by the geologists of China, Karakorum metallogenic belt are further researched based on the metallogenic characteristics and its feature of geological formation. In the light of the time-space relationship of the mineralization and the geological formation, the related metallogenic series can be divided into syngenetic, epigenetic, and superficial weathering metallogenic series. These metallogenic series existed in the same geological formation naturally constitute a metallogenic serie family. In this study, 9 metallogenic serie families and 12 metallogenic series are summed up for the main mineral deposits of Karakorum metallogenic belt. On the basis of the mineralization pedigree, from their tectonic evolution angle, we further discussed its dynamic background of the formation for the metallogenic serie families,which provides the basis for clarifying the regional metallogenic regularity.

Dafoyan bauxite deposit in Chongqing is a large-scale accumulation type bauxite. As a part of south Chongqing to north Guizhou metallogenic belt, Dafoyan bauxite deposit is characterized by its continental sedimentary bauxite formed in an oxidizing environment. The source rock serie exist under Qixia Formation or Liangshan Formation of Permian and on Hanjiadian Formation of Silurian or Huanglong Formation of Carbonic, and it is a combination of aluminum containing clay rocks. The ore body is in the middle of the ore bearing rock series and distributes continuously. This study is not only based on the analysis to the original bauxite test data, but also the test of trace and rare earth elements content to make preliminary judgment of metallogenic environment and parent rock. The ore minerals are mainly composed of diaspore composition, and kaolinite secondarily. The average content are: Al₂O₃ 61.33%, SiO₂ 14.61%,A/S 4.20. Some trace elements are closed to or over the industrial tenor of comprehensive utilization, especially the contents of Ga and V. They can be used under the present technology. This suggestes that an attention should be paid to the associated elements so as to improve the latent economic value of bauxite.

The newly discovered Wheerclt molybdenum deposit is located in the Erlian-Dongwuqi molybdenum metallogenic belt. Its geochemical characteristics and U-Pb age have been researched in this paper. The results show that ore-forming porphyry belongs to a peraluminous and high potassium calcium alkaline serie. The geological features, such as enrichment of large-ion lithophile elements (LILE) and the depletion of high field strength elements (HFSE), show a similar rock combination as Nanling type. U-Pb dating of the zircon from the porphyry by LA-ICP-MS indicates that the metallogenesis related granitic porphyries are formed in Middle Jurassic ((160±1) Ma) in Wheerclt molybdenum deposit. It is deduced that Wheerclt porphyry deposit was formed in Early Yanshan Period. According to a comprehensive research,the formation of Wheerclt porphyry molybdenum deposit was formed in a post-collisional setting.

Both elemental quality and quantity as well as their way of permutation and combination are widely considered to be the "genes" of ore-deposits. Significantly, ionic potential and Clark value can represent the basic elemental geochemical attributes which can be divided into both of "quality" and "quantity". Thus, we studied the relationship between such two indivisible geochemical properties of ore-elements and the tonnage accumulation index (TAI) of giant ore-deposits. There are three critical steps to achieve the formation of ore-deposits; and they are material source, transportation, and preservation. In terms of its control ability to elemental behaviors of transportation (and/or preservation?), an ionic potential must exerts a striking influence on its elemental ore-forming ability; so does the Clark value in terms of its control of material source and of some geochemical behaviors that are sensitive to elemental abundance and strongly affect the concentration in those rock-and ore-forming processes. The available and unique value of ionic potential of some individual elements was worked out; and the mathematic relationship between the numbers of TAI of global giant ore-deposits and elemental ionic potentials was subsequently depicted, which appears as an opening-up parabola. Whereas, there is a rather clear linear relationship between metal resource reserves stored in giant and supergiant ore deposits all over the world and the elemental Clark values. So, a larger value of metal abundance indicatel its regional superiority of resources.

This study focuses on the petrology and geochemistry of the monzonitic granites from the Cahayouhouqi area in Inner Mongolia. Tectonically it is located in the central-northern margin of the North China craton. These rocks have high content of silica, kalium and alkalis, low abundance of calcium, phosphorus, iron, magnesium; w(P₂O₅) decreases with the increasing of w(SiO₂); A/CNK equals 0.96-1.15; and differentiation index DI is between 90.36-92.96. The granites consist mainly of perthite, plagioclase, quartz, minor biotite, no mafic alkaline minerals and Al-rich minerals; their accessory minerals are zircon, magnetite, apatite, sphene and ilmenite. Combined with the petrological and geochemical characteristics, the granites can be classified as a highly fractionated I-type granite. The low content of ∑REE ((46.8-94.4)×10^-6), Th ((1.74-2.39)×10^-6), and U ((0.27-0.39)×10^-6), as well as their trace element discrimination diagrams indicate that the magma source derived from the lower crust, and their source-rock was lithosphere mantle. The chondrite normalized patterns are right declined with a serious positive Eu anomaly (δEu=0.83-3.51). They are enriched in the large ion lithophile elements (LILEs, e.g., Cs, Rb, Ba, and K), and depleted of the high field-strength elements (HFSEs, e.g., Nb, Ta, P, and Ti). Their geochemical characteristics indicates that the monzonitic granites emplaced in an active continental margin as a result of the Early Carboniferous subduction of Paleo-Asian Ocean towards the northern margin of the North China craton.

Depending on the geographical background, the author discusses the structural evolution combined with the present static structural description. The features of geometry and kinematics of Chepaizi uplift are analyzed, as well as its structural evolution process. The different types of dislocation mechanisms are studied for their structural evolution. The results show that there were two fault systems developed on Chepaizi uplift, namely the reverse fault of Carboniferous-Cretaceous formed during Haixi-India period,and the normal fault of Cretaceous-Third system formed in Himalayan period. The structural evolution of Chepaizi uplift can be divided into three periods: C₃-J, K-E, and N-Q. The structural stress background of the three periods have some differences. This resulted in the significant differences of the fault systems and their geographical depths. In the stage of C₃-J, located in the eastward nappe thrust fold belt, Chepaizi uplift thrust into the east thrust Hongche fault belt without stratigraphic deposition.In the stage of K-E, due to the right-handed rotary pressing and twisting of the Hongche fault belt, Chepaizi salient was pressed onto the top belt of the thrust wedge from the northeast direction. Some of the earlier thrust faults developed successively and sustainably, and some of them stopped developing, while some others developed intermittently and formed a blind thrust. The stratum layouts from northeast to northwest in this period.In the stage of N-Q, due to the northward pressing and uplifting of North Mount Tianshan, Chepaizi salient was pushed into the front uplift belt, and resulted in the occurrence of the negative reversal to some thrust faults. A plenty of normal faults were developed in the stage of N-Q. Affected by the southward inclining salient, the stratum presents thick in the south and thin in the north.

The study to Huangling anticline-Zigui syncline in the Three Gorges area is hot in the field of structure geology. Predecessors thought that it was the result of a later reformation of the east-west structure, and classified it into Qinling orogenic belt. Another focus is whether Xiannü Mountain fault is across Yangtze River or not. To Solve these problems is of great importance for disclose the distribution of the geological disasters in the study area. The authors put forward a new opinion from sedimentology and tectonics based on the predecessors' studies and a lot of field work by the authors. Huangling anticline, Zigui syncline, Dangyang syncline, and Xiannü Mountain fault belong to one unified tectonic system. This is consistent with the formation and evolution of the fracture of the East-West China. Huangling anticline is the characteristics of fracture related fold, Zigui syncline has a foreland flexural basin syncline tectonic attribute, and Xiannü Mountain fault is the characteristics of the transfer fault with undergoing tension at first and compression later,and not going across Yangze River. Impacted by the east-west and south-north structures as well as Zigui syncline's subsidence range, the landslide accumulation areas are formed such as Jiajiadian landslide accumulation area, Bazimen-Xiangjadian landslide accumulation area, and Xingshan landslide accumulation area.

Using FLOW-3D software, basing on the field geological investigation and parameters obtained from indoor simulation, the authors simulated occurrence and development process of a special flood like debris flows which caused by Changbai Mountain volcanic eruption.The process of occurrence can be described as a sudden heavy overflow of a volcanic lake water carrying a large volume loose debris (volcanic lahars deposits) through Tianchi gap quickly rushing down along the north slope.We simulated the influence of the debris flow to Erdaobaihe Town and drew the following conclusions:Under the condition of the debris flow volume of 3.027 billion m³, the town will be completely submerged by mudslides;no matter what kind of debris flow volume,Erdaobaihe Town will be eliminated by a debris flow once the volcano erupt,the escape time is only 30 to 42 minutes for the residents in the town.

Based on the strain-controlled static tri-axial shear apparatus, the authors conducted a series of consolidation un-drained shear tests on manmade soil-rock mixture (S-RM) with different matrix bonding and block proportion by weight (WBP). The difference of the results with various matrix bonding as well as their causes of the difference were studied by a comparative analysis of the stress-strain relationship, pore pressure, effective stress path, and shear strength parameters. The test results show that the failure models of S-RM with different matrix bonding can be classified as shear band and bulge deformation damage. The different matrix bonding causes a big difference on stress-strain relationship and pore pressure. The matrix bonding strongly affects the mechanical behavior of dilation and the strain-softening of S-RM. The effective internal friction angle φ' of different bonding S-RM has a good liner correlation with the dimensionless parameter D₅₀WBP/D₆₀ under the similar conditions of the hardness,shape of rock, and the density of samples. The conclusions drawn from the test were significant and useful for obtaining the strength of a soil-rock mixture with different matrix bonding.

Groundwater dynamic monitoring network in Hetao plain faces the problem of the unreasonable layout of monitoring wells. This limits the further research of the groundwater environment. Through the analysis of the hydrogeology and kriging interpolation, connecting with the actual situation, the shallow groundwater monitoring network in Hetao basin is optimally designed. Geomorphology, lithology, shallow groundwater depth, permeability coefficient, average annual precipitation, average annual evaporation, and groundwater mining modulus are considered to map the groundwater dynamic influence factor zoning. The results show that the optimum monitoring network has 428 wells; and the kriging interpolation error standard deviation of that is 2.53-10.99 m, significantly decreased compared to the former deviation (2.75-27.00 m). It shows that the monitoring precision of the optimized network has made a great progress. In addition, groundwater dynamic monitoring of the key areas such as riparian zone, fault zone, brackish-water interaction zone and drawdown funnel area can be made by the optimum monitoring network. It can also meet the needs of monitoring well density in different areas practically.

The large changes to the temperature and pressure associated with EGS heat exploitation will lead to pronounced changes to the thermo-physical properties of the heat transmission fluid, which will in turn affect the fluid flow and heat transportation inside the EGS subsurface system. It is necessary to establish a variable thermo-physical property EGS model to simulate the EGS heat extraction process and to predict the performance of EGS including its lifetime and capacity. The present work is extended to a previously developed three dimensional EGS heat extraction model with considering the local thermal non-equilibrium between the rock matrix and fluid flowing in the fractures in the porous reservoir, by introducing a module modeling with the property variation of water and supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO₂). The model with fully coupled thermal and hydraulic actions is used to investigate the impacts of thermo-physical properties on the water-EGS heat extraction. It is found that the lifetime of the EGS is 9.0 a under the density effects and 7.5 a under the specific heat capacity effects, indicating that the larger the density and the specific heat capacity of the working fluid possessed are, the shorter the EGS's lifetime is. Under the viscosity effects, the lifetime of the EGS extends to 18.0 a, meaning that the larger the viscosity of the working fluid is, the longer the EGS can be operated. However, the thermal conductivity of working fluid hardly has any effect on the EGS performance. Specially, we compare the heat extraction performance of water-EGS and SCCO₂-EGS. Under a fixed injection pressure, the lifetime of water-EGS is longer than that of SCCO₂-EGS; but the extraction ratio of the former is lower than the latter at the same time instant mainly due to the much higher mass flow rate of the latter in the EGS operation.

Hot dry rock (HDR) is a kind of clean energy with wide distribution and huge resource reserves. At the early stages of HDR development, to predict the hydrothermal production of the site is of great significance. The authors conducted, fracturing simulation,using FRACPRO software based on the geological data of Yingshen-1 well in northern Songliao basin. The geometric features and the conductivity capacity of the resulting hydraulic fractures were imported into a 3-D geological model established with TOUGH2; then the heat transfer process was simulated. The simulation results show that the maximum production rate of the resulting fracture in this area is approximately 8 kg/s. The flow impedance increases from 0.74 MPa/(kg·s) to 2.72 MPa/(kg·s) during 10 years operation. The production temperature dropped 5.5 ℃ after 10 years operation. The calculated average heat production capacity is 2 930 kJ/s. The simulation results indicate that reservoir permeability is enhanced by artificial stimulation, the heat production is stable during the production process. It proves that the stimulation method is reasonable. The methods used to improve the hydrothermal production need further study.

The decomposition of organic matter in terrestrial ecosystem is an important link in the global carbon cycle; however, and the knowledge of this process are still not sufficient. One of the reasons is the lack of a systematical recognition to the changes of microbial community functional diversity during a decomposition of plant litter. Things will get better if the method of BIOLOG micro-plates can be introduced into the initial degradation process of plant litter. Unfortunately, there was no conclusion on how to use this method to the initial degradation, and whether a centrifugal operation should be used during the process of pretreatment. We choose the eluting solution of Beijing birch forest litter as inoculums and consider the effects of centrifugal operation on the BIOLOG micro-plates. The results show that centrifugation can reduce the turbidity (absorbance decreases 0.13) and the interference of color to the solution. At the same time, centrifugation could reduce the measured quantity of microbial communities (AWCD value can be reduced by 0.4). The less the quantity of microbial communities in the sample is, the greater the impact on the functional diversity of soil microbial communities is. Therefore, a specific study target should be the judging basis to determine whether a centrifugation is used for its pretreatment.

In order to find out the distribution characteristics of organic pollutants in typical vegetable fields in Guangzhou, fifteen phthalic acid esters (PAEs), sixteen polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs), and nineteen organochlorine pesticides(OCPs) in twenty nine soil samples, fourteen vegetable samples, and seven water samples from six vegetable fields were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Total contents of the fifteen PAE compounds (∑PAEs) range from 158.0 to 4 321.0 ng/g in all soil samples, from 1 134.0 to 48 576.0 ng/g in all vegetable samples, and from 632.0 to 14 271.0 ng/L in all water samples. For each single PAE compound, concentrations of DiBP, DBP, and DEHP are substantial, and three of them take for 97.5% to 99.1%. Total contents of the sixteen PAH compounds (∑PAHs) range from 28.48 to 1 121.96 ng/g in all soils, from 238.09 to 1 000.61 ng/g in all vegetables, and from 338.21 to 1 239.78 ng/L in all water samples. Total contents of the nineteen OCP compounds (∑OCPs) range from 0.04 to 71.28 ng/g in all soils, from 1.08 to 9.18 ng/g in all vegetable samples. The concentrations of DBP in all the soil samples exceed the control limit of soil PAEs in USA. The soils in Lingshan, Huadong, Huangpu vegetable fields are slightly contaminated by PAHs; while all the soil samples are not polluted by OCPs.

Variational problem of three dimensional gravity vector was deduced to meet the boundary value based on Poisson equation and the third boundary condition, and the solution of variational problem is further implemented by using the finite element method. The results of the cubic model test show that the proposed new coefficient matrix storage strategy is more effective to save storage space than a traditional approach; this, in turn, makes it possible to quickly solve liner equations by using the preconditioned conjugate gradient technology. The calculation precision of the gravity vector is closely related to the boundary length and unit grid; while the computational efficiency mainly depends on the total number of nodes and the algorithm used in solving a large sparse system of linear equation. In general, when the length of unit grid is less than 1/10 of the body length, and the boundary length is greater than 7.5 times of the length of the source, a desired result can be achieved.

The wave analysis is a kind of quantitative approach to basins' sedimentary-tectonic evolution. The authors analyze the mathematical defects of sliding-window method in the process of sedimentary wave analysis. In order to figure out the problems, we take 19 cases to apply the wavelet transform according to the multi-scale decomposition idea. The method is to use db4 wavelet to decompose the deposition rate histogram in level 9. The results show that we can get energy wave(A), second energy wave(n), sedimentary wave(g), and high-frequency wave(l) by using wavelet transform with taking case Dongying sag 616-2 as an example. The period of decomposed waves are 91 Ma (n), 50 Ma (g), 14 Ma (l). In comparison of the waves in the plane, we found that the energy waves reflect the overall depositional trend or the average deposition rate, the secondary energy waves reflect the tectonic cycle and the structure of the rifting basin, the sedimentary waves reflect the sedimentary-denudation evolution controlled by plate convergence, and the sedimentary interference waves present the sedimentary rate curve superimposed by multi-scale waves. Based on the analysis in spatial domain, we found that a period of tectonic movement produced a special structural wave. Geologically speaking, structural overlaps can be inferred from the interference of several structural waves.

Some place in North of China was taken as the study area in this paper. Through the research of typical areas and mineral feature spectrum analysis, by using principal component analysis and band ratio, we extracted surface alterations of ASTER data. At the same time, based on the actual flight data of the aeromagnetic gradient, we interpreted gradient anomaly, achieved deep structure and underground ore body information, and delineated aeromagnetic gradient promising prospective areas. By taking advantage of these two types of data, we built judgment criteria of remote sensing and aeromagnetic gradient information promising prospective areas. Based on this, three first class comprehensive promising prospective areas, three second class comprehensive promising prospective areas, and two third class comprehensive promising prospective areas were delineated. Many field explorations were made. The result proves that our method makes geological survey more quick and accurate.

Using Shuangtaizi estuarine wetland as the research area, and Landsat 8 and HJ-1-A/HJ-1-B remote sensing data as the data sources, this study was conducted for land-cover information extraction. According to the status of the land, the study area was divided into 9 categories, including upland, reed, paddy field, Suaeda, mixed vegetation, water body, beach, residential land, culture pond. First, the study area was divided into vegetation and non-vegetation using the time-series normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Then, the classification rules of vegetation and non-vegetation were extracted based on the rough set theory and on multi-temporal remote sensing data. Finally, a decision tree classification model was established. For the purpose of an accurate evaluation, the maximum likelihood classification was conducted based on the pixels using the same training samples; and the confusion matrix and kappa coefficient were calculated. The results showed that the overall accuracy both of the deeision tree and the maximum likelihood classification reached up to 93.70% and 91.62% with a kappa coefficient of 0.92 and 0.90 respectively. The two evaluation index values were improved. It provided a novel research idea for a wetland classification information extraction based on remote sensing images.

A comprehensive study on three-dimensional (3D) spatial information is highly demanded for a quantitive prediction of mineralization. The difficulties are often confronted in geological feature quantitive expression and deep-seated information extraction. A shortest-distance field generating algorithm in 3D heterogenetic space is developed, which can track back to the shortest path from an object voxel to the source voxel. The algorithm has been used to a copper mine district for its deeper and comprehensive information based on the 3D geological entity model. A shortest-distance field to the intrusive rocks is calculated to analyze the geological problems, such as thermodynamic field and the alteration of surrounding rock in consideration of the roles played by the faults in dividing 3D geological space.