AH36船舶钢激光焊接热源模拟优化与残余应力仿真分析

doi:10.13229/j.cnki.jdxbgxb.20240657

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

针对船舶制造过程中激光焊接的热源狭窄且深长，在提高焊接穿透力和焊接率的同时更容易造成热量聚集和残余应力集中的不足，本文以AH36高强钢为研究对象，通过有限元模拟对激光焊接的熔池形状展开研究，选取并定义10种移动热源形式，分别得出各个热源模型达到稳定焊接状态时的剖面形状图，并将其与激光焊接实际形成的熔池形状进行对照，优选出最适用于对接接头激光焊接的热源模型。此外，通过热力耦合的方式模拟得到激光焊接对接板的焊接变形和残余应力分布，并与试验所得数据进行对比。结果表明，残余应力的有限元仿真结果与试验结果在数值量级及趋势上吻合较好，可以为后续激光焊接工艺优化和激光焊接结构疲劳评估奠定理论基础。

关键词: 激光焊接, 热源模型, AH36高强钢, 残余应力, 疲劳评估, 熔池形状

Abstract:

In shipbuilding， the laser-welding heat source is intrinsically narrow and deep； while this favors penetration depth and travel speed， it also promotes localized heat accumulation and residual-stress concentration. Focusing on AH36 high-strength steel， this study employs finite-element simulation to characterize the melt-pool geometry in laser welding. Ten moving-heat-source patterns are selected and defined； the cross-sectional shapes at steady-state welding are extracted for each model and compared with the actual melt-pool profile observed in laser welds， allowing the optimum heat-source model for butt-joint laser welding to be identified. Furthermore， thermo-mechanical coupling simulations are performed to predict the welding distortion and residual-stress distribution in laser-welded butt plates， and the predictions are validated against experimental measurements. Good agreement is achieved in both magnitude and trend， providing a reliable theoretical basis for subsequent optimization of laser-welding procedures and fatigue assessment of laser-welded structures.

Key words: laser welding, heat source model, AH36 high-strength steel, residual stress, fatigue evaluation, weld pool shape

中图分类号:

U663.9

谌伟,郭嘉兴,殷乐. AH36船舶钢激光焊接热源模拟优化与残余应力仿真分析[J]. 吉林大学学报(工学版), 2026, 56(1): 140-149.

Wei SHEN,Jia-xing GUO,Yue YIN. Simulation optimization of laser welding heat source and residual stress simulation analysis of AH36 marine steel[J]. Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition), 2026, 56(1): 140-149.

图/表 17

表1

组合热源公式"

热源名称	热源密度分布公式
高斯（Gaussian）热源	$q (x, y, z, t) = q 0 ? e x p - 3 (x 2 + y - v t 2) R 2 q 0 = 3 π R 2 ? Q$
高斯旋转体热源	$q (x, y, z, t) = q (0,0) ? e x p - 3 c s l g h z (x 2 + y - v t 2)$
双椭球热源	$q f (x, y, z, t) = 63 f f Q a b c f π 3 / 2 ? e x p - 3 x 2 a 2 + y 2 b 2 + z - v t 2 c f 2 q r (x, y, z, t) = 63 f r Q a b c r π 3 / 2 ? e x p - 3 x 2 a 2 + y 2 b 2 + z - v t 2 c r 2$
双高斯圆柱热源	$q 1 (x, y, z, t) = Q 1 π R 12 h 1 ? e x p - (x 2 + y - v t 2) R 1 2 u z q 2 (x, y, z, t) = Q 2 π R 22 h 2 ? e x p - (x 2 + y - v t 2) R 2 2 u z$
高斯圆柱热源	$q (x, y, z, t) = Q π R 2 h ? e x p - (x 2 + y - v t 2) R 2 u z$
高斯圆锥热源（Ⅰ）	$q (x, y, z, t) = Q π R 2 h ? e x p - (x 2 + y 2 + z - v t 2) R 2 1 - z d$
高斯圆锥热源（Ⅱ）	$q (x, y, z, t) = Q ? e x p - x 2 + z - v t 2 r 0 y 2 r 0 y = r e + r i + r e y i - y e y - y e$
圆锥吸收系数热源	$q (x, y, z, t) = α Q 1 - R r e f l e c t 2 π R 2 ? e x p - (x 2 + y - v t 2) 2 π R 2 - α z$
圆锥光束热源	$q (x, y, z, t) = α Q 1 - R r e f l e c t π σ x σ y ? e x p - x 2 2 σ x 2 - y 2 2 σ y 2 - α z$
抛物线热源	$q (x, y, z, t) = Q ? e x p - 3 x 2 + z - v t 2 r 0 y r 0 y = R ? y + h h$

表1

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表2

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表3

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温度/ ℃	密度/ （kg·m^-3）	弹性模量/ 10⁵ MPa	泊松比	导热系数 /（W·m^-1·℃^-1）	热膨胀系数/℃	比热容 /（J·kg^-1·℃^-1）	屈服强度/MPa
22	7 880	2.10	0.27	50	1.15	480	400
100	7 880	2.00	0.27	45	1.20	500	340
200	7 880	2.00	0.28	40	1.30	520	315
400	7 800	1.70	0.28	36	1.42	650	230
600	7 760	0.80	0.29	34	1.45	750	110
800	7 600	0.35	0.30	25	1.45	1 000	30
1 000	7 520	0.20	0.31	26	1.45	1 200	25
1 200	7 390	0.15	0.32	28	1.45	1 400	20
1 400	7 300	0.10	0.32	57	1.45	1 600	18
1 550	7 250	0.10	0.32	67	1.45	1 700	15
1 800	7 180	0.10	0.32	215	1.45	1 770	10
2 000	7 180	0.10	0.32	280	1.45	1 800	10

热源类型	XY剖面	热源类型	XY剖面
高斯热源		高斯圆锥热源（Ⅰ）
高斯旋转体热源		高斯圆锥热源（Ⅱ）
双椭球热源		圆锥吸收系数热源
高斯圆柱热源		圆锥光束热源
双高斯圆柱热源		抛物线热源
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