In order to clarify the evolution model and controlling factors of distribution of volcanic rocks in the southwestern Enping sag, Pearl River Mouth basin, based on the datasets of the target area and adjacent area, the lithological and lithofacies characteristics are identified with thin section and logging firstly, then the volcanic edifice characteristics are identified with well and seismic datasets, finally, the genesis of volcanic rocks are identified with geochemical data. The results show that basalt-dominated volcanic rocks developed in southwestern Enping sag. Through drilling data, four types of volcanic rock are identified, namely hyaloclastite, massive basalt, amygdaloid basalt, and hydrothermal breccia. The Cenozoic volcanic rocks in the study area are divided into two kinds of lithofacies and four kinds of subfacies：Volcanic conduit facies （including hidden breccia subfacies）, effusive facies （including hyaloclastic rock subfacies, tabular lava flow subfacies, and braid lava flow subfacies）. At the same time, four eruption periods are identified based on sedimentary rock interfaces, and volcanic crater-near volcanic crater, proximal volcanic facies belts, middle-distance and distal volcanic facies belts are divided according to each period. Volcanic reservoirs are complex, and the physical properties of volcanic conduits-near volcanic crater and proximal volcanic facies belts are relatively good. The basaltic magma of different stages in the research area was formed by the separation and crystallization of homologous mantle derived magma. The magma chamber is located in the lower crust and has undergone strong crustal assimilation and mixing. According to the seismic data, it is identified that the fault in the study area is characterized by two phases of activity. The Pearl River Formation is NEE-NE trending in the sedimentary period, and the Hanjiang Formation is NWW-NW trending in the sedimentary period up to now. The origin of the magma is associated with deep-seated faults. The NW sinistral strike-slip component induces a weak leftward rotation in the volcanic facies, gradually transforming its shape from a straight line into an inverse S-curve.

Numerical simulation of seismic wave fields is crucial for seismic exploration, seismic data processing, and the study of Earth’s structures. The wave equation numerical simulation method takes into account the dynamic and geometric characteristics of seismic wave propagation, providing a solid theoretical basis for studying the mechanism of seismic wave propagation and interpreting complex geological structures. It is currently one of the most widely used methods for simulating seismic wave fields. This article surveys five wave equation-based numerical simulation methods: The finite difference method is easy to understand, but suffers from numerical dispersion issues; The pseudo spectral method offers high accuracy but low efficiency; The finite element method is suitable for complex models but requires substantial computational resources; The spectral element method is appropriate for high-precision problems but demands significant computational memory; And the deep learning method based on physics-informed neural networks demonstrates strong adaptability, though it comes with high training costs. The theoretical foundations, applicable conditions, and latest advancements of these five numerical simulation methods are described respectively. In the future, seismic wave field numerical simulation methods should integrate cutting-edge technologies such as deep learning, optimize boundary conditions to simulate actual boundary reflections, and enhance the precision and efficiency of simulations.

Numerical simulation technology has emerged as a crucial tool for exploring geodynamic processes. This paper reviews the current applicationsof numerical simulations in geodynamics, focusing on key methods, algorithms, and codes, with outlining future development prospects. By discretizing continuous equations and employing numerical algorithms, these simulations efficiently model geological processes and predict dynamic changes in the Earth’s system. The paper systematically discusses the principles, characteristics, and applicable conditions for mainstream numerical methods, including the finite element method, finite difference method, boundary element method, and finite volume method. It explores the finite element method for simulating tectonic stress fields and fault dynamics, the finite difference method for seismic wave propagation, and the boundary element and finite volume methods for fault mechanics and pore fluid flow. A comparative analysis highlights the strengths and weaknesses of each method, indicating that coupling various numerical methods is a key future direction in geodynamics. Furthermore, this paper anticipates the growing significance of numerical simulation technology in Earth system scientific research, propelled by advancements in high-performance computing and the era of big data.

 Dinosterol, also known as dinoflagellate sterol, is an important component of cell membrane lipids of dinoflagellate. As a biomarker of dinoflagellate, dinosterol is featured by high source specificity, structural stability, and resistance to degradation. It widely distributed in various sedimentary environments, such as oceans and lakes as well as peat, and this compound effectively records paleoenvironmental information from different geological periods. Currently, dinosterol and its hydrogen isotope composition have been used to reconstruct past ecological and environmental changes. The application of dinosterol provides a new perspective for understanding past climate and environmental changes and ecosystem responses. Therefore, dinosterol has become one of the key biomarkers in marine and lake paleoenvironmental reconstruction studies in recent years. Based on this, this paper first introduced the structure, biological sources, and distribution characteristics of dinosterol in marine and lake environments. It briefly outlined and compared several purification methods of dinosterol, and then explained the principles underlying its use in reconstructing paleoenvironments and paleoclimates. Furthermore, the paper summarized the paleoenvironmental implications of dinosterol, particularly its content in reconstructing paleoproductivity and its hydrogen isotope ratios in reconstructing salinity and precipitation. Accordingly, the paper also presented future considerations for dinosterol in paleoenvironmental reconstruction studies, such as the specific biological sources of dinosterol and the impact of environmental factors on dinosterol.

Digital rock technology enables the precise digital characterization of core samples and facilitates the study of microscale rock physical properties through numerical simulations. Unconventional reservoir rocks display distinct features across various scales, and multiscale imaging technology can capture the rock’s microstructure at resolutions ranging from sub-nanometer to millimeter levels. However, single-resolution scanning methods fail to resolve cross-scale structural information, making the development of multiscale, multiresolution, and multicomponent digital rock models crucial to overcoming this limitation. Existing multiscale digital rock modeling methods can be broadly categorized into two main approaches: image fusion modeling, which relies on mixed overlays, template matching and deep learning, and pore network integration modeling, which incorporates explicit micropore networks, additional throat networks, and fracture systems. The image fusion approach accurately represents the three-dimensional distribution of pores and minerals across various scales and supports multiphysics simulations. However, its computational efficiency constrains its ability to manage large-scale discrepancies in hybrid modeling. Conversely, the pore network integration approach allows for modeling across multiple contiguous scales, requires less storage space, and offers high numerical simulation efficiency, although it is limited to certain physical properties. Moreover, digital rock workflows still face challenges, such as the precise extraction of minerals and the determination of suitable representative elementary volumes. Future research should focus on optimizing models using experimental data, studying physical properties as needed, and integrating homogenization and equivalent theory modeling to develop specific application systems that enhance well-logging interpretation and hydrocarbon reservoir development.

A great number of sediment-hosted Cu-Pb-Zn deposits, including the ultra-large Uragen Pb-Zn deposit and the large Sareke Cu deposit, are found in the Meso-Cenozoic sedimentary basins (Kuzigongsu basin, Wulu-Wuqia basin, Keping basin and Kuqa basin) within the southwest Tianshan orogeny. These basins compose a significant base mental metallogenic belt in NW China. Numerous studies suggest that those deposits mainly include three types: The conglomerate-hosted Cu deposits, the sandstone-hosted Pb-Zn deposits, and the sandstone-hosted Cu deposits. Based on the main geological characteristics of each deposit type, this paper summarizes the research progress concerning the ore-forming ages, nature and source of the ore-forming fluids, and material source (metals and S). Results indicate that the conglomerate-hosted Cu deposits were formed at the end of the Early Cretaceous during the basin tectonic transition. The sandstone-hosted Pb-Zn and Cu deposits were formed in the Late Miocene and were both closely related to large retrograde thrust tectonics. The ore-forming fluid of conglomerate-hosted Cu deposits dominated by organic fluids, the sandstone-hosted Pb-Zn deposits by basin brine, and sandstone-hosted Cu deposits by a mixture of organic fluids and basin brine, with atmospheric precipitation contributing to the ore-forming process. The orogenic zone materials and the sedimentary sulfate are the main sources of metals and S for all deposit types in this region. This paper suggests enhancing research on the ore-forming age of sandstone-hosted Cu deposits, mineralization of the sandstone-hosted Pb-Zn deposits, and comparative study with newly discovered marine sandstone-hosted Cu deposits.

During the Early Eocene-Early Oligocene rifting period, the Zhuyi depression in the Pearl River Mouth basin mainly experienced acts Ⅰ and Ⅱ of the Zhu-Qiong movement and developed the Wenchang and Enping Formations. Xijiang sag is located in the west of Zhuyi depression. Panyu 4 sag is a proven hydrocarbon-rich depression, while Xijiang main sag and Xijiang 36 sag are not well explored. Based on the latest 3D seismic data and interpretation results, combined with limited drilling data, this paper systematically analyzes the sag structure, fault activity, migration of subsidence center and distribution of depositional system during the Wenchang period and Enping period. It is found that the tectonic transformation during the rift period is mainly reflected in the regular changes of sag structure, fault system, and the migration of subsidence center during the Early Wenchang, Late Wenchang and Enping periods. The migration of the depositional center is consistent with the subsidence center. The subfacies of semi-deep lake and deep lake were developed in the Early and Late Wenchang period, and the depositional center moved southwestern. The depositional center shifted to the north side of Xijiang sag in Enping period. Under the background of clockwise rotation of regional extensional stress direction, the activation of NW trending pre-existing faults in Wenchang led to the transformation of sag structure, fault activity and subsidence center, which controlled the distribution of the depositional system. The tectonic transformation and depositional system distribution of Xijiang depression have a certain significance for searching lacustrine source rocks and hydrocarbon-rich sag in the deep part of Zhuyi depression.

 Volcanic facies is the sum of volcanic material eruption type, transport mode, emplacement environment and state. The classification of volcanic facies is the basis for characterizing the distribution of volcanic rocks in a basin and searching for favorable volcanic reservoirs, which plays an important role in the exploration of volcanic oil and gas in a basin. Based on the “lithology, petrofabric and petrogenesis” of volcanic rocks, a classification scheme of “5 facies and 15 subfacies” of volcanic rocks in the basin was established, which greatly promoted the exploration process of deep volcanic rocks in China basins. At present, the largescale volcanic oil and gas exploration in basins in China has gone through a course of more than 20 years, and with the indepth exploration, the lithofacies classification scheme has been improved and enriched: For the intermediatemafic volcanic lava, the intermediatemafic effusive lava flow facies has been established, and three subfacies have been divided into braided lava flow unit, tabular lava flow unit and the lava dome. Aiming at subaqueous volcanic eruption in lacustrine basin, three subfacies and facies models of subaqueous volcanic eruption phase, gassupported hot pyroclastic flow subfacies, waterlaid density current subfacies and subaqueous fallout subfacies are established. A new classification scheme of “7 facies and 21 subfacies” was formed. In the intermediatemafic volcanic lava facies, the braided lava flow subfacies has the best development conditions, followed by the hyaloclastic rock subfacies and the tabular lava flow subfacies. Gassupported hot pyroclastic flow subfacies control the spatial distribution of effective reservoirs in the subaqueous volcanic eruption facies. The establishment of the intermediatemafic effusive lava flow facies overcomes the difficulty in characterizing the subfacies of the basic lava due to the thin monolayer thickness and the difficulty in drilling and seismic characterization. The establishment of subaqueous volcanic explosive facies has realized the accurate characterization of volcanic facies in different eruptive environments of sedimentary basins from land to subaqua. The establishment of the two lithofacies provides a basis for further exploration of the reservoir development law in the intermediatemafic effusive development area and the subaqueous volcanic eruption pyroclastic rock development area and searching for favorable reservoirs.

Heilongjiang Yongxin gold deposit is located at the intersection of the Xing’an and Songnen blocks in the eastern section of the Xingmeng orogenic belt. It is a large-scale gold deposit newly discovered. In order to in-depth explore the metallogenic potential of the periphery and depth of the Yongxin gold deposit, based on the analysis of typical deposits, audio-frequency magnetotelluric sounding and combined gravity and magnetic profiles, the three-dimensional geological modeling software Creatar XModeling was used to construct three geological model models of the region and the deposit. The three-dimensional morphology of the main ore-controlling geological bodies was depicted, and the deep structural geological characteristics of the area, the spatial distribution characteristics of the ore bodies, and the relationship with geological elements were revealed. Then, using the cube prediction model prospecting method, according to the weight of evidence method, multi-source information such as geology and geophysics of the study area was fused, eight deep prospecting prediction targets were delineated. The drilling verification of some of these deep targets area obtained multiple mineralization information, which verified the accuracy and reliability of this deep prediction, indicating significant metallogenic potential in the deep part of the study area.

 With the improvement of spatial resolution of optical remote sensing images and the enrichment of acquisition channels, optical remote sensing images has become an efficient technological method to achieve intelligent interpretation of land features. Due to the powerful feature extraction ability of convolutional neural networks (CNN) and the demand of road information in many fields, road extraction methods based on CNN have become a current research hotspot. In view of this, this paper summarizes the road extraction method based on CNN from four aspects: Improvement of shape features, improvement of connectivity, improvement of multiscale features and improvement of extraction strategy according to the relevant research literature in recent years. Then, we describe typical road occlusion cases and use classical CNNs to analyze and validate the current technical difficulties at the level of limitations of sample labels. Finally, the development trends of road extraction from remote sensing images are outlooked from four aspects, namely, multisource data synergy, sample library construction, weakly supervised modeling and domainadaptive learning.

As China’s industrialization advances, the demand for molybdenum continues to grow, leading to an expansion in mining and a corresponding increase in molybdenum tailings. These tailings not only occupy significant land but also pose environmental risks, such as pollution and geological hazards like dam breaks and debris flows. Despite these challenges, molybdenum tailings remains a valuable resource, rich in minerals with promising potential for comprehensive utilization. This paper analyzes the distribution of molybdenum ore resources and the composition characteristics of molybdenum tailings, highlighting the necessity and feasibility of their comprehensive use. It introduces the recovery of valuable minerals, including feldspar, calcite, molybdenum, tungsten, and iron from molybdenum tailings, and reviews their applications in construction, agriculture, mine filling and other aspects. While recoverying valuable metals does not fully address the surplus of molybdenum tailings, large-scale applications in building materials and tailings filling are possible. However, the effectiveness of these materials depends on performance metrics such as strength, wear resistance, and durability, while agricultural applications must also mitigate heavy metal pollution.

 The asbestos composition and distribution, spatial migration and transformation of involved heavy metals, and their effects on microbial community structure and biodiversity in the soil surroundings in the Xiaobabao asbestos tailings ponds in Qilian County, Qinghai Province were investigated in this study, aiming at understanding the risk of asbestos pollution to soil environment and providing technical support for further treatment and mitigation of asbestos pollution. The results of investigations showed that the major mineral components in the field soil include quartz, clinochlore, serpentine, ferropargasite and albite and so on. Serpentine was identified as the representative mineral of asbestos. The results indicated that different spatial distribution of variouslysourced heavy metals along both vertical and longitudinal profiles across the site; The distribution trend of CaO was closely related to the serpentine minerals along these typical profiles. The spatial distribution of Cr showed a similar pattern with asbestos; The mass fraction of Cr exceeded the risk control value for soil contamination of construction land (78 mg/kg), especially in the asbestos tailings slag where the mass fraction of Cr greatly exceeded the risk control level. The asbestos stress reduced biodiversity of the local soil, leading to a great impact on soil microbial community structure. 

In order to explore the influence of different evaluation units on the assessment of regional landslide susceptibility, the landslide susceptibility of Yunyang County in Chongqing, a typical county in the Three Gorges reservoir area, was studied based on grid units and slope units. Twenty-two evaluation factors such as elevation, slope and curvature were selected. Combined with 988 historical landslide data in the study area, slope units were extracted from 30 m×30 m raster data, and geospatial databases of landslide impact factors were established based on slope units and grid units. The landslide susceptibility model was constructed by random forest and Bayesian optimization algorithm to evaluate the landslide susceptibility in the study area. The results indicate that the susceptibility assessment can be divided into five levels: low, moderately low, medium, moderately high, and high. In the landslide susceptibility model based on the grid units, the three factors of elevation, distance from the road and slope contribute greatly to the landslide occurrence. In the model based on slope units, the three factors of INDV (normalized difference vegetation index ), profile curvature and plane curvature contribute greatly to the landslide occurrence. The landslide density of both models increases with the increase of susceptibility level. Compared with grid units, slope units can better explain the relationship between terrain, and the landslide susceptibility model with slope units （AUC=0.744） as the minimum evaluation unit is more accurate than grid units （AUC=0.714）.

The roaming function is widely used in the fields of digital earth, virtual reality and simulation. Previous researches mostly focused on desktop applications under client/server(C/S) structure. This paper constructs a virtual Earth based on Cesium, an open-source 3D geography framework on the Web side under browser/server(B/S) structure and designs three different roaming algorithms: conventional algorithm, callback function algorithm and Lagrange interpolation algorithm. Then, the tilting photography model of downtown Chongqing was successfully loaded on the virtual Earth’s surface to realize the roaming functions of the three different algorithms. Finally, the effectiveness of the three algorithms was compared in terms of frames per second (FPS) and network latency (NL). The results show that the average FPS in the first 50 s for conventional algorithm, callback function algorithm and Lagrange interpolation algorithm are 70, 74 and 80 Hz, respectively; The average NL in the first 50 s for conventional algorithm, callback function algorithm and Lagrange interpolation algorithm are 14.145, 13.166 and 12.419 ms, respectively. In terms of FPS, callback function algorithm is 5.714% higher than conventional algorithm, while Lagrange interpolation algorithm is 14.286% higher than conventional algorithm. In terms of NL, callback function algorithm is 6.921% shorter than conventional algorithm, while Lagrange interpolation algorithm is 12.202% shorter than conventional algorithm. Overall, the final order of the three algorithms’ running efficiency from largest to smallest is: Lagrange interpolation algorithm, callback function algorithm, and conventional algorithm. Namely, callback function algorithm and Lagrange interpolation algorithm have certain improvements compared with conventional algorithm in the process of roaming, and Lagrange interpolation algorithm can achieve the most efficient and smooth operation and rendering effects.

 Cap rocks are  of great significance for effective reservoir characterization, reservoir quality assessment, and oil and gas reservoir development. The existing marine seismic prediction methods mainly focus on reservoirs, lacking research and analysis on the spatial distribution of cap rocks. It is urgent to establish a pre-stack seismic inversion prediction method for marine oil and gas cap rocks to provide technical support for the seismic prediction of marine oil and gas cap rocks. Therefore, this paper proposes a pre-stack seismic prediction method for marine cap rock facies and physical property parameters based on rock physics constraints, and conducts an in-depth study on the seismic description of  marine cap rock facies and physical property parameters. First, through the rock physics analysis of marine strata, the marine oil and gas cap rock facies and physical property sensitive elastic parameters are optimized. Secondly, based on the rock physics model, the seismic reflection coefficient equation and elastic impedance equation directly characterized by the lithofacies sensitive parameters and physical property parameters are derived respectively, providing technical support for the seismic characterization of the spatial distribution of the marine cap rock facies and the seismic prediction of the physical property parameters. In order to solve the problem of unstable inversion results caused by the correlation between model parameters, the singular value decomposition method is used to realize the decorrelation of model parameters in the seismic prediction process, and the inversion objective functions of sensitive elastic parameters and physical parameters of   marine cap rocks  are derived respectively under the framework of Bayesian inversion theory. This method is applied to actual data to verify the rationality and effectiveness of the pre-stack seismic inversion prediction method for marine oil and gas cap rocks. The results show that the Poisson impedance prediction accuracy can reach 95%, and the porosity prediction accuracy can reach 85%.

In recent years, the Mesozoic clastic oil and gas reservoirs in the southern margin of  Junggar basin have made breakthroughs and become an important exploration field in the basin. Mesozoic strata generally contain gypsum, so the lithology optimization of gypsum-bearing strata is the key to reservoir evaluation. In order to improve the accuracy of lithology identification in this area and correct the reservoir curves of gypsum-bearing strata,  the response characteristics of logging curves of different lithologies based on petrophysical experiments is analyzed, and it is found  that the gypsum-bearing strata will lead to the decrease of compensated neutron value, the decrease of acoustic time difference and the increase of resistivity. The gypsum lithology is identified by logging. The Monte Carlo numerical simulation method is proposed to simulate the compensated neutron logging formation under the conditions of different porosity and different gypsum volume fraction in gypsiferous sandstone. A correction model of the compensated neutron porosity curve is established, and the fine division of lithology is finally realized. The coincidence rate between the interpreted lithology and the thin section analysis reaches 88.2%.

 Compared with the frequency domain electromagnetic method, the transient electromagnetic method can effectively distinguish between  air waves and seafloor electromagnetic response, which has a good application prospect in the shallow offshore oil and gas reservoir detection. The geological conditions of offshore area are generally more complicated, and there are strong cut terrain and complex structures,  making the electromagnetic field response characteristics become extremely complex. These problems will bring great difficulties to the data interpretation work. In this paper, based on the timedomain finite element method (FEM), the unstructured mesh is used to dissect the complex geological model. By constructing the timedomain finite element equations and combining the long wire source approximation technique with dipole discretization and the backward Euler discretization technique, the threedimensional forward modeling  simulation of   electromagnetic transient with  electrical source in shallow sea  area under  complex geological conditions is realized. After verifying the accuracy of the algorithm, the influence of different seawater depths on  air waves and the target body of  seafloor  oil and gas reservoir is analyzed through the threedimensional forward modeling  of the complex geological model. Based on these results, the influence of different surrounding rock resistivity and seafloor  topography on the resolution of the target body of  oil and gas reservoir is further analyzed.  The results show that under shallow sea conditions, the pulse response is greatly affected by air waves, while the step response is less affected by air waves. As the depth increases, the influence of air waves  decreases, and the resolution of oil and gas reservoirs also decreases. The electrical resistivity of surrounding rocks and the complex seafloor topopraphy  have a serious impact on the transient electromagnetic properties of electrical sources.

 Transient electromagnetic inversion is a complex nonlinear problem with highdimensional nonconvexity. The traditional BP neural network can effectively alleviate the overfitting phenomenon for transient electromagnetic inversion. However, the BP method has the disadvantage of converges slowly and easily falls into local optimum. In order to solve these problems, an approach based on wavelet packet denoising (WPD) and genetic algorithm (GA) to optimize BP neural network (WPDGABP) was proposed and applied to transient electromagnetic inversion. A wavelet packet denoising method based on hard threshold and Db13 was used to reduce noise signal from observed magnetic field data. And a sample collection strategy was proposed to remove redundant features. Additionally, the global GA algorithm was introduced to optimize the BP initial weight, which improved the learning ability and solution accuracy for BP. Finally, based on the 1D transient electromagnetic forward theory with center loop source, a layered geoelectric model was established, and then inversion was performed after WPD processing, in which the inversion results by GABP algorithm were compared with that of the traditional Occam, BP, particle swarm optimizationBP (PSOBP) and differential evolutionBP (DEBP). The results of theoretical model and measured examples show that the proposed method is superior to others algorithm in the accuracy, stability and higher forward data fitting ability, which can be effectively applied to the inversion interpretation for electromagnetic exploration.

 Among the Mesozoic volcanic rocks along the southeast coast of China, Middle Jurassic rocks are seldom reported, yet they hold significant importance for understanding Mesozoic magmatic activities and tectonic evolution in this region. The Shaowu basaltic andesite, exposed in the southeast of the Jiangshao fault zone, provides an ideal opportunity for study. This paper systematically presents petrological, zircon UPb geochronological, LuHf isotopic, wholerock geochemistry and SmNd isotopic analyses of the basaltic andesite, indicating an eruption age of (161.0±2.0) Ma. The isotopic data shows that all samples are characterized by εHf(t) values ranging from -14.33 to -10.41 and low εNd(t) values between -9.2-8.4. The geochemical results shows high w(Al2O3)  and w(Na2O) contents, along with low levels of w(MgO) and w(TFe2O3) etc. The total rare earth elements (REE) content is low, with chondritenormalized REE patterns showing LREE enrichment and weak Eu negative anomalies. Furthermore, large ion lithophile elements such as Rb, Ba and K are enriched, while the high field strength elements such as Nb, Ta, Ti and P are relatively depleted. The geochemical and petrological characteristics of the basaltic andesite imply that it originated from partial melting of a metasomatic mantle wedge, underwent certain crystallization differentiation, and formed in an intraplate tectonic environment. Based on previous studies on regional tectonicmagmatic activities, it is proposed that Pacific subducted plate retreat and tearing, resulting in encroachment of mantlederived magma and the replacement of ancient crustderived rocks, occurred amidst local extension within the broader compressional background of the southeastern coast of China during the Middle Jurassic.

 In order to improve the signaltonoise ratio (SNR) of ground penetrating radar (GPR) data and reduce the random diffraction energy caused by random perturbation, twodimensional variational mode decomposition (2DVMD) is introduced into the noise reduction processing of 2D GPR data. First, the GPR data is processed by 2DVMD, and the intrinsic mode function (IMF) components and their corresponding frequency and wave number spectra are analyzed to determine the type of each echo showed in the radar profile. Then, the crosscorrelation coefficients between the IMF components and the original data are calculated to determine the signal mode and noise mode, and the signal mode is reconstructed to obtain data after noise reduction. Synthetic and practical data tests demonstrate that compared with the traditional 1DVMD method, the peak SNR of the forward recording with noise after 2DVMD filtering increases from 6.44 dB to 7.72 dB. The newly developed method can get significantly improvement on the SNR of GPR data, and obtain radar profiles with better event continuity.

Under the natural conditions, there is the dynamic balance between the groundwater and sea in the coastal region. However, the overexploitation of groundwater causes the imbalance between them, which also induces the various of environmental problems. The analysis methods of traditional time series cannot accurately reveal the dynamic variation characteristic in both time and frequency domains, while wavelet analysis methods provide convenient way to explore the dynamic variation characteristics and external influence factors of groundwater. The continuous wavelet transform and wavelet coherence analysis are used to analyze the time series data of groundwater level in three monitoring wells and precipitation in Rizhao area during the interval of 19962015. The results show that: The periodic characteristics of groundwater level variation in different aquifer categories are different. The groundwater level in Dishui monitoring well (pore water of shallow loose rocks) shows periodic variation characteristics which are one year, 45 a and 11 a. The groundwater level in Earthquake Bureau of Juxian well (bedrock fissure water) and Dongguan High School well (carbonate fissure karst water) show the periodic variation of 11 a  and the strong tendency of 14 a. The precipitation in Rizhao area shows several different periodic variations, including one year, 45 a, 11 a and the strong tendency of 14 a.  The periodic variation of precipitation in Rizhao area is the important influence factor on the variation of groundwater level which show the periodic variation of one year and several years.  The lag time between the groundwater change and the variation of precipitation in different aquifer type is different, which is the main reason for the diversity characteristic of groundwater level periodic variation in different aquifer type. 

This paper combines L-S thermoelasticity with acoustoelasticity based on  continuum mechanics and analysis process of rational extended thermodynamics to establish the basic framework of L-S thermoacoustoelasticity, including four components: kinematics, mechanics and thermodynamics, constitutive equations and evolution equations, and fundamental field equations. In the kinematic part, Lagrangian description and Eulerian description are distinguished, as well as three different states and configurations, while two types of transition processes from the natural state to the initial state are defined for the case of thermoacoustoelasticity; In the mechanics and thermodynamics part, the laws of conservation of mass, conservation of momentum, conservation of angular momentum, conservation of energy, and the entropy production inequality are given, which lead to the limitations of classical irreversible thermodynamics; In the part of the constitutive equations and evolution equations, the principle of extended irreversible thermodynamics is introduced, and the constitutive equations and evolution equations of thermoacoustoelasticity from the natural state to the initial state and those from the initial state to the final state are derived based on the process of rational extended thermodynamics, taking heat flux as the constitutive independent variable and considering the correlation of heat flux with strain and temperature; In the last part, the equations of motion and the first-order velocity-stress- heat flux-temperature differential equations for numerical simulations are given.

The eco-geological environment quality shows the overall situation of regional geological action and ecological spatial distribution. In order to provide the basis for the ecological protection and restoration of the southwest coastal areas of Malaysia of the north coast   of Malacca Strait and the investment and construction of “One Belt and One Road”, GIS technology and hierarchical analysis method are combined. Based on the data set of Malaysia basic geology and geological disaster remote sensing geological application and mapping project results, the eco-geological environment quality evaluation index system of the southwest coastal area of Malaysia along the north coast of  Malacca Strait was constructed and comprehensively evaluated. Through the analysis of the results, the eco-geological environment quality of the study area was divided into four grades: excellent, good, medium and poor. The area of excellent and good area was larger, which was 2 753.31 km2 and 2 960.33 km2, respectively, accounting for 34.19% and 36.76% of the total area of the study area, and mainly distributed in the hilly areas of the northern coastal plain. The medium and poor districts are 1 702.72 km2 and 618.57 km2, accounting for 21.37% and 7.68% of the total area of the research area, respectively, and are mainly distributed in southern Sembilan central , Selangor and northern Malacca. According to the evaluation results, the eco-geological environment quality of this area is good on the whole. The  excellent area and good area account for 70.00% of the total area of the study area. The medium  area and poor area are mainly restricted by the stratigraphic structure and ecological conditions, so it is necessary to carry out environmental protection and ecological restoration according to specific problems.

 In order to study the surrounding rock load calculation method suitable for horizontal layered surrounding rock tunnel and guide the actual tunnel construction, the paper adopts the method of theoretical derivation and the numerical simulation loadstructure calculation model to optimize the excavation method and the initial supporting parameters of horizontal layered surrounding rock tunnel. The results show that: 1) Rock beam structure will be formed when the vault of horizontal layered rock tunnel collapses. Based on this, a revised method for the calculation formula of vertical load in horizontal layered rock tunnel is proposed. 2) Based on the mechanical balance and stability analysis model of the face and taking into account the effect of collapsing vault rock beams, the ultimate thickness of horizontal layered sandstone and mudstone rock beams in the working area of inclined shaft No. 1 of Tongchuan tunnel is calculated to be 1.7 and 2.3 m, respectively. When the rock layer thickness is greater than the ultimate thickness, the rock beams can replace the advance support to strengthen the vault; At the same time, the construction method of surrounding rock Ⅲ and Ⅳ is calculated and analyzed, and the results show that the stability coefficient of the face of the whole section method instead of the original step method still meets the standard requirements. 3) After optimizing the initial supporting parameters of Ⅲb, Ⅳa and Ⅳb types in the inclined shaft working area of Tongchuan tunnel No. 1, the maximum spacing of steel supports is 1.8, 1.6 and 1.6 m, respectively, and the corresponding safety factors of the most unfavorable section are 1.65, 1.63 and 1.57, which are all greater than the safety factor control standard in the code.

To study the lithofacies types and reservoir characteristics of gas-bearing shale in the Upper Permian Dalong Formation in western Hubei area, the drilling cores of Endi 2 Well were taken as the research object and analyzed by whole rock X-ray diffraction, organic carbon content, vitrinite reflectance, kerogen microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, carbon dioxide and nitrogen physical adsorption experiments, shale gas content and trace elements. The results show that the main lithofacies types of the Permian Dalong Formation in western Hubei include siliceous rocks, clayey siliceous rocks and mixed siliceous rocks, and the clayey siliceous lithofacies has the highest average organic carbon content. The shale of Dalong Formation has multiple pore types. Micropores and mesopores contribute to the main pore volume and specific surface area of shale. High organic carbon and clay mineral content are conducive to the accumulation of shale gas and the establishment of micro-pore system (pore size < 50 nm) in shale, and the adsorbed gas in micropores and mesopores is an important part of the total gas content. This paper established the evaluation criteria of Permian Dalong Formation shale in western Hubei based on gas content and TOC. The results show that clayey siliceous lithofacies and mixed siliceous lithofacies are Ⅱ1 class advantageous lithofacies types, siliceous lithofacies are Ⅱ2 class advantageous lithofacies types, and the 1 241.0-1 250.4 m section of Endi 2 Well is the “sweet section” of shale gas. The relationship between trace elements and organic carbon content of shale shows that the high organic matter content of Dalong Formation is the joint result of high productivity and water reduction environment, and the high ancient productivity is the main reason for the enrichment of organic matter.

 There is no rapid and satisfactory method to analysis the accumulation area of debris flow as involved complex factors including trigger conditions, provenance, topography and so on. Based on the principle of Laharz, this work proposed a modified statistical model based on the local regional debris flow sample data, and the modified ArcGIS toolbox. Taking Yangjiawan creek, Wuxi County，Chongqing City as an example, this modified Laharz model was used to simulate the debris flow accumulation area under different rainfall return periods. The results show: 1) The fitting accuracy (SSE, RMSE and R2) of Laharz model is significantly improved by modifying the parameters. 2) Based on the DEM and the source volume calculated by field survey, the accumulation ranges of debris flow under different rainfall return periods (10，20, 50,100 a) can be quickly analyzed by using Laharz toolbox in ArcGIS. 3) FLO2D software was used to verify the results of modified Laharz model. The both Laharz and FLO2D basedaccumulation ranges are basically coincident, the error rate of punching distance, accumulation width and area are 10.00 %, 15.00 % and 20.00 % respectively, and the simulation results of Laharz modified model are closer consistent with the field survey results. The modified Laharz model provides a fast and effective method to analysis the accumulation ranges of debris flow, which can provide reference for hazard range prediction of debris flow.

 The sedimentary and metamorphic ages of the Jinshuikou Group in the East Kunlun orogenic belt has been controversial. In this paper, the zircon UPb geochronology and LuHf isotope of amphibolite in Jinshuikou Group in Gouli area, Dulan County, Qinghai Province were studied by LAICPMS technique. The results  show that the ages of detrital zircons in amphiboliterange from 2.1 to 2.0 Ga, with the youngest detrital zircons dating to 1 829 Ma；The upper intersection age of metamorphic zircons is (1 905±300) Ma, although with a large error. However, this implies a lengthy deposition time for the Jinshuikou Group, not extending beyond the Early Mesoproterozoic. Therefore, this study proposes a deposition time of about 1 800 Ma for the Jinshuikou Group. The detrital zircons with ages of 2 100 Ma are characterized by granulite facies metamorphic zircon. Metamorphic zircon ages are concentrated between 450 and 420 Ma, with a weighted average age of 12 points is (444.3±5.3) Ma (Early Paleozoic), consistent with the age of regional anatexis in the East Kunlun orogenic belt in response to the subduction and amalgamation of the ProtoTethys Ocean. The zircon 176Lu/177Hf values are low, the εHf (t) values of metamorphic zircons are -35.41-3.75, and the TDM2 is between 3 6411 666 Ma. The source rock materials are the product of ancient crustal recycling. The εHf (t) values of the Proterozoic detrital zircons are -2.9825.58, and the TDM2 is between 2 833920 Ma. The source area is the continental crust from the depleted mantle, which is similar to the Archean TTG rock series, suggesting that the TTG rock series of Altyn block provides some material sources to Jinshuikou Group. The Jinshuikou Group was deposited on the active continental margin or the initial rift basin, while the Binggou Group and Wanbaogou Group, the upper sedimentary cover, were deposited on the shallow sea shelf, with a continuous deposition process.

In order to analyze the Mesozoic-Cenozoic tectonic transition and its significance for oil and gas distribution in the southern Jizhong depression， based on seismic data, geological structure characteristics, structure evolution and tectonic transfer of the southern Jizhong depression are analyzed, at the same time, the geological significance for petroleum exploration are discussed. The study shows the differences in the geological structure and evolution on the two sides of the Hengshui accommodation zone (HAZ). The northern part of the HAZ is characterized by a half-graben controlled by double detachment faults with opposite dips, and the southern part of the HAZ is characterized by a compound half-graben controlled by a single detachment fault with multiple faults. The Mesozoic-Cenozoic evolution of the southern Jizhong depression can be divided into the following five periods: basement evolution stage (Mesozoic), initial rift evolution stage (Ek-Es4), strong rift evolution stage (Es3-Es2), weak rift evolution stage (Es1-Ed) and post-rift evolution stage (after Ng). The southern Jizhong depression has experienced a tectonic transition from basement NNE structural systems to Cenozoic NE systems, and the change of the stress field during the Mesozoic to Cenozoic is the dynamic reason for the formation of multi-directional complex structures. The Cenozoic transition affects the distribution of effective source rocks by affecting the migration of troughs, and influences reservoir sand distribution by controlling sand entry channels. The gradient change of displacement of main faults during structural transformation results in transverse anticline forming a favorable position indicating oil and gas enrichment. The transform structures formed by the tectonic transfer in different scales have a certain exploration potential.

Lithology identification is an important task in reservoir evaluation. With the development of machine learning methods, intelligent lithology identification has become a popular research direction. Logging while drilling (LWD) technology has been widely used. However, in the actual production process, due to the high-temperature and high-pressure operating conditions, only a few logging parameters can be measured by LWD. Due to the small number of logging parameters,  machine learning model is not able to fully tap into the few parameters. To solve this problem, this paper introduced random tree embedding into LWD lithology identification. The low dimensional LWD data was encoded by the binary tree and transformed into high dimentional sparse features, and  the upgraded data was used for training to improve the discriminative ability of the machine learning model. The comparative experiment results in this paper show that the random forest method with random tree embedding has the best recognition effect, the accuracy and F1 value are improved by 3.16% and 3.25% respectively, compared with the direct use of random forest, and outperforms the gradient boosted tree, extremely random tree and particle swarm optimization support vector machine algorithms.

Aiming at target tracking and trajectory drawing of ships in satellite remote sensing images, a method combining the global attention mechanism (GAM) module improved YOLO (you only look once) v8 algorithm (GAM-YOLOv8) and the DeepSORT algorithm is proposed. The GAM module is added to the YOLOv8 network structure to enhance the model's ability to extract satellite remote sensing image features and improve the accuracy and stability of ship target tracking. The data enhancement technology based on the RGB (red, green, blue)-HSV (hue, saturation, value) fusion color space conversion convolution module is implemented to expand the data set, helping the model capture more dimensional feature information and further improve the recognition accuracy. The DeepSORT algorithm is used to enhance the stability and accuracy of the tracking process by combining the target's feature appearance and motion information, thereby effectively reducing identity switching and target loss. Experimental results show that the proposed method of combining GAM-YOLOv8 with DeepSORT shows significant performance improvement in remote sensing image ship target detection and tracking tasks compared with the original YOLOv8 model. The accuracy, recall rate, and average precision are increased by 7.6%, 7.9%, and 6.0%, respectively. Meanwhile, the frame rate, multi-target tracking accuracy, and multi-target tracking precision are improved by 17.7%, 6.9%, and 1.9%, respectively, and the number of identity switches is decreased by 10.0%.

Addressing the challenge posed by the uneven distribution of various features and the low classification accuracy of urban remote sensing images, we propose a novel method for remote sensing image classification that integrates parallel attention and weight balance algorithm. Leveraging the semantic segmentation network architecture of DeepLabV3+ and ResNet50, our method combines channel attention and spatial attention algorithms in parallel to improve the network's feature extraction capability. Additionally, to address the issue of imbalanced feature category proportions in remote sensing images, we propose a feature category weight balance algorithm to improve the classification accuracy of minority feature categories. To validate the effectiveness of our network model for classification, we conduct experiments using Vaihingen and Postdam datasets. The experimental results demonstrate promising performance metrics: The remote sensing image classification algorithm that integrates attention mechanism and weight balance is validated in the Vaihingen dataset with pixel accuracy, mean intersection over union, and mean F1 values of 96.66%, 90.35%, and 96.66%, respectively. In the Postdam dataset, the pixel accuracy, mean intersection over union, and mean F1 values of the validated data are 95.74%, 81.47%, and 91.82%, respectively. From the classification details, incorporating an attention mechanism and a weight balance algorithm significantly enhances the recognition accuracy of cars, which account for a relatively small proportion. Specifically, the pixel accuracy of cars in Vaihingen dataset has improved by 26.44%, and in  Postdam dataset, it has increased by 21.84%, leading to commendable classification results.

The simulation accuracy of the particle discrete element method (DEM) mainly depends on the accuracy of calibrated mesoscopic parameters. To improve the calibration accuracy and efficiency of mesoscopic parameters, firstly，the rolling-resistance linear contact model was used to simulate sand triaxial compression tests. Then, the variance analysis method in orthogonal experiments is used to select the controlling mesoscopic parameters (CMP), and response surface equations are established to relate the macro parameters to the CMP. By substituting the macro parameters determined from triaxial tests into the response surface equations, the values of the CMP are solved. Finally, the accuracy of the calibrated micro parameters is verified by comparing the simulation results with the triaxial test results. The results show that the macro parameters include elastic modulus, Poisson’s ratio, dilatancy angle, and peak friction angle. The CMP for the elastic modulus are effective modulus and friction coefficient, while the controlling micro parameters for Poisson’s ratio are stiffness ratio and friction coefficient. The CMP of the peak friction angle and dilatancy angle are the friction coefficient. The elastic modulus, Poisson’s ratio, peak friction angle and dilatancy angle from the triaxial tests, are 83.83 MPa, 0.45, 34.47° and 8.93°, respectively. The corresponding mesoscopic parameters are determined as follows: Effective modulus of 153.35 MPa, stiffness ratio of 2.16, and friction coefficient of 0.45. Comparing simulation results from the calibrated mesoscopic parameters with the triaxial tests, the difference in peak strength is 7.2% at a low level of confining pressure (100 kPa), and the errors are within 15.0% at higher level of confining pressures (300 and 500 kPa).

 A large number of granitic rocks exposed in the Xingcheng area of western Liaoning have undergone strong ductile deformation, and their unique deformation patterns provide a unique perspective for unraveling the tectonic evolution of the northeastern margin of the North China craton during the Mesozoic. The granitic gneiss exposed in the Niangniangding area Xingcheng，displays significant ductile deformation characteristics, with the mineral stretching lineations consistently dipping towards NNE at low angles, indicative of toptoSSW thrust ductile shear deformation. Zircon UPb dating results show that the protolith of granitic gneiss was formed at Middle Jurassic (169.5±1.6 Ma). In addition, the quartz EBSD fabric and rheological analyses indicate that the paleostress is 13.817.7 MPa, the strain rate is 1.16×10-162.20×10-14 s-1, and the deformation temperature is 350450 ℃ for the deformed rocks. Comprehensive studies suggest that the observed deformation was characterized by a slow deformation process under the greenschist facies condition prevalent in the middle to shallow crust, which originated from the superposition of the closure of the MongolOkhotsk Ocean and the subduction of the PaleoPacific plate during the latest Late Jurassic to earliest Early Cretaceous.

To simulate hydraulic fracturing and heat injection and extraction effect in hot dry rock reservoir, we established a  thermo-hydro-mechanical  coupling hydraulic fracture propagation and heat transfer model for simulating the complex fracturing fracture morphology of dry hot rock and conducting injection-production thermal analysis. Taking the hot dry rock（HDR） in Qinghai Gonghe basin as a reference, we constructed two case considered the geo-mechanical parameter characteristics and simulated the multi-well fracturing and heat recovery process, the numerical results of fracturing and heat injection and recovery show that: In HDR, the fracture initiation is influenced by the non-uniform stress field, exhibiting volumetric fracture characteristics. Fractures created through multi-well fracturing connect via natural fractures, providing over 95% of the heat exchange flow channels for heat injection and production. During heat injection and production, fluid mainly flows along the connected fractures, forming dominant heat exchange channels. This leads to a significant decrease in outlet temperature during the initial stage of heat injection and production, with the outlet water temperature dropping by 30-50 ℃ within the first three years, followed by a gradual slowdown in the later stages. Enhanced fracture complexity can increase effective heat transfer area, while optimized well placement and injection-production parameters improve thermal efficiency, enabling sustainable geothermal energy exploitation.

The Poyang Lake area is located in a humid subtropical monsoon climate zone, but deserts are developed in many places along the lakeside. Duobao Desert is the largest desert among them, which has caused severe harm to the local environment. Previous researchers mostly believed that Duobao Desert was eolian, however, the stratigraphic stratification of many coastal outcrops is characterized by water formation. For further verifying the genesis of Duobao Desert, a combination of geophysical exploration (high-density resistivity method and transient electromagnetic method) and field geological outcrop investigation were applied in this study. It was found that the thickness distribution and sequence stratigraphy of the Quaternary of Duobao Desert are also  hydrogenic, besides the eolian features. This study indicated that Duobao Desert was the result of the combined action of both wind transport and underwater sedimentation, and its formation was related to the coupling of multiple factors in time and space, including the multiple fluctuations in the lake level, the southward expansion of the Penglize, a flat landform of the lake bottom, the rapid sedimentation of the delta, the differential movement of fault blocks, and the strong winter monsoon. Duobao Desert was developed in the Holocene， located in the subfacies of the front edge of the ancient Ganjiang River delta. After tectonic uplift, Duobao Desert was reconstructed by strong winds. The sand covered the paleotectonic highlands except for Xishan Mountain and Bijia Mountain, and finally made the current Duobao Desert.

 The heavy oil reservoirs in  Beibu Gulf basin of the western South China sea are mainly distributed in  Weixinan sag and Wushi sag, It is mainly composed of ordinary heavy oil and extra heavy oil. This type of heavy oil has a wide burial depth unit and can be discovered from shallow to middledeep layers, with good physical properties and characteristics of medium high porosity, permeability, and high resistivity. However, conventional gas logging often only includes total hydrocarbons and methane, the gas measurement value is very low and there is no abnormal display, no fluorescence or oil bearing indication is found in most areas during cutting logging, which brings great difficulties to formation fluid identification. Therefore, classification and logging characteristics analysis are conducted for different types of heavy oil in this area. On this basis, a fast identification method for heavy oil is proposed by combining logging curves while drilling with the oil content of the wall core as the main means, supplemented by gas logging maps and threedimensional quantitative fluorescence recognition of the wall core. By utilizing the monitoring of fluid properties in underground formations and the results of rock pyrolysis analysis during the sampling process, it is pointed out that the typical hydrocarbon composition of heavy oil itself creates its unique gas logging characteristics. Meanwhile, the analysis suggests that the strong hydrophilicity of rock wettability and the special adhesion between asphaltene heavy oil and sandstone skeleton particles are the main reasons for the lack of fluorescence and oil content display in some heavy oil reservoir cuttings. It is also pointed out that the threedimensional quantitative fluorescence of the wall core and sampling fluid can truly reflect the properties of the formation fluid.

The prediction and evaluation of deep-sea polymetallic nodules have entered into the data science paradigm, and the deep mining and fusion of big data for ore prospecting and ore indication are seriously needed. Through analyzing the research progress of  deep-sea polymetallic nodules evaluation, and discussing the application of big data approaches in mineral resources evaluation, the big data mining and fusion techniques towards resources evaluation of  polymetallic nodules are explored, in which, the major research contents and methods like the knowledge pedigree analysis for polymetallic nodules resources, the metallogenic characteristics mining methods based on data science, the fusion and integration methods based on spatial decision-making model with big data, the comparison and verification of quantitative prediction and evaluation on polymetallic nodules resource, are proposed. It creatively analyzes  conventional/unconventional resources evaluating data and its correlation with ore deposits, and establishes the spatial decision-making model with geological constraint and big data. On this basis,  feature extraction and fusion of the information from multi-source heterogeneous data are achieved to supply the technology solution based on big data for deep-sea mineral resources evaluation. The research on big data mining and fusion techniques could improve the accuracy and efficiency of polymetallic nodules resources evaluating, and has important theoretical value and practical significance to the efficient use of deep-sea resource-environmental data, the exploration and evaluation of new polymetallic nodules mining area, and the prediction and evaluation of other deep-sea minerals.

There are two sets of meta-volcanic series scattered among the Sinian-Ordovician in  Gengji and Banqiao area of Zaoyang City, northern Hubei Province, Northern Yangtze craton. Their attribution is disputed by the Wudang Group and Huashan Group, and has lacked in-depth research for a long time. Through systematic field investigation, LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating and Lu-Hf isotopic analysis, we propose that the meta-volcanic series in the Gengji area were mainly light gray and grayish white metamorphic acidic pebbly pyroclastic tuff, crystalline tuff, vitroclastic tuff and siltstone, associated with the siliceous striated stromatolite dolomite of the Dagushi Group. The zircon age for the metamorphic pyroclastic tuff from Gengji is 821.7 Ma with zircon εHf(t) values of -2.44-9.70, indicating that they may be part of the Huashan Group in the Northern Yangtze craton. However, the meta-volcanic series in the Banqiao area were mainly composed of grainy and white metamorphic acid clastic rock tuff, volcanic tuff, acid volcanic rock and siltstone, and associated with a large number of basic intrusive rocks. The zircon age of the metamorphic acid volcanic rocks from Banqiao is 741.2 Ma with zircon εHf(t) values of 4.62-9.56, indicating they belong to the Wudang Group in the South Qinling orogen, and may be a remnant of the thrust nappe during Indosinian.

A detailed investigation of the Dafoyan bauxite deposit in Nanchuan District, Chongqing, was conducted to assess the distribution of beneficial components and associated elements. The study established a mineral resource availability evaluation model based on field investigations and sample analyses. High Ga quality scores are distributed in a northeast and nearly north-south direction, with higher Ga in the central and western regions and lower Ga in the northeast and eastern regions. The Li mass fraction is highest in the upper part of the Liangshan Formation, dense bauxite having the highest, followed by bauxite rock, and lower in soil bauxite. The enrichment of Li is closely related to bauxite. The enrichment sites of rare earth elements are more likely to occur at the bottom of the ore bearing strata. The evaluation model shows that bauxite resources in the mining area are exploitable. In developing and utilizing bauxite resources, the recovery and utilization of Ga elements can be considered. However, limitations in Li, Sc, and REE elements caused by factors such as beneficiation technology and beneficiation costs pose economic bottlenecks, despite the feasibility of current recycling technology. Therefore, alongside developing and utilizing bauxite resources, exploring more cost-effective recycling and utilization technologies is crucial to improve resource utilization efficiency. This evaluation model, with an an index system, can provide scientific guidance for bauxite resource utilization and evaluation, as well as for the evaluation of other mineral resources. Adjusting and optimizing evaluation indicators and weights according to specific mineral resources and scenarios is necessary to better serve practical needs.

The formation tectonic background and mineralization process of the barite-witherite mineralization belt in the Silurian black rock series on the northern margin of the Yangtze plate have always been the focus of many scholars. This article selects the barite minerals in the mud shale of the Longmaxi Formation in the Lower Silurian of the Yueliangping section at the northern margin of the Sichuan basin as the research object. Starting from petrology and mineralogy, the development characteristics of barite are discussed, and the genesis of barite and its geological significance are analyzed by combining strontium isotopes. The results show that barite mainly develops into acicular shaped crystals dominated by diagenesis, larger particle size dissolution shaped crystals dominated by cold methane seeps, dendritic crystals dominated by hydrothermal processes, and small particle size ellipsoidal crystals dominated by biological processes. The barite nodules are distributed along the layers with oblate ellipsoid shape, with a concentric stratification structure, dense homogeneity structure, and turtle-crack filling structure. The genesis is mainly diagenesis, and local late hydrothermal fluid filling shrinkage cracks form turtle-cracks. The 87Sr/86Sr value of layered barite is 0.708 4, indicating that its formation process was influenced by the mixing effect of the deep mantle sources (low 87Sr/86Sr value) and the host rocks (high 87Sr/86Sr value). It is speculated that its formation was the result of the joint action of deep mantle derived hydrothermal fluids and cold methane seeps (or diagenesis). Research suggests that the sedimentary period of the Longmaxi Formation on the northern margin of the Sichuan basin was a passive continental margin with an extensional tectonic background, and synsedimentary faults developed in the North Dabashan. In the early stage of the Longmaxi Formation, the northern slope area of the Sichuan basin was subjected to weak extension, and the scale of fault development was not large, forming intermittent small-scale cold methane seepage. In the late stage of the Longmaxi Formation, the extension was strengthened, the fault deepened, and a black chimney of barite was generated. A large amount of hydrothermal fluids containing Ba2+ and H2S entered the seawater, forming barite deposits in the North Dabashan area.