The Dashihugou porphyry copper deposit in eastern Liaoning Province is located in the Liao-Ji orogenic belt at the northeastern margin of the North China craton, and its mineralization is spatially closely related to the diorite porphyrite veins intruded into Dashihugou granites. This paper reports for the first time the formation age of diorite porphyrite and its zircon genesis, discusses its metallogenic potential, and provides a theory for regional prospecting. Zircon U-Pb isotopes and trace elements of diorite porphyrite were determined by LA-ICP-MS. Zircon U-Pb dating results show that the emplacement time of diorite porphyrite is 225.6-218.7 Ma, which belongs to the Late Triassic. The study indicates that the magmatic activity of this period is closely related to the first stage of copper mineralization at the same time. Zircons have a typical magmatic origin, and trace elements have characteristic of high REE abundance values with ΣREE content of （216.3-1 305.9）×10-6. Meanwhile, zircons have positive Ce anomaly and weak negative Eu anomaly. The formation temperature of zircons is 568-913 ℃ using Ti thermometer and the oxygen fugidity ranged from ΔFMQ-0.05 to ΔFMQ+4.05, which indicates that the granite has metallogenic potential of porphyry-type copper deposit. Combined with the regional geological tectonic history and zircon trace element characteristics, the magmatic activity of this period may be related to the partial melting of the lower crust caused by the upwelling of the asthenospheric mantle related to plate segment detachment during the continental deep subduction process.

 It is of great significance for the efficient development of sandy braided river reservoirs to clarify the different characteristics and genesis of the same level architecture elements. Based on modern deposit, field outcrop, and core, the quantitative architecture characterization was carried out in typical layers by taking the sandy braided river of lower He8 Member in Sulige gasfield as the study subject. Architecture differences were emphatically compared from the fifth to third level in typical layers of H8x2-2, H8x1-3, and H8x1-1. Influenced by source condition and base level change, the braided belt scale of lower He8 Member changes from 650.0 m to 1 750.0 m. The single braided belt has three different distribution patterns: Isolated type, lateral splicing type, and vertical superposition type. Architecture differences in individual sandbody are remarkably affected by flooding, channel erosion, and chute scour. The scale of braided river bar is greater with an average thickness of 7.2 m in the layer of advantage lithofacies probability higher than 80%. The average length and width are 1 402.0 m and 809.0 m in H8x2-2. The architecture differences of the third level are minor in braided bar. Falling-silt layers have the similar feature of thin, gentle and lenticular distribution. They are 0.1-0.4 m thick and with a dip angle of 1-3 degrees. Single lateral accretions are 360.0-565.0 m wide. The number of lateral accretions and the single size control the difference in the average bar scale in every layer. With the constraint of architecture differences in different levels, a three-dimensional geological model is built up to accurately reflect the distribution of sandy braided river architecture in Sulige gasfield, which can provide a reference for later development adjustment of the reservoir.

Mesozoic volcanic rocks widely developed and show significant hydrocarbon potential in Bozhong Sag, Bohai Bay basin. However, there is still a lack of in-depth understanding of the reservoir-forming mechanism of high-quality Mesozoic volcanic reservoirs. Based on the analysis results of blue dye thin section, scanning electron microscopy, physical property test, high-pressure mercury injection, nuclear magnetic resonance, and nitrogen adsorption, the reservoir spaces, porosity and permeability, microstructure of pores are analyzed, and the forming mechanism and distribution of high-qualitty reservoir are discussed. The Mesozoic volcanic reservoirs were divided into two types, high porosity with mid-low permeability (Class Ⅰ reservoir), and mid porosity with low permeability (Class Ⅱ reservoir). The low porosity with low permeability volcanic rocks can not form effective reservoirs (Class Ⅲ, non-reservoir). The Class Ⅰ reservoir is composed of intermediate-acid vesicular lava altered by cryptoexplosive brecciation and dissolution. The Class Ⅱ reservoir is composed of massive intermediate-acid lava altered by cryptoexplosion brecciation and dissolution, or basic vesicular lava altered by dissolution. The main forming mechanism of favorable volcanic reservoirs in the Bozhong sag benefitted from the primary pore, fracture, dissolution, and devitrification. A reservoir development model is established, which is characterized by vertical multi-layers and lateral multi-centers of high-quality volcanic reservoirs under weathering background. Two types of volcanic bodies, multi-eruption unit, multi-mound superimposed acid composite lava volcano, and intermediate-acid intrusive lava dome, are important exploration targets for high-quality volcanic reservoirs in the Bozhong sag.

In order to reveal the characteristics and genesis mechanism of the deep reservoir in Lufeng sag of Pearl River Mouth basin, this study systematically analyzed the influence of sedimentary environment, abnormal pressure, geothermal gradient, and hydrocarbons charging on the anti-compaction ability of reservoir. The results show that the Paleogene reservoirs with a buried depth of more than 4 000 m in Lufeng sag are still featured by primary pores. The mineral composition of the reservoir is mainly quartz sandstone, and the overall performance is low-medium permeability reservoir. The underwater distributary channel of braided river delta has stable flow action. The long distance transport makes the grain size distribution of rock more uniform and the integral number of mixed matrix less, which are favorable conditions for the development of primary pores. The abnormal pressure formed by mudstone undercompaction transferred to sandstone reservoir can effectively reduce the damage of compaction to pore space. The plasticity and ductility of rock are relatively weak under low geothermal gradient, which slows down the compaction rate of rock. In addition, the oil and gas generated from the source rocks of the fourth member of Wenchang Formation occupied the reservoir space after entering the reservoir, which effectively inhibited the damage of the later compaction and cementation to the reservoir pores. Under the coupling control of four controlling factors, the primary pores of deep reservoir in Lufeng sag are widely developed.

Existing drilling and seismic data reveal that Mesozoic strata are widely developed in the southern South China Sea (SCS)．In order to further understand the distribution characteristics and oil and gas geological significance of the Mesozoic strata in the southern SCS，the latest satellite gravity data are used to invert the depth and thickness of Mesozoic strata in this paper．Firstly，the gravity field forward modeling technique is used to eliminate the influence of the sea water，and the Bouguer gravity anomaly in the southern SCS is obtained． Secondly，in order to eliminate the influence of the Cenozoic sedimentary layer，this layer is divided into three layers： 0-3 km，3-6 km and 6-10 km． According to the relationship between density and depth obtained by predecessors in the SCS，the gravity influence of Cenozoic sedimentary layers is calculated by using the variable density Parker forward modeling method, and it is subtracted from the Bouguer gravity anomaly． The Pre-Cenozoic gravity anomaly was obtained. On this basis，the wavelet multi-scale decomposition technique is used to eliminate the gravity influence of deep Moho and local rock mass，so as to calculate the gravity anomaly derived by Mesozoic strata．Finally，the depth and thickness of Mesozoic strata in the southern SCS are derived by using the 3D Parker variable density interface fast inversion technique． The inversion results correspond well with the known Mesozoic wells． The Mesozoic strata in southern SCS are mainly distributed in Liyue Bank, the north part of Palawan Island and Wan’an area，with the thickness less than 9 km，while in most other areas less than 1 km or no Mesozoic strata．The Mesozoic is the most developed in Liyue Bank area, followed by the northern part of Palawan Island. Combined with the previous research results of oil and gas geological conditions in this area, it is concluded that the Mesozoic of Liyue Bank area in the southern SCS has a good oil and gas exploration prospect.

Gaobei felsic dikes are exposed in the middle of the Yushan metallogenic belt, south Jiangxi Province, intruding into the Precambrian metamorphic strata, and their rock type is mainly granite porphyry. In order to reveal the emplacement age, petrogenesis and relationship with mineralization in the Gaopi ore deposit in south Jiangxi Province, petrography, geochemistry, zircon U-Pb dating and Hf isotopic analyses were carried out on the Gaopi granite porphyry. The results show that the Gaobei granite porphyry is characterized by high silicon (74.53% on average), high potassium (4.34% on average) and aluminum-rich (15.36% on average), and belongs to the high-k calc-alkaline series or k-basalt series granite; It has a low Nb/Ta, Zr/Hf ratio, and the REE fractionation is not obvious with strong Eu negative anomaly, proving to be highly differentiated granites. Zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb data has yielded concordant age of (135.73±0.46) Ma (MSWD=1.7), and a mean age of (135.62±0.92) Ma (MSWD=0.27), indicating that the Gaobei granite porphyry was emplaced in Early Cretaceous. Zircon Hf isotope analysis results show that the 176Hf/177Hf=0.282322-0.282450, εHf（t）=-13.3--8.5, and the two-stage model age TDM2 varies from 2.03 Ga to 1.73 Ga, inferring that the Gaobei granite porphyry may be mainly derived from the melting of the Proterozoic crustal materials. The field investigations found that the surrounding rocks around the Gaobei ore deposit have undergone intense hydrothermal alterations such as argillization, beresitization, and silicification, and are distributed in a planar pattern. Meanwhile, the borehole has revealed net-vein molybdenum mineralization, inferring that the deep area has the potential for porphyry molybdenum deposits.

In order to reveal the formation mechanism of the NE trending strike-slip faults in the north slope of Tazhong region, based on previous studies, this paper designed a structural physical simulation experiment platform by using the principle of similarity analysis, completed three sets of structural physical simulation comparison experiments, simulated the formation and evolution process, and analyzed the formation mechanism of the NE trending strike-slip faults in the north slope of Tazhong region.The results show that the NE trending strike-slip faults are controlled by the adjustment of pre-existing basement faults and thick mudstone (detachment zone) of the Upper Ordovician, and formed under the action of the surrounding tectonic activities. The NE trending strike-slip faults in Tazhong area experienced two stages of formation and resurrection, and were compressed by paleo-stresses from the southwest and southeast successively.

Abstract： With the help of core observation, thin section identification, well logging identification, and compaction physical simulation experiments, aiming at the scientific problem of the vertical evolution characteristics of compaction diagenetic fractures in glutenite reservoir, taking the glutenite of Kongdian Formation in Bozhong 19-6 condensate gas field as the anatomical object, comprehensive research was carried out, and the following understandings were obtained: 1）Fractures in the glutenite reservoir of Kongdian Formation in Bozhong 19-6 are generally developed, including inherited fractures and noninherited fractures. Inherited fractures developed earlier and occurred following the original cracks along the clastic particles. Noninherited fractures mainly broke along the feldspar cleavage in the form of conjugate shear fractures. 2）Fractures are more developed in gravel particles than sand particles, and in feldspar particles than quartz particles. The degree of crushed fracture development is proportional to the brittleness index, and inversely proportional to the interstitial content. 3）Three stages of glutenite fracture development zones have been developed vertically during physical modeling, and the second fracture development zone is consistent with the distribution of fractures in the study area, which controls the development of high-quality reservoirs.

A large number of Indosinian granites are widely developed in Guide basin, Qinghai Province, but there is a lack of research on their geochemical characteristics, petrogenesis and origin of granites. The resolution of these problems is very important to resolve formation background of indosinian granites in West Qinling. Therefore, LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating, whole-rock geochemistry and Lu-Hf isotope analysis of granodiorite from drilling hole ZR2 from Zhacanggou area, Guide basin were selected as research objects. Zircon U-Pb isotopic dating results show that the emplacement age of granodiorite is (225.3 ± 1.3) Ma, which is the characteristic of Late Triassic magmatic activity. Characteristics of major and trace elements show that granodiorite is a weak peraluminous, high-K calc-alkaline series rock, showing moderate Eu negative anomalies (δEu=0.59-0.91), enrichment of large ion lithophile elements (Rb, U) and depletion of high field strength elements (Nb,Ta,Ti). Zircon Hf isotopic composition shows that the εHf(t) values of granodiorite range from -7.70 to 0.22, and the corresponding two-stage model ages (TDM2) range from 1 747 to 1 243 Ma, indicating that the granodiorites in Zhacanggou area of Guide basin are the products of melting and mixing of lower crust and lithospheric mantle. Combined with the previous research results, it is considered that the granodiorite in the study area is a transitional tectonic system from syn-collision to post-collision extension after the closure of A’nimaqing-Mianlue Ocean.

The Bojitian gold deposit in southwestern Guizhou Province is located in the eastern section of the Huijiabao anticlinal ore field, and is a nearly super-large Carlin-type gold deposit discovered in recent years. In this paper, the breccia in the Zaofanshan ore section developed in Bojitian gold mining area was taken as the research object. Through detailed drill core observations and combined with the previous basic geological information of the mining area, we analyzed the occurrence and petrological characteristics of the breccia and their relationship with mineralization. Research shows that Zaofanshan breccia is a tectonic breccia and can be divided into two types: Tectonic hydrothermal breccia and tectonic crackle breccia. The ore-forming stages of the deposit include three stages: Quartz-dolomite,  natural gold-pyrite-arsenopyrite, and  orpiment and realgar-cinnabar-quartz-calcite. The ore-forming process of the Bojitian gold deposit is summarized as the formation of the Huijiabao anticline first, the formation of the Zaofanshan ore-bearing tectonic breccias, and finally the migration of ore-bearing hydrothermal fluids, the extraction of metallogenic materials and the formation of ore bodies. The metallogenic model of  “two rich and two poor”  in Bojitian gold deposit is constructed: The closer to the center zone of the Zaofanshan tectonic breccia pipe, the richer the orebody is, and the farther away from the central zone of the tectonic breccia pipe, the poorer the orebody is; The orebodies produced in the deep position of breccia pipe and on its both sides are richer, the orebodies produced in the upper position of breccia pipe and on its both sides are poorer.

In order to explore the impact of human activities on the habitats within the ecological conservation redline, improve the supervision ability of the ecological conservation redline and provide scientific support for improving the supervisory system of the ecological edprotection red line. Taking Zhenlai County of Jilin Province as an example, the high-resolution remote sensing images and related human activity data were used to assess the habitat risk of the area of ecological conservation redline form grid scale based on InVEST model and the spatial analysis capability of GIS. The results showed that: The total habitat risk value in the study area ranges from 0.00 to 1.32. High, medium and low habitat risk areas respectively accounted for 2.31%, 3.26% and 22.12% of the ecological conservation redline area. The impact of human activities disturbance on the habitat in the entire assessment area was dominated by low habitat risk. Among various habitats, the average habitat risk value of forest land was the highest, among which the average habitat risk values of arbor forest land, shrub forest land and other forest land were 0.58, 0.88 and 0.79 respectively, and the highest habitat risk value (shrub forest land) also appeared in the forest land habitat. Compared with other human activities, the cumulative habitat risk values and average habitat risk values of urban village and industrial and mining land were the highest, which were 2 933 161.90 and 1.24 respectively, followed by highway land, which were 1 086 264.68 and 1.19 respectively. Human activities such as dryland, paddy field and fishery had limited impacts on the habitat.

Geothermal energy exploitation and utilization are closely related to groundwater transport and the evolution of water environment. In this study, wereviewed the development status and typical mining technologies for the shallow geothermal energy stored in the soil and phreatic aquifers, median-to-high-temperature geothermal energy in deep aquifers, and high-temperature geothermal energy stored in the hot dry rocks for informational purposes of sustainable development and utilization of large-scale geothermal resources. In particular, the shallow geothermal energy can be classified into ground source heat pump and ground water heat pump according to the subsurface heat source; Median-to-high-temperature geothermal energy can be exploited mainly by direct mining, combination of production and injection and standing column well system; And high-temperature geothermal energy can be exploited using enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) through reservoir reconstruction technique such as hydraulic fracturing or chemical stimulation. Furthermore, the potential impact of geothermal energy exploitation on the groundwater resources was analyzed and summarized following the reported site cases, mainly focused on the cold and heat accumulation brought by heat pump technology, the decline of groundwater level caused by hydrothermal exploitation and the possibility of microseismic events or fracturing fluid leakage caused by hydraulic fracturing of hot dry rocks. In the end, the approaches were proposed to promote the sustainable development of geothermal resources and reduce the negative impacts on groundwater resources, including improving the recharge capacity, maintaining the water balance in the process of mining and irrigation, maintaining the heat exchange efficiency and the re-balance of underground heat, and adopting new materials. 

 Ammonia nitrogen is one of the main inorganic pollutants in groundwater, which mainly comes from agricultural, industrialy and domestic pollution. Excessive ammonia nitrogen will endanger human health. Temporal and spatial distribution of ammonia nitrogen is affected by factors such as meteorology, hydrology, hydrogeology, and land use type, so groundwater ammonia nitrogen analysis based on limited sampling points will generate great uncertainty. In this study, firstly, the Songhua River basin in the Sanjiang Plain was taken as an example, and soil organic matter mass fraction, soil total nitrogen mass fraction, soil cation exchange capacity (CEC), soil pH value, groundwater depth, thickness of clay layer in vadose zone and land use type were selected as potential influencing factors, a machine learning model for fitting ammonia nitrogen concentration was established. Secondly, significant influencing factors were identified using the shapley additive explanations (SHAP) method of interpreting machine learning models. Finally, a machine learning prediction model was established according to the significant influencing factors, and the data of groundwater ammonia nitrogen in the study area was interpolated. And the temporal and spatial variation of ammonia nitrogen was analyzed. The results showed that groundwater depth, land use type, CEC and soil organic matter mass fraction were the main influencing factors of groundwater ammonia nitrogen in this area. The area of groundwater ammonia nitrogen in the Ⅰ-Ⅲ water quality level showed an increasing trend. The proportion of area increased from 31% to 87%. And the area of Ⅳ-Ⅴ water quality showed a decreasing trend. The proportion of area decreased from 69% to 13%. The overall water quality was improved from 2011 to 2018.

Target detection is a fundamental and routine task in remote sensing image processing. In this paper, we design a target detection algorithm for remote sensing images based on the YOLOX network. Firstly, ASFF is added to the feature extraction module PANet to deeply mine the fine features with inconsistent scale in target detection. Secondly, an ECA-based feature extraction module is designed with efficient channel interaction to reduce the complexity of the model while paying more attention to the positive sample feature information in the feature map. Then, to avoid the problem of gradient disappearance and weak activation effect caused by overfitting, the use of swish activation function is proposed. Finally, experiments are conducted on DOTA to verify the best mechanism and effectiveness of the improved method through qualitative analyses of the ablation experiments and quantitative comparison experiments. With the addition of ASFF and ECA mechanisms and the optimization of the swish activation function, the improved network model achieves an mAP of 74.42%, an improvement of 12.75% over the original network. Compared with the current widely used target detection algorithms Mobilenet-YOLOv4, YOLOv4, YOLOv5 and YOLOX, the proposed  algorithm achieves an improvement of 11.42%-17.84% in mAP accuracy.

Supraglacial lake is an important part of the ice sheet hydrological system, which can reflect the characteristics of ice sheet surface meltwater and influence the polar climate and environmental changes. In this paper, a fine extraction method of the supraglacial lake by spectral information and morphology information in northern Greenland is proposed based on WorldView-2 images. Firstly, the ice surface water was segmented from ice with index of water body suitable for ice environment NDWIice and threshold. Then, the ice surface water is divided into three types: Independent supraglacial lake, independent supraglacial runoff and mixed area, by morphological rules. Finally, Fourier descriptor-assisted watershed algorithm is introduced to extract the ice lake. In order to verify the feasibility of the method, WorldView-2 image sequences of nine periods in one ablation period were selected for experiment. Compared with other automated methods and manual digitalization results, the extraction accuracy and integrity of the proposed method are higher than 90%, and the average error rate is lower than 0.2%, which shows obvious advantages.

The characteristics of conventional logging curves under different fracture scales were analyzed, the logging curve classification methods of Class Ⅰ (well diameter expansion ratio >18%, deep resistivity < 20 Ω·m, interval transit time >260 μs/m, density <2.4 g/cm3), Class Ⅱ(well diameter slightly expanded, deep resistivity <30 Ω·m, interval transit time > 235 μs/m, density < 2.55 g/cm3), and Class Ⅲ (no significant changes in well diameter expansion, deep resistivity, interval transit time and density) fracture scales were established, and the fuzzy identification sample space was constructed on the basis of considering the fracture scale, and the membership degree function and equation of whether the reservoir capacity of the extended formation of Honghe oilfield was low or high production was determined. If the low yield degree of membership is greater than or equal to the high yield degree of membership, it is a low yield oil layer, otherwise it is a high yield oil layer.After the identification verification of 20 oil layers, the accuracy rate of this model is 85%, and a good identification effect has been achieved.

In order to scientifically analyze the geological disaster susceptibility. This paper is based on the investigation and zoning of geological disasters in Helong City, and through the analysis of the distribution rules and influencing factors of geological disasters. Considering terrain, geology, meteorology, hydrology, soil vegetation and human engineering activities, combined with GIS technology and methods, 13 disaster causing factors including elevation, slope, aspect, curvature, lithology, distance from fault, rainfall, distance from water system, NDVI, soil texture, water erosion degree, population density and distance from road are extracted. Logistic regression and random forest model were used to evaluate the susceptibility of geological disasters, and the susceptibility zoning map was drawn. The result of random forest model shows: The very low susceptibility area is highest, reaching 56.98% of the total area, which is mostly located in the south of the study area; And the high and very high susceptibility areas account for up to 12.89%, which are located in the central and northeast, it is the key area for geological disaster prevention and management. NDVI, elevation, population density and rainfall are the main factors affecting disaster development, with a cumulative contribution rate of 58.12%. The ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curves and existing disaster density statistics of Logistic regression and random forest models show that the susceptibility zoning map are highly consistent with the actual disaster distribution, and their AUC (area under ROC curve) values are 0.856 and 0.907, respectively, which can achieve effective prediction and have good applicability. However, random forest model shows higher accuracy and stability, and its prediction performance is better than Logistic regression model.

The lunar penetrating radar (LPR) data play an essential role in studying the lunar soil layer structure of the Von Karman crater on the back of the moon and analyzing the lunar chronological activities. Because the geological conditions of the Chang’e-4 landing area are complex, using advanced radar data processing technology and methods to obtain high-precision LPR imaging results is an important basis for lunar-related scientific research. Based on previous studies, the focusing algorithm based on the synthetic aperture focusing technique (SAFT) migration imaging is performed on the Chang’e-4 LPR 500 MHz data in this paper. Compared with the traditional f-k migration results, the method improved the imaging resolution. The proposed SAFT method can more finely reflect the vertically layered structure and horizontal interface fluctuation of the lunar soil layer. The LPR data interpretation section indicates that the lunar soil layer contains a shallow topsoil layer of about 12 m from Finsen crater within a depth of 40 m, about 17 m from the sputter layer of the crater around Von Karman and the lowest basaltic rock layer. 

Dayangshu basin is a Late Mesozoic residual basin with a low degree of exploration and research. It shows a good exploration prospect with the industrial oil flows obtained from several wells in recent years in the southern depression. A systematic understanding of the source rocks and the hydrocarbon origin of Jiufengshan Formation is still uncertain. Based on the geochemical analysis data of source rocks and crude oils, including TOC、Rock-Eval、GC-MS, and carbon isotope, the hydrocarbon generation potential of source rocks of Jiufengshan formation are evaluated, the properties of crude oils and oil source are studied. The results show that medium-good source rocks are developed in the first member (K1j1) and the third member(K1j3) of Jiufengshan Formation, with w（TOC） of 1.76% and 2.59%, w（ S1 + S2） of 4.44 mg/g and 7.36 mg/g, bitumen of 0.21% and 0.09% respectively. The organic matter type of the K1j1 is mainly type Ⅱ1 including some typeⅠ, K1j3 is mainly type Ⅱ1 including some typeⅡ2, and the vitrinite reflectance (Ro) of the source rocks in K1j1 is mainly 0.70% to 1.60%, at the mature to high mature evolution stage. Ro in K1j3 is mainly from 0.50% to 1.10% and at the mature evolution stage. The hydrocarbon generation threshold of the source rock is about 1 300 m, and the hydrocarbon generation peak is about 1 750 m. The source rock has the characteristics of early hydrocarbon generation. The crude oils are light to medium, characterized by high viscosity, high wax, low sulfur, and high saturated hydrocarbon. The crude oil enriches light carbon isotope with δ13Coil from -30.40‰ to -29.38‰, δ13C sat from -30.78‰ to -29.07‰, and δ13Caro from -29.73‰ to -27.91‰, which indicates the source of lacustrine algae. The main peaks of alkane in oil are nC19 and nC21, OEP is 1.07 to 1.08, and Pr / Ph is 0.83 to 1.10. The crude oil can be divided into two groups based on terpenoid steroid marker. Group one includes the crude oil of Wells YC1 and Y3, with relatively high tricyclic terpane, C30D, Ts/Tm, C29Ts/C29 hopane, sterane C27R/C29R, regular sterane / hopane, rearranged sterane / regular sterane, C2920S / 20 (S+R), C29ββ/(ββ++αα) and low β-carotene. Group two includes the crude oil of Well YX4 and Well Y6, with high β-carotene and relatively low sterane terpane ratios, indicating that the maturity of Well YC1 and Well Y3 oil is higher than that of Well YX4 and Well Y6, and there are slight differences in sedimentary environment and parent material source. The oil and rock correlation of biomarkers shows that the crude oil of Wells YC1 and Y3 mainly comes from the source rock of K1j1, and the crude oil of YX4 and Y6 wells mainly comes from the source rock of K1j3. The potential hydrocarbon accumulations in this area are source-reservoir integrated accumulations and lower source rocks generation-upward migration accumulations.

China is not only a major consumer of cobalt resources but also a big importer of cobalt resources. Influenced by the new energy electric vehicle industry, cobalt ore resources have attracted more and more attention in recent years. In order to scientifically evaluate the potential of cobalt resources, guide the deployment of prospecting and exploration, and improve the guarantee capacity of cobalt resources in China, we carried out cobalt resource potential evaluation of cobalt resources in 9 key provinces (regions) from 2019 to 2021. Based on the perspective of the distribution and geological characteristics of cobalt deposits, the types of cobalt deposits predicted for prospecting in China are determined, including: weathering type, chemical deposit type, sandstone type and submarine hydrothermal-sedimentary type, all of which related to the sedimentary geological processes; marine and continental volcanic rock type that related to the volcanic geological processes; magmatic type, skarn type (contact metasomatic type), hydrothermal vein type and porphyry type, all of which associated with intrusive magmatism; sedimentary metamorphic type and a small number of metamorphic core complexes type that related to the metamorphism. And the metallogenic geological bodies related to various types of cobalt deposits are also sorted out and summarized. By analyzing the geological characteristics and spatio-temporal distribution of cobalt deposits in China, and synthesizing prediction elements such as geological, geophysical, geochemical, and remote sensing information, a prospecting prediction model was established, prospecting potential areas were delineated, and resource reserves were estimated. The results show that the cobalt deposits in China include six main prospecting prediction types: weathering crust nickel-cobalt deposit, hydrothermal-sedimentary copper-cobalt deposit, marine volcanic rock copper-cobalt deposit, marine volcanic rock massive sulfide copper-zinc cobalt deposit, magmatic copper-nickel cobalt deposit and hydrothermal veined cobalt deposit; 416 cobalt ores were delineated,  64 prospecting potential areas were delineated, 99 prospecting targets were optimized, and further exploration suggestions were put forward. A total of 453 000 t of cobalt resources have been identified in 9 key provinces (regions), and the estimated cobalt resources are about 420 million t.

The Jianbian farm area in Heilongjiang Province is located at the intersection of the Great and Lesser Xing’an Ranges. The multi-stage magmatic and tectonic evolution history in this area has resulted in a complex and diverse geological background for mineralization. Based on the interpretation of Landsat ETM image data in the Jianbian farm area of Heilongjiang, this paper combined the mineral spectral characteristics and the basic geological data, and used the method system of “de-interference, principal component analysis, and ratio method combined with anomaly screening” to extract the mineralized alteration information, such as iron staining and hydroxylation in the study area. Thirteen hydroxyl mineralization alteration anomalies and seventeen iron-stained mineralization alteration anomalies were identified. The mineralized alteration anomalies were mainly found in Cretaceous volcanic strata and were mainly distributed along the intersection of NE- and NW-trending faults, NNW- and SN-trending faults. They were closely related to the contact zone of Mesozoic volcanic rocks and Early Cretaceous-Early Carboniferous intrusive rocks. Combining the known geological and mineral data and field verification results, it is found that iron-stained anomalous minerals such as limonite and hematite, as well as anomalous hydroxyl minerals such as carbonation and chloritization, were commonly developed in this area. The extracted iron-stained and hydroxyl mineralized alteration anomalies closely matched physical and chemical exploration anomalies, and were highly consistent with known Au, Cu and Mo occurrences and mineralized occurrences. This provides a theoretical basis and direction for the next step of mineral exploration in the study area.

There are numerous Late Paleozoic acidic intrusive rocks in Wenquan area, which is located on the northern margin of the Yili block. In this paper, we present new zircon U-Pb geochronology, Lu-Hf isotopic and geochemical studies of the Early Devonian granites from Wenquan area, aiming to confirm their timing, discuss their petrogenesis, and explore their tectonic evolution process. The zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb age of the monzogranites is (418±7) Ma which indicates that their crystallization age is the product of Early Devonian magmatic activity. Meanwhile, the zircon Hf isotope compositions of the monzogranite are typically characterized by high εHf(t) values (8.2-14.0, with an average of 11.3), and the young two-stage model ages (TDM2=863-492 Ma), implying their derivation from a relatively juvenile crust. These two types of granites are characterized by high SiO2, weakly peraluminous, as well as low CaO and MgO contents. The trace elements of the granites are characterized by depletion in high field strength elements (Nb, Ti, P), and enrichment in large ion lithophile elements (K, Rb). The standardized distribution pattern of rare earth elements in chondrites is enriched in light rare earth elements and depleted in heavy rare earth elements, with significant negative Eu anomalies. The low zircon saturation temperature, negative correlation between P2O5 and SiO2, and other geochemical features suggest the granites are I-type granites. Several tectonic discrimination diagrams shows that they were formed in a continental magmatic arc setting. Combined with the regional tectonic background and the evolution information of magmatic rocks in the adjacent area, it is speculated that the granites were mainly derived from the crustal accretion in response to subduction of the Junggar-Balkhash Ocean. 

In order to quantitatively characterize the complexity of shale pore structures of Longmaxi Formation in Zhaotong national shale gas demonstration zone, Yunnan Province and its influence on shale gas, 24 pieces of shales collected from Longmaxi Formation were tested for TOC mass fraction, whole rock mineral composition and low-temperature nitrogen adsorption. And their influence on fractal dimension of shale pores was analyzed and discussed from two aspects of shale pore structures and mineral composition. The results show that there is a strong heterogeneity in pore development among different sub-layers in Member 1 of Longmaxi Formation in Zhaotong area, with the highest content of organic matter in the Layer 1, with a “three-stage” variation of decreasing-increasing-decreasing in the longitudinal direction. Shale pores are segmented, with fractal dimension D2 ranging from 2.699 4 to 2.912 4, with an average of 2.826 5 and fractal dimension D1 ranging from 2.617 4 to 2.719 4. The pore structures are complex and the fractal dimension is highest in the Layer 1 and gradually decreases upwards. The correlation between fractal dimension of shale with pore structure parameters and geological factors shows that TOC mass fraction and quartz volume fraction control the development of micropores, provide the main specific surface area, and have a good positive correlation with fractal dimension, which is conducive to the occurrence of shale gas, with higher total gas content and adsorbed gas ratio; The volume fraction of clay minerals and dolomite mainly controls the development of mesopores and macropores, provides the main pore volume, and has a negative correlation with fractal dimension. The combination of hydrocarbon generation, reservoir and development factors suggests that Layer 1 and Layer 3 are beneficial to shale gas retention due to their high TOC content, large fractal dimension and strong brittleness, making them become favorable horizons for shale gas development.

The water chemical conditions of groundwater in coastal areas are complex. In order to find out the harm of groundwater quality to groundwater source heat pump system (GWHP), the harm mechanism was studied. Through the hydro-chemical analysis of the phreatic and First confined water in the Yancheng City, the main ion sources and causes were determined, and the harm of Mg2+, Ca2+ and Fe2+ was analyzed. Finally, the saturation index Is was calculated by PHREEQC, and the potential harm of groundwater overflow mixing and groundwater recharge superposition to the ground water source heat pump was analyzed. The results show that the TDS and hardness of groundwater in Yancheng area are high. Na+,Mg2+, Ca2+, Fe2+ HCO3- and  Cl- are the main abnormal ions. The diving ρ(TDS) is 180.42-4 497.00 mg/L, ρ (Na+)，ρ (Mg2+)，ρ (Ca2+) are 278.16，72.91，72.74 mg/L, respectively. The anions ρ(HCO3-) and ρ (Cl-) are 487.33 mg/L and 298.76 mg/L, respectively. The ρ (TDS) of  First confined water was 508.50-17 182.00 mg/L, ρ(Na+), ρ (Ca2+) and  ρ (Fe2+) were 1 595.06, 564.57 and 4.50 mg/L, respectively, and the ρ (Cl-) was 4 560.06 mg/L. The process of groundwater migration is influenced by various water-rock reactions such as dissolution and intrusion of ancient seawater. Major problems such as Fe(OH)3 scaling, CaCO3 and CaMg(CO3)2 precipitation and scaling will occur in the long-term operation of GWHP.

Affected by geological conditions, acquisition environment and other factors, it is always impossible to obtain complete seismic data in the process of geological exploration, which seriously reduces the efficiency of subsequent geological interpretation work. With the development of computer GPU hardware and seismic data processing methods based on convolutional neural networks, more and more deep learning methods are applied to seismic data regularization. At present, such methods are usually limited to processing in the time domain, which often leads to too smooth reconstructed data and a lack of texture detail information. In this paper, a convolution neural network model with joint time-frequency domain characteristics is proposed. Through joint constraints in the time domain and Fourier domain of seismic data, the multi-dimensional distribution characteristics of seismic data in the time-frequency domain are extracted, and the weight of the joint loss function could be modified to adjust the attention of convolution neural network learning. The middle layer of the convolutional neural network is constructed by multi-level adjustable residual blocks to improve the ability of feature extraction. The number of residual blocks can be adjusted according to the needs of the task to balance the accuracy and efficiency of the network. Experiments show that the proposed method in this paper has a better detail retention effect and robustness than other methods.

Epithermal deposits are important sources of nonferrous and precious metals as well as rare and critical metal resources such as indium. Due to their vectors toward deep porphyry mineralization, they have attracted the attentions of global geologists. The continental margin of Northeast China is one of the areas where epithermal ore deposits are widespread, characterized by epithermal Au and Ag-Pb-Zn-Cu polymetallic deposits being occur. According to the deposit geology, these epithermal-type deposits in Northeast China were divided into three types, low-sulfidation type (LS), intermediate-sulfidation type (IS) and high-sulfidation type (HS). The mineralization occurred in the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous volcanic basins and uplift areas spatially close to granite complex margins, comprising four separated mineralizationstages as a function of time, including (1) 151 to 141 Ma, (2) 140 to 131 Ma, (3) 123 to 120 Ma, and (4) 110 to 100 Ma. Stage 1 is restricted in the eastern portion of the Great Xing’an Range, characterized by regional epithermal HS copper polymetallic deposits. Stage 2 is developed in the western portion of the Great Xing’an Range, where large-scale epithermal LS-IS Ag-Pb-Zn mineralization. Stage 3 occurs in middle portion between the north of the Great Xing’an Range and the Lesser Xing’an Range and in Yanbian and western Liaoning, characterized by epithermal IS Cu and LS Te-Au mineralization. Stage 4 occurs in the Northern Great Xing’an Range-the Lesser Xing’an Range-Raohe-Dongning-Yanbian area. There is a younger mineralization time from the eastern portion of the Great Xing’an Range-the western portion of the Great Xing’an Range-the northern margin of the North China platform (Liaoxi+Yanbian)-the northern margin of the eastern portion of the Great Xing’an Range (Heihe) to the northern portion of the Great Xing’an Range-the Lesser Xing’an Range-Wanda Mountains-Taiping Mountains-Yanbian. There is a transition in mineralization type, from Cu polymetallic to Ag-Pb-Zn to Cu-Au + Te-Au to Au (± Sb) +large-scale Au and Cu. The tectonic environments for the various mineralization are related to the episodic subduction of ate Mesozoic Paleo-Pacific plate towards the eastern end of Eurasia, in which there is a transition from compressional to crustal extensional conditions. Except the mineralization in the Yanbian area occurring in the late stage of intermediate-basic volcanic eruption-hypabyssal emplacement, the remnant mineralization formed in the late stage of bimodal volcanic eruption-hypabyssal emplacement. Considering the genetic relation between epithermal metallic and porphyry Cu and Mo mineralization, the early-stage epithermal Ag-Pb-Zn-Cu mineralization and the coeval porphyry mineralization constitute the porphyry Mo-epithermal Ag-Pb-Zn system, whereas the epithermal LS Ag-IS Pb-Zn-HS Cu polymetallic and porphyry Cu-Mo mineralization constitute the porphyry Mo-Cu-epithermal Ag-Pb-Zn hydrothermal system. Similarly, the intermediate- and late-stage epithermal Au mineralization and Au-rich porphyry Cu mineralization constitute the Au-rich porphyry Cu-epithermal IS Cu-Au hydrothermalsystem and the Au-rich porphyry Cu-epithermal IS Cu-Au-epithermal HS Au (Cu) hydrothermal system. Nevertheless, more evidence is needed to clarify whether the epithermal LS Te-Au, Sb-Au, and Au deposits are individual ore system or not. Late Mesozoic epithermal ore systems are the results  the underplating of mantle-sourced basaltic magmas and their interactions with lower-crustal magmas during a roll-back of subducting slab and a thinning crust episode from Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous.

Based on the accumulation of previous research on deep strata and the progress of oil-gas prospecting in northern Songliao basin and its surrounding areas in recent years, this paper first introduced the characteristics of regional geology and geophysical fields, and then according to the features of the target stratum of deep strata, studied the structural and stratigraphic characteristics of the deep strata in the northwest Songliao basin by comprehensive geophysical prospecting methods such as broadband seismic and wide-field electromagnetic method. The petrophysical parameters of Songliao basin and its surrounding areas were sorted out, and the physical characteristics of strata with different formation ages were summarized, with emphasis on the analysis of the physical differences between the Upper Paleozoic and its upper and lower strata. It is concluded that there are obvious differences in physical properties between the Permian and its overlying Meso-Cenozoic, the underlying strata and various types of rocks in this area, which is the precondition to study the distribution of the Upper Paleozoic by geophysical methods. On this basis, this paper expounds the progress of combined geophysical investigation of gravity, magnetism, electricity and seismic in the key target area. The quality of broadband seismic imaging for the deep strata is significantly improved compared with the previous seismic explorations, and we have obtained clearer geophysical information. According to the above geophysical information, several geological survey wells were deployed, and successively drilled into the argillaceous rocks with anomaly of gas logging in deep Permian. In addition, this paper also discussed the challenges faced by the deep hydrocarbon geological survey and the future research directions in the study of petrophysical properties and integrated geophysical prospecting methods.

A typical vertebrate assemblage has been discovered in the Cretaceous Quantou Formation in Changchun area of Jilin Province. It is represented by eight main fossil vertebrate groups, including the basal Ornithopoda, Iguanodontia, Ceratopsia, Theropoda, Sauropoda, Crocodilia, Eutheria and dinosaur eggs. The basal ornithopod Changchunsaurus parvus is the most dominant taxon, with a large number of fossil bones. Herein, we define this assemblage as “Changchunsaurus Fauna”. In order to study the diversity of this fauna, the theropod dental materials in our collections have been studied in detail. The selected measurement data from the specimens are plotted on a two-dimensional scatter diagram for analysis, and the morphological comparison and identification of the specimens are carried out in combination with the features of the teeth. The study found that there are at least four different types of theropods in the fauna, respectively allosaurs, dromaeosaurs, tyrannosaurs, and a large indeterminate theropod. Among them, dromaeosaurs are reported for the first time in the Mesozoic strata in Songliao basin. The high diversity of theropods in Changchunsaurus Fauna indicates that this assemblage should be a vertebrate community with a rich species composition.

 Seismic exploration technology has the characteristics of large penetration depth and high resolution and is an essential geophysical technical means to achieve the goal of exploring deep mineral resources in China. Compared with non-seismic geophysical exploration methods, seismic exploration methods provide intuitive and straightforward structural imaging, providing powerful guidance for identifying magma migration channels and finding favorable mineralization spaces. At the same time, it can also explore hidden ore bodies in-depth and find mineralization parent materials. It thus can provide strong technical support for developing and utilizing deep mineral resources. This paper reviews the technological development of active source and passive source seismic exploration methods for metal deposits, respectively, and points out the technical advantages and progress of active and passive source joint exploration methods. Multi-source joint seismic exploration method and technology based on active and passive source data fusion, seismic data processing and interpretation method and technology based on scattering theory, high-precision signal-to-noise separation technology, and metal mine seismic exploration method and technology based on artificial intelligence are the key and potential methods to solve the problems of high-precision and high-resolution detection of deep metal mineral resources.

Garnet granites and anatectic source rocks (pelitic gneiss) in Daqingshan and Jining-Liangcheng areas at the northern margin of the North China craton gradually transition and closely coexist in the field. The garnet granites contain many source rock enclaves, residual bodies and residual mineral phases/peritectic minerals. There are also a large number of garnet granite blocks in anatectic source rock. All these migmatites have heterogeneity macroscopically. Petrographic studies show that the mineral composition of garnet granites and the anatectic source rocks are similar and both contain garnet with similar characteristics. This can be considered a residual mineral/peritectic minerals facies type. Geochemical studies indicate that garnet granites are relatively well integrated with their anatectic source rocks, both have high Al2O3 values and TFeO/MgO ratio, with a large variation in CaO values and K2O/Na2O ratio. They are relatively enriched in light REE and large ion lithophile elements, and relatively depleted in Ta, Nb, Ti  and P. Deviating from the composition range of typical S-type granites in the world, garnet granites have lower SiO2(50.30%-73.10%) and greater MgO+TFeO(1.6%-14.8%). It is believed that this deviation from the normal S-type granite compositon is related to the introduction of residual garnet and the addition of mantle-derived materials. The garnet granites in the Daqingshan  and the Jining-Liangcheng areas were formed by two episodes of anatexis at the 2.45-2.37 Ga and 1.95-1.90 Ga respectively, consistent with the regional mantle-derived magma underplating in this area. This indicates that garnet granites are the products of large-scale partial melting of metasedimentary rocks caused by mantle-derived basic magma intruding into granulite facies metasedimentary rocks.

As an essential part of seismic data acquisition, a seismic source directly affects the seismic exploration effect. In seismic exploration, the ground surface is complex in many areas. Therefore, it is necessary to study the directional theory of phased-array vibrator systems under complex surface conditions. In this paper, based on the excitation principle of a phased-array vibrator system on a complex surface, the finite-difference numerical simulation method, and the theory of wave equation seismic illumination analysis, we carry out the forward modeling and seismic illumination analysis of the seismic wave field of the phased-array vibrator system for the simple theoretical model and the Marmousi model of the undulating surface. The model test results show that the phased-array vibrator system can excite the seismic wave directionally under complex surface conditions, and changing the seismic source's excitation delay can adjust the wave field's propagation direction to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the target data. The method applies to the simple model of horizontal layers, the model of the wedge-shaped structure, and the complex Marmousi model. 

The degree of salinization is serious in the south of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Due to the frost heaving and salt heaving damage of saline soil foundation, the stability of channel slope in irrigation area is greatly damaged. A mathematical model of optimizing channels with quadratic parabolic cross section on saline soil was established using artificial atomic algorithm to avoid the problems of redundant calculation, large cumulative error and low precision by using iterative calculation method. The mathematical model used quadratic parabolic shape parameters as independent variables and was given channel bottom slope and roughness. According to the ratio coefficient between the optimal hydraulic section and the quadratic parabolic practical economic section of medium and small channels, the shape parameters were optimized by this algorithm to determine the practical economic section of the channel. The mathematical model was applied to Xiaosi branch canal in Tarim irrigation area of Xinjiang to verify the validity. Compared to the trial algorithm, this method was more suitable for the section optimization design of small and medium-sized channels. The calculated flow error was only 0.85% of the error of the trial algorithm. The results showed that the concrete quantity of parabola shaped optimization section was reduced by 3.34%.

The volcanic rocks in the Yitong area of central Jilin Province are located in the eastern segment of the northern margin of the North China plate. This paper presents zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb geochronology and geochemical data of the volcanic rocks in this area, aiming to explore their petrogenesis. The zircons in the andesite present euhedral-subhedral, and obvious magmatic oscillation zone, with Th/U ratios of 0.06-0.95, indicating their magmatic origin. Zircon dating results indicate that basaltic andesites were formed at (285±2) Ma, the Early Permian. The rock assemblage of the Early Permian volcanic rocks is basaltic andesite and andesite. The SiO2 mass fraction of the samples is 51.29%-58.91%, and the Mg# values are 39-66, belonging to the tholeiitic series, relatively enriched in light rare earth elements (LREEs), large ion lithophile elements (LILEs), and depleted in high field strength elements (HFSEs). Comprehensive studies suggest that the Early Permian volcanic magma originated from the depleted mantle wedge metasomatized by subducting fluids, and was formed in the active continental margin environment of the southward subduction of the Paleo-Asian Ocean. Combined with regional research results, it is believed that the northern margin of the North China plate was under the southward subduction of the Paleo-Asian Ocean in the Early Permian.

The FY-3B satellite has the characteristics of a high frequency of observation and wide imaging range, which can provide long-term observation data for maize leaf area index (LAI) inversion research. Long short-term memory (LSTM) algorithm has the ability to extract temporal features from multi-period data and solve complex nonlinear problems between spectral data and LAI. The study was conducted based on   LAI and reflectance spectrum data of spring maize in Jinzhou City,Liaoning Province  measured  near the ground. To construct the LAI inversion model, the spectral response functions were used to simulate the FY-3B multi-spectral band data combined with 28 vegetation indices highly correlated with spring maize LAI. The inversion models were conducted using LSTM of different hidden layers, and the accuracies of the LSTM models were compared with the accuracy of the partial least-squares regression (PLSR) model. The results showed that the number of hidden layers greatly influences the fitting ability of the LSTM model. The three-layer LSTM model increased the LAI estimation accuracy R2 from 0.818 3 (single-layer LSTM), 0.780 0 (PLSR) to 0.869 2; correspondingly reducing the RMSE from 0.509 1,0.490 6 to 0.372 6. In short, the accuracy of the model was significantly improved.

In order to quantitatively analyze the time-lag effect between displacement and inducing factors of step-like landslide, as well as to improve the accuracy of displacement prediction, in this study, the authors proposed a new prediction model and conducted comparative analysis. First, the cumulative displacement was separated into trend term and periodic term based on time series analysis. Then, using maximum information coefficient (Cmi) and multivariate empirical mode decomposition (MEMD) for multi-factor analysis and multi-scale analysis, the multi-factor and multi-scale MEMD prediction model was constructed. Finally, taking  Bazimen landslide in  Three Gorges Reservoir area as an example, the optimal lag period inducing factors were selected as the model input through Cmi, and multi-scale prediction model was established based on the decomposition of multivariate sequence by MEMD. The proposed model was compared with other models (single-factor and single-scale model, multi-factor and single-scale model, single-factor and multi-scale EMD model). The results showed that the optimal lag periods of rainfall and reservoir water level in  Bazimen landslide were 2 d and 4 d. After decomposing the landslide multivariate sequence by MEMD, three groups of mode functions were obtained, each group had seven components, and the time-scale of each corresponding component was consistent. The response of the periodic term displacement to the inducing factors had a time multi-scale characteristic. Compared with the comparison model, the root mean square error of the multi-factor and multi-scale MEMD prediction model decreased by 49.4%, 36.9% and 27.4% on average, and the mean absolute percentage error decreased by 38.0%, 26.4% and 15.8% on average.

 The Tenth International Conference on Gas Hydrates (ICGH10) was held in Singapore on July 9-14, 2023, with over 700 attendees, hosted by the National University of Singapore. ICGH10 received 538 abstracts, including 292 orals and 246 posters. ICGH10 summarized the research progress of gas hydrate in the past six years. This paper reviewed three aspects of them including energy exploration and development, flow assurance and hydrate application technology. As a clean and low-carbon energy source, natural gas hydrate has made many breakthroughs in basic theory and field production engineering, but there is still a certain distance from commercial development and utilization; To achieve efficient transportation of oil and gas pipelines, flow assurance technologies related to hydrate blockage have been widely studied. Many environment-friendly hydrate kinetic and thermodynamic inhibitors have been developed. In addition, hydrate technology is gradually moving from experimental research to commercial application in carbon sequestration, water treatment, and gas storage and transportation. This paper summarized the main content of ICGH10, aiming to introduce the latest international research progresses of gas hydrates.

The Jiapigou gold metallogenic belt is one of the important gold concentration areas in the marginal-Pacific metallogenic belt. The Shajingou gold deposit is located in the southeast of Huadian City, Jilin Province, which is in the eastern part of the northern margin of the North China plate, the southern side of the JiHei orogenic belt and the central part of the Jiapigou gold metallogenic belt, with superior metallogenic geological conditions. A number of large, medium and small gold and silver deposits have been discovered in the exploration area and surrounding area, such as Erdaogou gold deposit, Miaoling gold deposit, Yunfeng lead-zinc deposit and Majiadian gold deposit in the northwestern area, Bajiazi gold deposit in the north area and Dayangcha gold deposit in the exploration area. With the same geological background as the above gold deposits, the Shajingou gold deposit has the geological conditions of producing large and medium-sized gold deposits. Based on the comprehensive study of geophysics, geochemistry and geology, it is concluded that the ore-bearing structures in study area are characterised by low resistance and high polarization. The development of low resistance areas often indicates the existence of fracture structures, and the medium and high resistance zones within the low resistance zones are striped and have more potential for mineralisation. The soil geochemical anomalies are Au-Ag-As-Cu-Hg-Sb and so on. The distribution of ore bodies in the northwest and northeast of study area is equidistant, the ore bodies are spatially correlated with the vein rocks, and the ore bodies are enriched in elements, and the multi-causal coupling of mineralisation is discussed. The next prospecting should be fault-controlled ore and magmatic intrusion system controlled ore.

The Triassic granites in the Lancang-Menghai area of western Yunnan belong to the southern part of the Lincang granite belt, which are distributed in a nearly north-south direction. The main lithology is biotite monzogranite with weathered crusts, which has favorable metallogenic conditions for ionic rare earth deposits. In order to understand the internal relationship between the Triassic granite and REE mineralization, the petrological and geochemical characteristics of the Triassic biotite monzogranite and its weathered crust have been studied. The medium-grained (medium-coarse) or porphyritic biotite monzogranite in the inner facies zone of Triassic granite is more favorable for mineralization than the fine-grained biotite monzogranite in the outer facies zone. Under the effect of weathering and leaching, rare earth elements in biotite monzogranite are separated from rare earth independent minerals or rare earth-containing accessory minerals and then adsorbed into the whole weathered regolith clay minerals for mineralization. The biotite monzogranite is characterised by high silicon, rich potassium and rich aluminum. The completely weathered layer is more aluminum-rich, while the contents of MgO, TFeO and CaO decrease, and the content of trace element Ce decreases significantly. The characteristics of other major elements, trace elements and rare earth elements inherit the characteristics of parent rocks. A comprehensive study shows that the Triassic biotite monzogranite in the study area has the basic condition for the mineralization of adsorbed rare earth deposits, and the contents of dissociable rare earth independent minerals and rare earth-containing accessory minerals are important factors for the formation of ionic rare earth deposits.