Groundwater pollution control and remediation technologies have been studied abroad, some technologies have been used successfully in field practice. The remediation study of contaminated groundwater in China is highly concerned recently, the national wide groundwater pollution survey has been conducted and the pollution prevention planning is ongoing, and the groundwater remediation comes into the demonstration studying stage. For a contaminated groundwater site, different kind of risk management methods can be used, and many remediation technologies can be chosen. It is very important to develop risk management strategies, and to screen the right remediation technology or the combination of technologies for a specific contaminated site. The authors deal with the risk management and the screening of remediation technologies. The major groundwater remediation methods have been discussed and analyzed through the analysis of existed groundwater pollution risk management strategies, and with the consideration of author’s experiences in groundwater contaminated site study. Finally the screening procedure and methods of groundwater pollution remediation technologies have been proposed for the contaminated sites.

Deep exploration instrumentation and technologies provide technology supporting for national crust probing plan that discovery deep earth profound, which development level will  decide capability of acquisition and interpretation of data and information from huge continental and marine areas and ultra deep in China. In light of national high technique strategy with aiming at international high-ranked technology, development by the country has to be carried out to meet the request of probing capability and efficiency in geological complexity environment. The development has been designed in several phases and six technique directions, in order to speed up the level of the development. With strengthening cooperation of development units, R&D basis is established with introducing experts,  professional training, importing and learning high-end products and techniques. In this way, it is possible to refined innovation and university manufactory-academic-utilization role and to fast change embarrassing situation of a long term relying on importing all of instruments and technologies. It is hopefully benefit to a huge span pace from the beginning to qualification.

Based on SVM statistical theory, which was improved from kernel function’s construction，the original Hyperion hyperspectral data were dimensionally reduced, transformed and feature extracted by means of principle component analysis, envelope removal and spectra derivative transformation. The different regression results through the transformations were analyzed and compared. Then it was applied in the retrieval of rock’s oxide weight percent in Huolinguole, Inner Mongolia. A new mineral quantitative retrieval method was proposed for some important mineral which has not obvious characteristics of the spectral curve. Based on the hyperspectral remote sensing data, the chemical composition of mineral was inverted by improved SVM regression technology. Through the CIPW, the standard mineral percentage composition was derived. The results of the study show that：the SVM regression accuracy improved by improving the nuclear function, and the derivative of the transformed inversion precision up to 74.87%, improved 4.11% comparing to the original spectrum inversion precision. CIPW performed well in geological mapping using hyperspectral remote sensing, and provides a scientific basis on identification and evaluation of lithology.

Numerical simulation of seismic wave fields is crucial for seismic exploration, seismic data processing, and the study of Earth’s structures. The wave equation numerical simulation method takes into account the dynamic and geometric characteristics of seismic wave propagation, providing a solid theoretical basis for studying the mechanism of seismic wave propagation and interpreting complex geological structures. It is currently one of the most widely used methods for simulating seismic wave fields. This article surveys five wave equation-based numerical simulation methods: The finite difference method is easy to understand, but suffers from numerical dispersion issues; The pseudo spectral method offers high accuracy but low efficiency; The finite element method is suitable for complex models but requires substantial computational resources; The spectral element method is appropriate for high-precision problems but demands significant computational memory; And the deep learning method based on physics-informed neural networks demonstrates strong adaptability, though it comes with high training costs. The theoretical foundations, applicable conditions, and latest advancements of these five numerical simulation methods are described respectively. In the future, seismic wave field numerical simulation methods should integrate cutting-edge technologies such as deep learning, optimize boundary conditions to simulate actual boundary reflections, and enhance the precision and efficiency of simulations.

Two 80 meters deep boreholes (BT113 and BT114) were carried in the west coast of Bohai Bay in order to clarify the revolution of sedimentary environments. Three marine sedimentary beds were identified based on sediment composition and texture, faunal assemblages (mollusk, benthic foraminifera and ostracoda) as well as AMS ¹⁴C and OSL ages. According to their order, from bottom to top, they are interpreted as Marine Bed 3 (M3) deposited in the Later Mid-Pleistocene, Marine Bed 2 (M2) in the Late Pleistocene and Marine Bed 1 (M1) in the Holocene. These marine beds, from M3 to M1, reveal three major sea level movements since the Late Mid-Pleistocene. M3, M2 and M1, corresponding to marine facies deposited in MIS (marine isotope stage) 7, MIS5, and MIS1, respectively, indicate the repeated highstands during those periods. Therefore, it can be conclude that the development of these marine beds recording the regional sea level trends in the west coast of Bohai Bay, is well accordant with the global change. Different from the previous studies, authors consider that the marine transgression which controlled sea water to intrude into the Bohai Sea did not impact the studied area during MIS3 due to the relative lowstand and shallow topography of Bohai Strait. Contrastive analysis of multi boreholes indicates that the three marine beds are distributed widely and comparable well in the west coast of Bohai Bay. Changeable elevation and thickness of the marine beds within different boreholes imply that there have happened differential depressional movements during the Late Pleistocene period.

A fern-like plant is identified at 2 068.00-2 069.02 m in the borehole of the Well CSDP-2 of South Yellow Sea which belongs to the Upper Devonian Leigutai Member of Wutung Formation. The plant consists of at least three-time pinnate compound leaves,the secondary rachises are alternately attached, and the ultimate pinnule is planar and fan or wedged shaped with a contracting basal part. The pinna has at least one deep lobe with blunt margins and has conspicuous bifurcate veins. Accordingly, the plant is classified to Shougangia cf. S. bella. The study adds new palaeobotanical data for the Upper Devonian Wutung Formation in South Yellow Sea.

The Tugurige gold deposit is a large-scale gold deposit which is located in the Xing’an-Mongolia Orgenic Belt(XMOB). In order to investigate the source of its ore-forming fluids, a systematic study of the carbon and oxygen isotopes of the deposit was conducted. Results show that the average carbon isotope δ13CV-PDB value of the green calcite is -8.85‰, while the average oxygen isotope δ18OV-SMOW value is 11.65‰. The trends in δ13C and δ18O reflect a transformation of calcite from low to high enrichment levels, indicating two distinct mineralization stages. On the basis of previous research, this study proposes that the origin and composition of ore-forming fluids differ across these stages of mineral deposit formation: In the stage Ⅱ, the ore-forming fluids mainly originated from deep-seated magmatic water, whereas in the stage Ⅲ, seawater-derived carbonates were mixed. Comparing the C-O isotope compositions between the Baoyintu Group and regional formations revealed significantly depleted oxygen isotopes, indicating water-rock interactions during the ore-forming process. Simulations of water-rock reactions indicate that soluble carbon in the ore-forming fluids mainly existed in the form of HCO3-. The simultaneous δ13C and δ18O values of the ore-forming fluid, -9.2‰ and 8‰ respectively, imply that the initial fluid originated from magma and subsequently interacted with marine carbonate rocks in the surrounding rocks during the evolution process. Comprehensive research on the Tugurige gold deposit highlights it typical characteristics of a magmatic hydrothermal gold deposit, with geological features, mineral symbiosis, and fluid characteristics all indicating a close relationship with magmatic hydrothermal activity.

Addressing the challenge posed by the uneven distribution of various features and the low classification accuracy of urban remote sensing images, we propose a novel method for remote sensing image classification that integrates parallel attention and weight balance algorithm. Leveraging the semantic segmentation network architecture of DeepLabV3+ and ResNet50, our method combines channel attention and spatial attention algorithms in parallel to improve the network's feature extraction capability. Additionally, to address the issue of imbalanced feature category proportions in remote sensing images, we propose a feature category weight balance algorithm to improve the classification accuracy of minority feature categories. To validate the effectiveness of our network model for classification, we conduct experiments using Vaihingen and Postdam datasets. The experimental results demonstrate promising performance metrics: The remote sensing image classification algorithm that integrates attention mechanism and weight balance is validated in the Vaihingen dataset with pixel accuracy, mean intersection over union, and mean F1 values of 96.66%, 90.35%, and 96.66%, respectively. In the Postdam dataset, the pixel accuracy, mean intersection over union, and mean F1 values of the validated data are 95.74%, 81.47%, and 91.82%, respectively. From the classification details, incorporating an attention mechanism and a weight balance algorithm significantly enhances the recognition accuracy of cars, which account for a relatively small proportion. Specifically, the pixel accuracy of cars in Vaihingen dataset has improved by 26.44%, and in  Postdam dataset, it has increased by 21.84%, leading to commendable classification results.

Disasters induced by rock creep in engineering are common, and soft rock creep is also more common in actual engineering. In order to explore the soft rock creep characteristics and accurately predict the soft rock creep deformation. In this study, firstly, a one-dimensional secondary consolidation creep test was carried out on the soft mudstone in Lund area of Guyuan City, Ningxia, and the creep characteristics of soft mudstone under the one-dimensional secondary consolidation creep test were analyzed. Secondly, the concept of fractional order theory was introduced to derive the fractional order Burgers model constitutive equation which can describe the nonlinear creep characteristics. Finally, the lsqcurvefit algorithm in Matlab was used to numerically solve the one-dimensional secondary consolidation creep test data of soft mudstone, and the effect of fractional order number on the one-dimensional secondary consolidation creep curve of soft mudstone was analyzed. One-dimensional secondary consolidation creep test shows that the creep mechanism of soft mudstone conforms to the three stages of transient deformation, consolidation deformation, and stable deformation in consolidation creep, and shows obvious nonlinear characteristics. And the undisturbed sample, remodeled sample in the consolidation process produced a large degree of secondary consolidation creep, the maximum deformation can account for 59% of the total deformation. Numerical simulation results show that the fractional order Burgers model can better describe the nonlinear characteristics of the sub-consolidation creep; Model fractional order γ has a strong sensitivity to reflect the elasticity of the fitted curve and the nonlinear viscoelasticity after the stage, and fractional order  β  sensitivity is poorer than the viscoelasticity stage of the creep tendency to make a subtle response.

Volcano stratigraphy has three distinguishing features:temporal attributes of ephemeral construction and long erosion, spatial attributes controlled by eruption style and paleo-topography, and occurrence changed with volcanic vents. In this paper,the classification and identification marks of bed, deposit unit and volcanic edifices are introduced in detail. Volcano stratigraphic units were determined by using stratigraphic boundary to reflect temporal attributes, and by using lithology succession and geometrical shape to reflect spatial attributes and occurrence characteristics. The stratigraphic units include bed, deposit unit, volcanic edifice, member, formation, and group. The bed was determined by the differences between rock colors, chemical components,and fabrics. According to an eruptive style and emplacement environment, the deposit units were divided into 3 types,namely lava, volcanic clastics,and reworked volcanic clastics. The occurrence changes continuously within a deposit unit, and the units are separated by an eruptive unconformity/eruptive conformity. A volcanic edifice is a product of ordered stacked deposit units. Volcanic strata lean along volcano vents,and their dip angles decrease gradually from central belt to distal belt. Volcanic edifices were divided by eruptive interval unconformity boundary. More attentions should be paid to the spatial attributes so as to establish a volcano stratigraphic framework. The buried history of volcano stratigraphy should base on the analysis of central belt and distal belt of volcanic edifices. On the basis of the new framework of volcano stratigraphic units,the reservoir distribution are more reasonable

 The boundary layer fluid and its viscosity changeshave a significant impact on the flow of fluids in low permeability media. Existing low-velocity non-Darcy flow models usually ignore the change of fluid viscosity, or simply treat the fluid viscosity as a function of pore radius. The viscosity of boundary layer fluids is usually related to contact angle. In this paper, based on capillary model and fractal theory, a new low-velocity non-Darcy flow model is proposed considering the influence of contact angle on the viscosity of boundary layer fluid. The reliability of the model was verified through experiments and the sensitivity analysis of key parameters was conducted. The results show that the contact angle has a significant impact on the viscosity of the boundary layer fluid, which in turn affects the flow behavior of the fluid. After considering the change of fluid viscosity in the boundary layer, the flow velocity decreases. In this experiment, compared with ignoring the change of fluid viscosity, the decrease in flow velocity can reach 57.1%. The flow velocity decreases with the increase of fractal dimension of pore distribution (Df) and increases with the increase of contact angle. In this paper, under the same pressure gradient, when Df increases from 1.2 to 1.8, for every 0.2 increase, the flow velocity decreases by 18.4%, 23.3%, and 29.1%, respectively; When the contact angle increases from 0° to 80°, for every 20° increase, the flow velocity increases by 10.9%, 12.3%, 14.0%, and 16.3%, respectively. As the pressure gradient increases, the boundary layer fluid participates in the flow, and the effective seepage section and fluid effective viscosity increase. The increase of fluid viscosity has retarding effect on the flow, but the effect is smaller than the gain effect of the increase in flow section on the flow velocity. Therefore, in general, the flow velocity increases with the increase of the pressure gradient.

 The accurate prediction of reservoir brittleness is of great significance for underground geotechnical engineering disaster warning and oil and gas extraction. A brittle intelligent prediction method is proposed based on the acoustic emission signals generated during rock compression and fracture. Four types of rocks with the same size but different brittleness were experimentally prepared for indoor uniaxial rock fracturing, and the collected fracture signals were preprocessed to create a sample dataset. To address issues such as insufficient training data and limitations of traditional data augmentation methods, an improved deep convolutional generative adversarial network (DCGAN) is proposed. A deep convolutional attention generative adversarial network model based on spectral normalization (CS-DCGAN) is designed to output high-quality time-frequency images of samples, enrich the original sample dataset, and serve as input for the residual network; Extracting, learning, and iteratively training effective information from images to establish an intelligent brittleness prediction model, and continuously adjusting the hyperparameters of the model to improve its prediction accuracy; Finally, a multi-criteria evaluation is performed. The experimental results show that compared with traditional DCGAN, the improved model generates higher sample quality, with a minimum Frechet inception distance (FID) of 67.96, which can alleviate overfitting and improve the performance of the residual network. The average recognition accuracy for different brittleness can reach up to 94.95%, proving the effectiveness of the proposed method.

In order to realize effective classification of low-permeability and tight sandstone reservoirs and clarify the classification boundary, and effectively guide the selection of reservoir development countermeasures, this paper used the methods of grey correlation, multivariate analysis, information superposition and cluster analysis to carry out comprehensive reservoir classification and determine the classification boundary. In this paper, firstly, based on grey correlation, the reservoir quality factor IRQ, main throat radius, movable fluid saturation, sorting coefficient and displacement pressure are selected as the main controlling factors for reservoir evaluation. Secondly，the comprehensive quantitative evaluation of the reservoir is completed by the information superposition of the multivariate analysis and the grey evaluation results, and K-means clustering method combined with probability distribution function is proposed and the boundary of each factor is clarified. Finally, a clustering method combined with probability distribution function is proposed. The results show that the average error between the calculated value of IRQ conversion model obtained from logging and experimental data and the measured value of core is 8.60%, which confirms the reliability of the model. The average errors of the optimized clustering algorithm and the single factor classification method are 13.57% and 19.63% respectively, and the former is more accurate. The rationality of the method is verified by the single well productivity: The daily oil production in stable production period of type Ⅰ well is above 7.48 t/d, that of type Ⅱ well is 4.37- 7.48 t/d, and that of type Ⅲ well is less than 4.37 t/d. 

 Greenhouse gas emissions have caused severe global climate change, and countries around the world are taking measures to mitigate the greenhouse effect caused by carbon emissions. Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) is emerging as a large-scale greenhouse gas reduction technology and is gradually becoming one of the most important means of mitigating the greenhouse effect. There are a series of issues in the implementation of this technology, among which the geomechanical problems caused by injection and storage cannot be ignored. This paper reviews the impacts and risks caused by geomechanical problems due to injection and storage in CCS. The results indicate that CO2 injection triggers pore pressure variations, thermal stress, and coupling effect of chemistry and mechanics, leading to reduced reservoir rock strength, intensified deformation, and subsequent surface deformation. InSAR technology effectively monitors surface deformation, while site-specific microseismic monitoring reveals a direct correlation between injection rates and seismic activity. Controlling injection rates and pressures can significantly reduce the probability of caprock fracturing and fault reactivation. Furthermore, numerical simulation serves as a primary tool for assessing geomechanical risks at storage sites. Simulations demonstrate that selecting caprock with low-permeability and low-reactivity lithology minimizes leakage risks, and comprehensive evaluation of fault stress states is essential to avoid high-activity fault zones.

 Compared with the frequency domain electromagnetic method, the transient electromagnetic method can effectively distinguish between  air waves and seafloor electromagnetic response, which has a good application prospect in the shallow offshore oil and gas reservoir detection. The geological conditions of offshore area are generally more complicated, and there are strong cut terrain and complex structures,  making the electromagnetic field response characteristics become extremely complex. These problems will bring great difficulties to the data interpretation work. In this paper, based on the timedomain finite element method (FEM), the unstructured mesh is used to dissect the complex geological model. By constructing the timedomain finite element equations and combining the long wire source approximation technique with dipole discretization and the backward Euler discretization technique, the threedimensional forward modeling  simulation of   electromagnetic transient with  electrical source in shallow sea  area under  complex geological conditions is realized. After verifying the accuracy of the algorithm, the influence of different seawater depths on  air waves and the target body of  seafloor  oil and gas reservoir is analyzed through the threedimensional forward modeling  of the complex geological model. Based on these results, the influence of different surrounding rock resistivity and seafloor  topography on the resolution of the target body of  oil and gas reservoir is further analyzed.  The results show that under shallow sea conditions, the pulse response is greatly affected by air waves, while the step response is less affected by air waves. As the depth increases, the influence of air waves  decreases, and the resolution of oil and gas reservoirs also decreases. The electrical resistivity of surrounding rocks and the complex seafloor topopraphy  have a serious impact on the transient electromagnetic properties of electrical sources.

In order to understand the pressure sensitivity of porosity of volcanic rocks with different lithology,the representative rock samples of andesite, breccia tuff and tuff in Changling fault depression were collected to measure porosity by gas method under the overburden pressures of 3.4, 8.3, 13.1, 17.9, 22.8, 27.6, 32.4 and 37.2 MPa respectively. The results show that with the increase of pressure, the porosity of the three lithological types of  samples decreases in different ranges, and the decreasing level is tuff, breccia tuff and andesite from large to small，whichindicates that the pore stress sensitivity of tuff is the strongest, breccia tuff is in the middle, and andesite is the weakest. The analyses of whole rock X-ray diffraction, rock slice identification under polarizing microscope, high-pressure mercury porosimeter experiment and nuclear magnetic resonance experiment based on CPMG pulse sequence show that rock composition, particle sorting and pore type are the key factors affecting pore pressure sensitivity; The larger the volume fraction of plastic minerals, the smaller the particles and the smaller the pore size, the stronger the pressure sensitivity of the corresponding porosity.

The foreland basins of central-western China are mostly characterized by intracontinental-subduction, so the application of sequence stratigraphy to these basins is a new research field. Sedimentary facies analysis and sequence stratigraphic division of five measured outcrop sections and one well log arecarried out in detail. The patterns of sedimentary facies transformation, the types of sequence boundaries, sequence characteristics and the related base level changes are described as well. The result suggests that the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation of the northern Sichuan foreland basin be divided into four thirdorder sequences (TS1, TS2, TS3 and TS4). The thickness of Xujiahe Formation is about 400-600 m in Dazhu-Kaijiang basin where the four sequences are relatively complete. In contrast, the Xujiahe Formation tends to thin westward to less than 100 m in Wanyuan area where only one sequence could be recognized. Sequence stratigraphic framework is constructed based on the above sequence stratigraphic division of the six sections. TS1-TS2 is dominated by meandering river and delta depositional system, which implied stable subsidence and an underfilled basin. In contrast, TS3-TS4 is characterized by alluvial fan and braided river depositional system, which showed strong subsidence and an overfilled basin. The spatial and temporal distribution of sedimentary facies and stacking patterns were restrained and controlled by tectonics of northern Qinling orogenic belt.

The Chang 6³ low reservoir in Yanchang Formation in upper Triassic system in Huaqing area, Ordos basin is the extra low permeable oil layer, and the natural fracture distribution and validity restrict petroleum exploration and development. Based on the statistics method and associating with the rock failure criteria and the strain energy method, the fracture development degree and distribution were quantitatively predicted in the Chang 6³ reservoir in Huaqing area by the finite element simulation of the aeolotropism reservoir. According to the quantitative observations of the fractures in orientated drilling cores and thin-slices, The fracture distribution network conceptual model of Chang 6³ reservoir was preliminarily erected based on the characteristic parameters of fracture direction, interval, and density, which expressed the essential states of the fractures in the reservoir, including the natural fracture density, distribution pattern and the difference of the fracture composition. And according to the fill degree, fill probability and mechanical property of the constructional surfaces of the fractures in the reservoir and the included angle between the fracture strike and the direction of the maximum horizontal principal pressure, the validity of the fracture systems in the reservoir were preliminarily analyzed. It was held that the invalid fractures were dominant in the reservoir, which had reached 85.6%, while the valid ones only 14.4%. And after hydraulic treatment, the NEE-NWW natural fracture systems were easy to be reconstructed or change to valid ones, which could improve the vadose capacity of reservoir. These results could offer important geological reference for the further oil exploration and the reasonable development decision in the Chang 6³ reservoir in Huaqing area.

In the process of carbonate reservoir exploration and development, it is difficult for reservoir prediction and fluid identification. Aiming at this problem, we put forward a quantitative prediction method through making carbonate gas reservoir parameters based on the rock physics theories. First of all, considering the geological and well logging information of carbonate rock and according to the rock physics theories, we establish the carbonate rock physics model; and further we optimize the sensitive parameters (λρ and μρ) with the change of porosity, gas saturation, and establish the rock physics template for quantitative interpretation. Finally, the template and extracted parameters from seismic inversion were combined to decide the reservoir distribution and quantitatively interpret the porosity and gas saturation within the range of reservoir. The example analyses show that the porosity and gas saturation getting by our carbonate rock physics template are basically identical with the actual gas production and porosity. The reliability and applicability of carbonate rock physics template are thereby verified.

Daggyai geothermal system in Tibet includes the biggest geyser in mainland China. Arsenic, as one of the most harmful substances, commonly exists in geothermal water, and the highest arsenic concentration detected in Daggyai geothermal springs reaches 9.75 mg/L, unneglectable potential arsenic pollution in shallow groundwater and rivers should be noticed. Thioarsenic usually exists as the dominant species of arsenic in sulfide-rich thermal springs;however there are few related studies in China. We focused on Daggyai geothermal system, and analyzed the chemical components of the geothermal spring samples. Thioarsenic species in each sample were calculated by using the hydro-geothermal simulation software PHREEQC. The results are as follows:Arsenic in Daggyai geothermal water consists of arsenate, arsenite, and thioarsenic, among which the arsenate and arsenite are the main species. There are interchanges between arsenate and arsenite when pH changes. The descending order of thioarsenic species in terms of their average ratio is monothioarsenate, trithioarsenate, ditthioarsenate, monothioarsenite and tetrathioarsenate. The proportion of thioarsenic to total arsenic concentration is mainly controlled by sulfide concentration, pH and Eh in geothermal water. High concentration of sulfide can promote the process of arsenic changing into thioarsenic, and strong reducing environment is required for the existence of thioarsenic. Moreover, the percentage of thioarsenic seems to have a positive correlation with pH value.

 Haze is a hot issue closely related to social development. In order to predict PM2.5 concentration and provide basis for its effective prevention and control,  the PM2.5 prediction model VMDLSTM is proposed based on the combination of the improved VMD (variational modal decomposition) and LSTM (long and shortterm memory) neural network. Firstly, the threshold method is used to determine the decomposition number of VMD method, then the historical data is decomposed into different sequences, further each sequence is predicted, and the final prediction result is obtained by summing the prediction results of each sequence. The VMDLSTM model is applied to the shortterm prediction of PM2.5 series in Beijing, and its result is compared with nine models such as ARIMA (autoregressive integrated moving average), RFR (random forest regression)，LSSVR（least squares support vector regression）, LSTM and so on,  by using seven evaluation indexes. The comparison results show that among the five error evaluation indexes, the VMDLSTM model performs best,  with only one error index ranking second. In the protocol index evaluation, the VMDLSTM model is closest to 1 and has the highest accuracy; The mean square error of VMDLSTM model is 41.10, the root mean square error is 6.42, the mean absolute error is 5.79, and the protocol index is 0.97. The mean square error range of RFR，VMDLSSVR，ARIMA，SVR，and LSTM models is from 60.72 to 1 058.07, the root mean square error range is from 7.79 to 32.53, the mean absolute error range is from 7.45 to 26.14, and the protocol index range is from 0.39 to 0.95. The VMDLSTM model proposed in this paper has the highest accuracy.

From the electrical image logging data, which has complete coverage and high resolution, by adoption of the multi-scale morphology method, the total porosity volume has been separated into matrix porosity, fracture porosity and karst cave porosity, and the porosity spectrum of the fracture and karst cave has been derived as well. Firstly, the response modes of the FMI (formation microscanner image) corresponding to various fractures and karst caves were analyzed. Secondly, operators of mathematical morphology were introduced, and the method of structuring element selection and filtering operator construction were proposed to improve signal-noise ratio and identify conductivity anomaly from the FMI measurements. After that, based on the edge detection of the conductivity anomaly that were formed by fracture and karst caves, the detection results of karst caves were fitted with elliptic or polygonal functions, and the fracture results were fitted by polynomial. Thus, fracture and karst cave parameters, as well as the spectrum of porosity were deduced from the fitted edge detection results. Finelly, examples of numerical simulation data and field data were provided for the verification of the effectiveness and stability of the multi-scale morphology method in application of FMI processing.

During the survey of fixed-wing airborne electromagnetic system, the transmitting and receiving coils are rotated by wind direction, flight bumpy etc., which makes the change of coil attitude,and it,in turn,causes error to receiving electromagnetic responses. Based on Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, by using the transformation relationship between the coil coordinate system and the system coordinate system, we deduced the formula for calculating electromagnetic response,and concluded that electromagnetic response is composed of two parts:The dynamic response generated by cutting geomagnetic field in the movement process of coil and the static response induced in the sloping coil. We further studied the coil attitude correction algorithm based on BP neural network through the following steps:Firstly, the dynamic response was removed through calculation by using geomagnetic field and coil attitude angle,then BP neural network model was constructed, and the static response was corrected by using of the static response coefficient obtained in the network. The simulation results show that the quality of the corrected electromagnetic response data is greatly improved.

The Zaozigou gold deposit is located in the Tongren-Xiahe-Minxian gold metallogneic belt in west Qinling orogen. The ore bodies are hosted in fine-grained clastic rocks intercalated with limestone of the Middle-Triassic Gulangti Formation and varied dikes. The gold ore bodies are strictly controlled by the NE, NW and SN trending tensional and shearing faults with high dipping angle. The ore-forming hydrothermal period is divided into four stages: pyrite-quartz, pyrite-arsenopyrite quartz, stibnite-quartz-calcite and quartz-calcite. Quartz, calcite and sericite are the main alteration minerals. Environmental scanning electron microscope and electron probe analyses show that the gold is micro-visible or invisible. Micro-visible gold is seen in the intercrystalline space or in the fissures of quartz and silicates. Invisible gold is captured in pyrite, arsenopyrite, stibnite and other sulfide mainly as nanoparticles. Gold concentration in sulphides of ore-forming stages is between 0.003% and 0.658% with an average of 0.257%. All the characteristics above lead us to draw the conclusion that the Zaozigou deposit is a typical carlin-type. Hydrogen and oxygen isotope compositions show that ore-forming fluids came from meteoric water while sulfur isotope compositions show that the sulfur came from the sedimentary strata. The meteoric water went deep into the crust through the deep cutting faults and was heated and circulated to extract the metals from the wall rocks. Gold may be transported in the hydrothermal fluids in forms of AuH₃SiO⁰₄,Au(HS)^-₂, H₂Au(Sb,As)S⁰₂ and HAu(Sb,As)S^-₃. In the early stage, the breakup of the AuH₃SiO⁰₄ complex resulted in the deposition of Au and Si, Fe, Na, Al etc; while in the later stages the breakup of  Au(HS)^-₂, H₂Au(Sb,As)S⁰₂ and HAu(Sb,As)S^-₃  complexes led to the simultaneous deposition of sulfides and gold nanoparticles in them.

Eutrophication leads to the outbreak of algae and the release of algal toxins into water. Microcystins (MCLR), the most common algal toxin, shows high potential toxicity to human health. In this study, the combination of ultraviolet and chlorine was applied to investigate the degradation ability of MCLR. The results show that a synergetic effect between UV and chlorine is produced, and  MCLR can be completely removed in 30 min. The produce of active radicals such as ·Cl and ·OH during the UV/chlorine process is the main reason for the synergetic effect. In the test, the MCLR removal efficiency increased with the increase of chlorine dosage. While pH had negligible effect on MCLR removal during UV/chlorine process under neural and acid conditions.  However, an effect was observed that the remove efficiency decreased significantly with pH increase in alkaline conditions, the remove efficiency was only 41.3% at pH 9. The water matrix can significantly affect  MCLR degradation: the degradation percentage of pure water, filtrated water, and water treatment plant influent was 99.5%, 40.2%, and 63.3%, respectively. The degradation efficiency of MCLR decreased with the increase of humic acid concentration: the removal of MCLR without humic acid was as high as 99.5% within 60 minutes; while the removal of MCLR was only 45.3% with 10 mg/L humic acid. 

The roaming function is widely used in the fields of digital earth, virtual reality and simulation. Previous researches mostly focused on desktop applications under client/server(C/S) structure. This paper constructs a virtual Earth based on Cesium, an open-source 3D geography framework on the Web side under browser/server(B/S) structure and designs three different roaming algorithms: conventional algorithm, callback function algorithm and Lagrange interpolation algorithm. Then, the tilting photography model of downtown Chongqing was successfully loaded on the virtual Earth’s surface to realize the roaming functions of the three different algorithms. Finally, the effectiveness of the three algorithms was compared in terms of frames per second (FPS) and network latency (NL). The results show that the average FPS in the first 50 s for conventional algorithm, callback function algorithm and Lagrange interpolation algorithm are 70, 74 and 80 Hz, respectively; The average NL in the first 50 s for conventional algorithm, callback function algorithm and Lagrange interpolation algorithm are 14.145, 13.166 and 12.419 ms, respectively. In terms of FPS, callback function algorithm is 5.714% higher than conventional algorithm, while Lagrange interpolation algorithm is 14.286% higher than conventional algorithm. In terms of NL, callback function algorithm is 6.921% shorter than conventional algorithm, while Lagrange interpolation algorithm is 12.202% shorter than conventional algorithm. Overall, the final order of the three algorithms’ running efficiency from largest to smallest is: Lagrange interpolation algorithm, callback function algorithm, and conventional algorithm. Namely, callback function algorithm and Lagrange interpolation algorithm have certain improvements compared with conventional algorithm in the process of roaming, and Lagrange interpolation algorithm can achieve the most efficient and smooth operation and rendering effects.

 The geological structure of shale oil reservoir of the Qianjiang Formation in the Qianjiang sag of the Jianghan basin is thinlayer shale under the background of rhythmic layers. It is difficult to accurately describe the spatial distribution of the thin intersalt shale oil reservoir thickness by the conventional seismic exploration methods due to the limitation of seismic resolution. This study is based on the existing seismic data to explore the method of thinlayer seismic prediction suitable for shale thin layers in rhythmic structure. In this paper, the seismic propagation matrix method is used to calculate and analyze the seismic response characteristics of the target rhythmic layer in the study area and the dynamic characteristics of seismic reflection when the thickness and velocity of the target shale thin layer change in the nonuniform thin interbedded structure. It is found that the amplitude and phase of seismic reflection waveform change obviously with the velocity and thickness of the nonuniform shale thin layer. On this basis, combined with logging analysis, a rhythmic geological and geophysical model is constructed, with 99 combinations of shale thin layer velocity and thickness being considered in the model space. Through finding the best match between the actual seismic reflection waveform of the target layer and the seismic waveform in the constructed model space, a seismic prediction method of the thin shale reservoir thickness is established, and by which, the thickness of the thin shale reservoir in the study area is predicted: The thickness varies from 520 m, showing an increasing trend from southwest to northeast. There is a high consistency between the thickness of the predicted shale thin layer and that of the logging interpretation, which verifies the effectiveness of this seismic prediction method and provides important information for the identification and evaluation of shale oil reservoirs.

In order to study the deformation mechanism of landslide accumulation and  treat it more effectively, taking Donglingxin landslide accumulation in Jianhe county, Guizhou as an example, the geological conditions of Donglingxin landslide accumulation  were  investigated  based on the detailed geological exploration, indoor test and drainage tunnel construction， the surface displacement, surface fracture, in-hole fracture, and deep displacement were comprehensively analyzed, and the deformation characteristics of landslide accumulation   were discussed. Finally, the stability of the slope  was evaluated by numerical method. The results show that the initial storage of the reservoir starts the deformation and instability process of Donglingxin landslide accumulation, and then，the slope enters into the creep deformation stage. The rise of river water level and continuous heavy rainfall lead to the rise of the groundwater level of the slope, which results in a step development of the slope deformation curve . The slope safety factor reaches the highest value (1.14) in the pre-flood dry season and the lowest value (1.01) at the end of the flood season. Main attention should be paid to lower the slope groundwater table by drainage measures.

With the discovery of more and more polymetallic nodule mineralization zones in the South China Sea (SCS) in recent years, the researches of marine polymetallic nodules in this area have become deeper. The SCS marginal-sea polymetallic nodules have their own unique characteristics, which are very different from those in the oceanic environment. Based on the comparative analysis of the previous research results, the authors studied the metallogenetic characteristics of the SCS polymetallic nodules, and provided theoretical guidance for the evaluation of the SCS submarine polymetallic mineral resources. The results show that the mineral composition of the SCS marginal nodules is basically similar to that of oceanic nodules, mainly composed of Mn-and Fe-phase minerals, but the SCS nodules contain a large amount of silicate minerals, indicating that they are greatly affected by terrestrial detrital minerals. Compared to the oceanic nodules in the main economic mineralization zones, the content of the main economic elements such as Mn, Cu, Co, Ni and Zn in the SCS nodules are relatively low, while the contents of terrestrial-derived elements such as Fe, Ti, P, Nb, Pb, Rb, Sc, Ta, Sr, Th and REY (REE and Y) are relatively high. The elemental geochemical characteristics and REE shale-normalized patterns of the SCS polymetallic nodules show that they are of hydrogenetic origin with lower Mn/Fe ratios, high average growth rate, and relatively higher positive δCe anomalies, indicating that the SCS nodules grew in more oxidizing seawater environment. Although the high sediment accumulation rate and turbulent seawater environment affect the mineralization of the SCS nodules, the entry of a large number of terrestrial material provides a rich source of metallogenetic material for the rapid growth of nodules. The SCS marginal polymetallic nodules are rich in a variety of economic metal elements, and can be used as potential marine mineral resources.

To simulate hydraulic fracturing and heat injection and extraction effect in hot dry rock reservoir, we established a  thermo-hydro-mechanical  coupling hydraulic fracture propagation and heat transfer model for simulating the complex fracturing fracture morphology of dry hot rock and conducting injection-production thermal analysis. Taking the hot dry rock（HDR） in Qinghai Gonghe basin as a reference, we constructed two case considered the geo-mechanical parameter characteristics and simulated the multi-well fracturing and heat recovery process, the numerical results of fracturing and heat injection and recovery show that: In HDR, the fracture initiation is influenced by the non-uniform stress field, exhibiting volumetric fracture characteristics. Fractures created through multi-well fracturing connect via natural fractures, providing over 95% of the heat exchange flow channels for heat injection and production. During heat injection and production, fluid mainly flows along the connected fractures, forming dominant heat exchange channels. This leads to a significant decrease in outlet temperature during the initial stage of heat injection and production, with the outlet water temperature dropping by 30-50 ℃ within the first three years, followed by a gradual slowdown in the later stages. Enhanced fracture complexity can increase effective heat transfer area, while optimized well placement and injection-production parameters improve thermal efficiency, enabling sustainable geothermal energy exploitation.

Copper resources in the Southern and Central Africa are mainly distributed in 12 countries such as Zambia, DR Congo, and South Africa. Based on the study of the formation of African continent, subsequent Neoproterozoic pan-African movement, and Paleozoic-Cenozoic sedimentation, the authors suggest that apart from the northwestern margin of the continent, namely the region from the Morocco to Atlas mountains in Tunisia, the African continent is a grade Ⅰ tectonic unit, and which can be broken down into 5 grade Ⅱ and 28 grade Ⅲ tectonic units by taking the Neoproterozoic pan-African movement as a marker. The 5 gradeⅡtectonic units include the Western African craton, the Eastern African craton, the Central African craton, the Southern African craton, and the pan-African structural belt; on the basis of the above tectonic breakdown, the whole African continent is suggested to be the grade Ⅰ metallogenic domain, and which is divided into 3 grade Ⅱ metallogenic provinces and 32 grade Ⅲ metallogenic regions(belts). 12 of them are related to copper deposits. The 3 metallogenic provinces include Au-Fe-Mn-Cr-Ni-U and diamond metallogenic province in the Southern African craton, Au-Cu-Fe-W-Sn-Nb-Ta and diamond metallogenic province in the Central African craton, and the metallogenic province in pan-African tectonic belt. A preliminary analysis was conducted. Based on the results of geological characteristics and mineralization setting, a summary of the typical ore deposits in the major metallogenic regions (belts) is given in this paper to cover a variety of deposits such as sedimentary metamorphic-reformed Cu-Co deposits, mafic and ultramafic intrusive related Cu-Ni deposits, greenstone belt related copper deposits, carbonate rock related copper deposits, and copper polymetallic deposits associated with limestone. According to the distribution of copper resources, the breakdown of tectonic units, the metallogenic regions (belts), and the characteristics of representative deposits, the authors divide the central and Southern Africa into five potential copper polymetallic ore prospecting areas.

This paper takes South China Early Paleozoic Caledonian intracontinental orogenic belt as an example, analyzing the intracontinental orogenic deformation, magmatic and sedimentary characteristics, the distribution of angular unconformity, fold-thrust belts, and subduction polarity. It was found that E-W-striking Cambrian fold asymmetry and spatial distribution of angular unconformities propagated and became younging towards the north in the Daming Mountain and the Dayaoshan area, indicating that the younging and propagation of north-directed thrusting may resulted from the seuqantially southward collision of the Yunkai block and the Diangui-North Vietanam blocks. Under the global tectonic setting, the deformation may be related to far-field intracontinental effect caused by sequential collision of some blocks in the South China block to the northern margin of Gondwana. The Yuanbaoshan and Yuechengling area in the north Guangxi, and the Hunan-Jiangxi border area developed the Early Paleozoic NE-NNE-trending folds and thrusts of which asymmetry indicates westward propagation, probably resulting from the collision of the Cathaysia block to the Yangtze block along the Chenzhou-Linwu fault in the Late Ordovician and Early Silurian. In the global view, it may be related to the clockwise rotation and comprehensive collision of the South China block to Gondwana. In summary, the Caledonian tectonic movement as a whole was sequentially propagated from south to north, and from east to west, their deformation intensity is from strong to weak toward the north or the west, reflecting that South China intracontinental collisional orogenic event is a far-field effect of its collision to the Gondwana. During about 450-420 Ma the South China block has been a part of the northern margin of Gondwana.

 With the depletion of shallow resources, refined exploration of deep metal deposits has become a key focus in geophysical prospecting. Underground electromagnetic (EM) methods demonstrate distinctive potential in deep mineral exploration owing to their proximity to target bodies, strong anti-interference capability, and high-resolution imaging. Internationally, these methods have been established as core technologies for exploring deep (>500 m) massive sulfide and disseminated deposits. This paper systematically reviews recent advances in borehole, crosswell, and borehole-to-surface EM methods both domestically and internationally, analyzing the developments of high-power transmitters, high-sensitivity receivers, and multicomponent observation systems, and summarizing numerical modeling, inversion algorithms, and intelligent data processing under complex well conditions. Within the workflow of deep mineral exploration, application strategies of underground EM techniques at different stages are summarized, including constraining metallogenic background, guiding metallogenic models, supporting target prediction, and locating ore bodies. Results indicate that underground EM methods are evolving toward multi-source integration and multi-parameter fusion, forming deep-exploration frameworks of “multi-parameter cascading with near-far integration” and “strong-source close-receiving with dense irradiation and wide-area coverage”, providing technical support for deep mineral exploration.

Jinya gold deposit is one of the typical Carlin-type gold deposits in the “Golden Triangle” area of Yunnan, Guizhou and Guangxi provinces. The ore bodies are obviously controlled by fault structures and are mainly layered, pod-shaped, and lenticular in argillaceous siltstone and silty mudstone of the Middle Triassic Baifeng Formation. In order to explore the metallogenic fluid properties and mineralization mechanism, the petrographic study, micro temperature measurement and Laser Raman spectroscopy analysis on the fluid inclusions in the study area were carried out. The metallogenic hydrothermal process of this deposit can be divided into three metallogenic stages: Quartz-pyrite stage (Ⅰ), pyrite-arsenopyrite stage (Ⅱ) and quartz-carbonate stage (Ⅲ), and stage Ⅱ is the main metallogenic stage. The petrographic study of fluid inclusions shows that the fluid inclusions in the metallogenic period are mainly two-phase vapor inclusions, and the liquid phase is mainly water; The gas composition is mainly CO2, N2, SO2 and CH4, and the average homogenization temperature from Ⅰ stage to Ⅲ stage is 189, 157, and 137 ℃, respectively; The average w(NaCleq) is 6.01%, 4.18%, and 2.01% in sequence. The initial ore-forming fluid is characterized by H2O-NaCl system fluid with medium-low temperature, low salinity, low density and contains volatile components such as CO2, N2 and SO2. In the early stage of mineralization, the hot brine in the basin with medium-high temperature and reducibility had a strong water-rock reaction with the surrounding strata, activating and migrating Au and S; In the main metallogenic period, the ore-forming fluid continuously flows upward driven by abnormally high pressure and faulting activities, and reacts with Fe and other elements in dolomite to form pyrite and arsenopyrite. At the same time, it mixes with atmospheric precipitation, the temperature and salinity drop rapidly, and Au and other ore-forming elements are unloaded in large quantities. In the late stage of mineralization, the ore-forming elements in the fluid were consumed, the atmospheric precipitation continued to mix in, the temperature and salinity dropped significantly, and the mineralization ended. The mineralization mechanism is fluid mixing and water-rock reaction.

The southern segment poly-metal metallogenic belt of the Da Hinggan Mountains (DHM) is located at the area between the Hegenshan fault and the Xilamulun fault in eastern Central Asia Orogenic belt, and also situated the superposition area caused by the paleo-Asia ocean tectonic system and paleo-Pacific ocean tectonic system. The southern segment poly-metal metallogenic belt of DHM is characterized by the bilayer structure (Permian basement,Jurassic-Early Cretaceous covers), poly-stage tectonic-magma activities and numerous poly-metal deposits. The metal deposits are characterized by the associated poly elements. The metal deposits can be classified to four ore-forming system by the mineralization features: porphyry, skarn, hydrothermal vein and alkaline granite ore-forming systems. Porphyry ore-forming system includes Mo-poly metal and Sn-poly metal subsystems, skarn ore-forming system includes Fe-Sn and Pb-Zn-Ag subsystems, hydrothermal vein ore-forming system includes Ag-poly metal, Cu-poly metal and Sn-poly metal subsystems. Alkaline granite ore-forming system is the rare and rare earth metal ore-forming system. The metal deposits in southern segment of DHM were mainly formed in two periods: Late Permian to Triassic and Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous. Both periods mineralization is related to the granitic magmatism. The ore-forming materials were derived from multi-sources which including deep and strata sources. The Late Permian and Triassic poly metal deposits were formed in the paleo-Asia tectonic setting, the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous poly metal deposits were formed in the paleo-Pacific tectonic setting. The favorable metallogenic geological conditions, the good geophysical and geochemical anomalies indicate that the southern segment has still huge exploration potential.