Due to its unique physical and chemical properties, cobalt is widely used in modern advanced technology fields, so some countries have listed it as an important strategic critical resource. There are few independent cobalt deposits, and co-associated deposits are the main cobalt deposits. China is a country with relatively poor cobalt resources, with external dependence exceeding 90.0%. Many large and medium cobalt deposits have been discovered and explored in northeast China, including Cu-associated deposits and Cu-Ni-Fe co-associated deposits. Therefore, it is necessary to further summarize its metallogenic geological characteristics, analyze its resource potential, and provide a reference for future exploration. In this paper, cobalt deposits are classified into four main types, i.e., sedimentary-metamorphic type, magmatic type, marine volcano-sedimentary-metamorphic type, and skarn type. The sedimentary-metamorphic type and magmatic type cobalt deposits are widely distributed, mainly in the Paleoproterozoic Liaoning-Jilin rift zone. Combined with the geological characteristics of typical deposits, regional geochemical and geophysical characteristics, 28 prospect areas were further delineated, including 4 prospect areas of class A, 8 prospect areas of class B, and 16 prospect areas of class C. Finally, four class A prospect areas are recommended as the priority areas to focus on in the deployment of prospecting and exploration in the future.

Geothermal energy exploitation and utilization are closely related to groundwater transport and the evolution of water environment. In this study, wereviewed the development status and typical mining technologies for the shallow geothermal energy stored in the soil and phreatic aquifers, median-to-high-temperature geothermal energy in deep aquifers, and high-temperature geothermal energy stored in the hot dry rocks for informational purposes of sustainable development and utilization of large-scale geothermal resources. In particular, the shallow geothermal energy can be classified into ground source heat pump and ground water heat pump according to the subsurface heat source; Median-to-high-temperature geothermal energy can be exploited mainly by direct mining, combination of production and injection and standing column well system; And high-temperature geothermal energy can be exploited using enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) through reservoir reconstruction technique such as hydraulic fracturing or chemical stimulation. Furthermore, the potential impact of geothermal energy exploitation on the groundwater resources was analyzed and summarized following the reported site cases, mainly focused on the cold and heat accumulation brought by heat pump technology, the decline of groundwater level caused by hydrothermal exploitation and the possibility of microseismic events or fracturing fluid leakage caused by hydraulic fracturing of hot dry rocks. In the end, the approaches were proposed to promote the sustainable development of geothermal resources and reduce the negative impacts on groundwater resources, including improving the recharge capacity, maintaining the water balance in the process of mining and irrigation, maintaining the heat exchange efficiency and the re-balance of underground heat, and adopting new materials. 

 In order to clarify the evolution model and controlling factors of distribution of volcanic rocks in the southwestern Enping sag, Pearl River Mouth basin, based on the datasets of the target area and adjacent area, the lithological and lithofacies characteristics are identified with thin section and logging firstly, then the volcanic edifice characteristics are identified with well and seismic datasets, finally, the genesis of volcanic rocks are identified with geochemical data. The results show that basalt-dominated volcanic rocks developed in southwestern Enping sag. Through drilling data, four types of volcanic rock are identified, namely hyaloclastite, massive basalt, amygdaloid basalt, and hydrothermal breccia. The Cenozoic volcanic rocks in the study area are divided into two kinds of lithofacies and four kinds of subfacies：Volcanic conduit facies （including hidden breccia subfacies）, effusive facies （including hyaloclastic rock subfacies, tabular lava flow subfacies, and braid lava flow subfacies）. At the same time, four eruption periods are identified based on sedimentary rock interfaces, and volcanic crater-near volcanic crater, proximal volcanic facies belts, middle-distance and distal volcanic facies belts are divided according to each period. Volcanic reservoirs are complex, and the physical properties of volcanic conduits-near volcanic crater and proximal volcanic facies belts are relatively good. The basaltic magma of different stages in the research area was formed by the separation and crystallization of homologous mantle derived magma. The magma chamber is located in the lower crust and has undergone strong crustal assimilation and mixing. According to the seismic data, it is identified that the fault in the study area is characterized by two phases of activity. The Pearl River Formation is NEE-NE trending in the sedimentary period, and the Hanjiang Formation is NWW-NW trending in the sedimentary period up to now. The origin of the magma is associated with deep-seated faults. The NW sinistral strike-slip component induces a weak leftward rotation in the volcanic facies, gradually transforming its shape from a straight line into an inverse S-curve.

Target detection is a fundamental and routine task in remote sensing image processing. In this paper, we design a target detection algorithm for remote sensing images based on the YOLOX network. Firstly, ASFF is added to the feature extraction module PANet to deeply mine the fine features with inconsistent scale in target detection. Secondly, an ECA-based feature extraction module is designed with efficient channel interaction to reduce the complexity of the model while paying more attention to the positive sample feature information in the feature map. Then, to avoid the problem of gradient disappearance and weak activation effect caused by overfitting, the use of swish activation function is proposed. Finally, experiments are conducted on DOTA to verify the best mechanism and effectiveness of the improved method through qualitative analyses of the ablation experiments and quantitative comparison experiments. With the addition of ASFF and ECA mechanisms and the optimization of the swish activation function, the improved network model achieves an mAP of 74.42%, an improvement of 12.75% over the original network. Compared with the current widely used target detection algorithms Mobilenet-YOLOv4, YOLOv4, YOLOv5 and YOLOX, the proposed  algorithm achieves an improvement of 11.42%-17.84% in mAP accuracy.

The Jiapigou gold ore concentration area, located in the collage section between the northeastern margin of the North China craton and the Xing’an-Mongolian orogenic belt, is one of the most important gold-producing areas in China. However, the origin of the ore-forming fluids and genetic types of the gold deposits in the Jiapigou gold ore concentration area  are still widely disputed. Moreover, there is still a chronic lack of systematic research on evolution of the ore-forming fluids and ore-forming mechanism. To address the problems above, this paper selects the most representative Sandaocha gold deposit in the Jiapigou gold ore concentration area  as an example to carry out a detailed analysis of fluid inclusions, laser Raman spectroscopy and H-O isotopes. Four stages of mineralization have been identified in the Sandaocha gold  deposit: (Ⅰ) milky quartz, (Ⅱ) quartz-pyrite, (Ⅲ) quartz-polymetallic sulfide, and (Ⅳ) quartz-carbonate. The stages Ⅱ and Ⅲ represent the main gold mineralization. Three types of primary fluid inclusions (FIs) are identified in quartz formed at different stages: NaCl-H2O-CO2 (C-type), NaCl-H2O (W-type) and pure CO2 (PC-type). The early-stage quartz contains C- and W-type FIs, which have homogenization temperatures of 283-411 ℃ and salinities of 4.26%-17.48% NaCl equiv. The main-stage quartz contains all three types of FIs, with homogenization temperatures of 210-288 ℃ and salinities of 2.07%-15.76% NaCl equiv. The late-stage quartz contains only W-type FIs with homogenization temperatures of 131-210 ℃ and salinities of 2.57%-14.04% NaCl equiv. The H-O isotope results indicate that the initial ore-forming fluid is the mixture of magmatic water and a small amount of meteoric water, and the meteoric water was continuously added to the ore-forming fluids during mineralization. The ore-forming fluid system evolved from a moderate-temperature and moderate- to low-salinity NaCl-H2O-CO2 system in the early stage to a NaCl-H2O system with a low temperature and salinity in the late stage. Water-rock interactions generally occurred between ore-forming fluids and metamorphic wall-rocks during fluids migration. The sudden decompression and the addition of meteoric water led to fluid immiscibility and the exsolution of CO2, H2S, and other volatiles. This process destroyed the stability of Au-S complexes and facilitated the precipitation of gold and other ore-forming elements. Comprehensive studies of geology, fluid inclusions and H-O isotopes confirm that the Sandaocha gold deposit is a mesothermal hydrothermal vein gold deposit.

Numerical simulation of seismic wave fields is crucial for seismic exploration, seismic data processing, and the study of Earth’s structures. The wave equation numerical simulation method takes into account the dynamic and geometric characteristics of seismic wave propagation, providing a solid theoretical basis for studying the mechanism of seismic wave propagation and interpreting complex geological structures. It is currently one of the most widely used methods for simulating seismic wave fields. This article surveys five wave equation-based numerical simulation methods: The finite difference method is easy to understand, but suffers from numerical dispersion issues; The pseudo spectral method offers high accuracy but low efficiency; The finite element method is suitable for complex models but requires substantial computational resources; The spectral element method is appropriate for high-precision problems but demands significant computational memory; And the deep learning method based on physics-informed neural networks demonstrates strong adaptability, though it comes with high training costs. The theoretical foundations, applicable conditions, and latest advancements of these five numerical simulation methods are described respectively. In the future, seismic wave field numerical simulation methods should integrate cutting-edge technologies such as deep learning, optimize boundary conditions to simulate actual boundary reflections, and enhance the precision and efficiency of simulations.

 High-precision, high-resolution global seafloor topography models are critical foundational datasets for studying the Earth’s shape and interior structure. They are significant in multiple domains, including seafloor plate movement research, early tsunami monitoring, deep-sea resource exploration, underwater marine construction projects, ensuring maritime safety, and delineating marine territorial boundaries. The extensive and profound realms of the oceans present a formidable challenge for meticulously mapping the seafloor topography. However, satellite altimetry, with its global coverage, high precision, high resolution, and the ability to conduct regular observations of ocean dynamics, has emerged as the primary method for obtaining global bathymetric data. This paper provides an overview of the current state and recent developments in recovering bathymetry from satellite altimetry-derived data. It encompasses fundamental principles, major modes, and missions in satellite altimetry, marine gravity field inversion, methods for seafloor topography inversion, and seafloor topography model products. Additionally, the paper provides insights into the trends and prospects for constructing high-precision, dynamic global seafloor topography models.

Airborne gravity magnetic gradient and tensor gradient measurements can effectively reduce the impact of environmental noise, describe the distribution of geological bodies, and highlight shallow geological bodies with higher resolution. With the develpment of measurement equipment, it has been applied in oil, gas, and mineral resource exploration. This article systematically summarizes the research progress of airborne gravity (magnetic) multi-components gradient detection technology, providing a reference for subsequent related research. The progress development of equipment at home and abroad is summarized based on the research background of airborne gravity and magnetic multi-components gradient technology. The data processing process is introduced based on the characteristics of multi parameter gradient data in airborne gravity and magnetism. Obtained from the airborne gravity and magnetic multi-components gradients’resolution characteristics, we summarize the current high-resolution inversion and joint inversion methods for gravity and magnetic multi-parameter gradients. Derived from the application characteristics of airborne gravity and magnetic multi-components gradient detection technology in mineral，oil and gas resource exploration, the application prospects of this technology in deep resource exploration are analyzed, such as identifying underground structures, searching for mineral resources, and detecting small underground target bodies.

Numerical simulation technology has emerged as a crucial tool for exploring geodynamic processes. This paper reviews the current applicationsof numerical simulations in geodynamics, focusing on key methods, algorithms, and codes, with outlining future development prospects. By discretizing continuous equations and employing numerical algorithms, these simulations efficiently model geological processes and predict dynamic changes in the Earth’s system. The paper systematically discusses the principles, characteristics, and applicable conditions for mainstream numerical methods, including the finite element method, finite difference method, boundary element method, and finite volume method. It explores the finite element method for simulating tectonic stress fields and fault dynamics, the finite difference method for seismic wave propagation, and the boundary element and finite volume methods for fault mechanics and pore fluid flow. A comparative analysis highlights the strengths and weaknesses of each method, indicating that coupling various numerical methods is a key future direction in geodynamics. Furthermore, this paper anticipates the growing significance of numerical simulation technology in Earth system scientific research, propelled by advancements in high-performance computing and the era of big data.

 The Tenth International Conference on Gas Hydrates (ICGH10) was held in Singapore on July 9-14, 2023, with over 700 attendees, hosted by the National University of Singapore. ICGH10 received 538 abstracts, including 292 orals and 246 posters. ICGH10 summarized the research progress of gas hydrate in the past six years. This paper reviewed three aspects of them including energy exploration and development, flow assurance and hydrate application technology. As a clean and low-carbon energy source, natural gas hydrate has made many breakthroughs in basic theory and field production engineering, but there is still a certain distance from commercial development and utilization; To achieve efficient transportation of oil and gas pipelines, flow assurance technologies related to hydrate blockage have been widely studied. Many environment-friendly hydrate kinetic and thermodynamic inhibitors have been developed. In addition, hydrate technology is gradually moving from experimental research to commercial application in carbon sequestration, water treatment, and gas storage and transportation. This paper summarized the main content of ICGH10, aiming to introduce the latest international research progresses of gas hydrates.

 Dinosterol, also known as dinoflagellate sterol, is an important component of cell membrane lipids of dinoflagellate. As a biomarker of dinoflagellate, dinosterol is featured by high source specificity, structural stability, and resistance to degradation. It widely distributed in various sedimentary environments, such as oceans and lakes as well as peat, and this compound effectively records paleoenvironmental information from different geological periods. Currently, dinosterol and its hydrogen isotope composition have been used to reconstruct past ecological and environmental changes. The application of dinosterol provides a new perspective for understanding past climate and environmental changes and ecosystem responses. Therefore, dinosterol has become one of the key biomarkers in marine and lake paleoenvironmental reconstruction studies in recent years. Based on this, this paper first introduced the structure, biological sources, and distribution characteristics of dinosterol in marine and lake environments. It briefly outlined and compared several purification methods of dinosterol, and then explained the principles underlying its use in reconstructing paleoenvironments and paleoclimates. Furthermore, the paper summarized the paleoenvironmental implications of dinosterol, particularly its content in reconstructing paleoproductivity and its hydrogen isotope ratios in reconstructing salinity and precipitation. Accordingly, the paper also presented future considerations for dinosterol in paleoenvironmental reconstruction studies, such as the specific biological sources of dinosterol and the impact of environmental factors on dinosterol.

The Qitaihe fault depression in the Boli basin is rich in coalbed methane resources, but the exploration level is low, and the understanding of the enrichment and accumulation laws and mechanisms is insufficient, which restricts exploration practice. Based on a detailed dissection of the geological conditions of coalbed methane in the Qitaihe fault depression, this article reveals the enrichment characteristics and reservoir formation mechanism of coalbed methane in the study area. The study found that the coalbed methane reservoir in the Qitaihe fault depression has good conditions, with many coal seams in the Lower Cretaceous Chengzihe Formation, a large total thickness of coal seams, multiple developed coal rich centers, and a high degree of thermal evolution. The physical properties of coal reservoirs are favorable, and the gas content of coal seams is generally characterized by high in the west and low in the east. The structure, the hydrology,  the sealing and other preservation conditions benefit coalbed methane reservoir formation. There are three types of models of coalbed methane reservoir formation, syncline-hydraulic sealing, fault sealing-hydraulic sealing, and fault-multi seam self-sealing. Under moderate burial depth and slow stagnant water environment, the reverse fault sealing area, secondary structural high point, and middle coal seam stratification are favorable locations for coalbed methane enrichment. On this basis, a multi-level fuzzy mathematics evaluation model for coalbed methane selection was established, and favorable areas were evaluated. Seven coalbed methane favorable areas were selected, including Qinglongshan-Taoshan district and Machang district.

Digital rock technology enables the precise digital characterization of core samples and facilitates the study of microscale rock physical properties through numerical simulations. Unconventional reservoir rocks display distinct features across various scales, and multiscale imaging technology can capture the rock’s microstructure at resolutions ranging from sub-nanometer to millimeter levels. However, single-resolution scanning methods fail to resolve cross-scale structural information, making the development of multiscale, multiresolution, and multicomponent digital rock models crucial to overcoming this limitation. Existing multiscale digital rock modeling methods can be broadly categorized into two main approaches: image fusion modeling, which relies on mixed overlays, template matching and deep learning, and pore network integration modeling, which incorporates explicit micropore networks, additional throat networks, and fracture systems. The image fusion approach accurately represents the three-dimensional distribution of pores and minerals across various scales and supports multiphysics simulations. However, its computational efficiency constrains its ability to manage large-scale discrepancies in hybrid modeling. Conversely, the pore network integration approach allows for modeling across multiple contiguous scales, requires less storage space, and offers high numerical simulation efficiency, although it is limited to certain physical properties. Moreover, digital rock workflows still face challenges, such as the precise extraction of minerals and the determination of suitable representative elementary volumes. Future research should focus on optimizing models using experimental data, studying physical properties as needed, and integrating homogenization and equivalent theory modeling to develop specific application systems that enhance well-logging interpretation and hydrocarbon reservoir development.

 Volcanic facies model in the basin is an important basis for reservoir distribution and identification. There are still some problems including stratigraphic unit inconsistency, unsystematic drilling, and large differences between basins. It is necessary to establish a system of facies models of basic stratigraphic units. This paper summarizes the definitions of facies, lithofacies and volcanic facies. Volcanic facies are divided into three classification schemes, which are for geological mapping and mineral survey in field, modern volcanoes and volcanic rocks in basin. It is considered that it is preferancial to apply the modern volcanic research results to guide the study of volcanic facies in the basin. The deposited units of volcanostratigraphy highlight the elements of rock fabric and geometric shape, and the volcanic facies division scheme of 5 facies, 15 subfacies and 44 microfacies is summarized. The eruptive facies is divided into pyroclastic flow, base surge, volcaniclastic apron, and volcaniclastic diatreme subfacies. The effusive facies is divided into subaerial lava flow, subaqueous lava flow, and subaerial eruption-subaqueous emplacement lava flow subfacies. The extrusive facies is divided into subaerial lava dome, underwater lava dome, and early subaqueous-late subaerial lava dome subfacies. The volcano-sedimentary facies is divided into lahar and debris avalanche subfacies. The subvolcanic facies is divided into dikes, laccolith and sill/lopolith subfacies. The characteristics of the fabric and structure of each microfacies are pointed out. Lava with different chemical compositions can form the same subfacies or microfacies. For example, rhyolite and basalt can both form the braided lava flow subfacies of the subaerial lava flow, while rhyolite, dacite, andesite, and basalt can all form the subaerial lava dome. With respect to the reservoir potential, the braided lava flow microfacies is better than the various microfacies of the subaerial lava dome. Therefore, the classification scheme in this paper can establish a detailed correlation between the subfacies/microfacies and the reservoir, and can be suitable for reservoir prediction and volcanic facies comparison in the basin.

A great number of sediment-hosted Cu-Pb-Zn deposits, including the ultra-large Uragen Pb-Zn deposit and the large Sareke Cu deposit, are found in the Meso-Cenozoic sedimentary basins (Kuzigongsu basin, Wulu-Wuqia basin, Keping basin and Kuqa basin) within the southwest Tianshan orogeny. These basins compose a significant base mental metallogenic belt in NW China. Numerous studies suggest that those deposits mainly include three types: The conglomerate-hosted Cu deposits, the sandstone-hosted Pb-Zn deposits, and the sandstone-hosted Cu deposits. Based on the main geological characteristics of each deposit type, this paper summarizes the research progress concerning the ore-forming ages, nature and source of the ore-forming fluids, and material source (metals and S). Results indicate that the conglomerate-hosted Cu deposits were formed at the end of the Early Cretaceous during the basin tectonic transition. The sandstone-hosted Pb-Zn and Cu deposits were formed in the Late Miocene and were both closely related to large retrograde thrust tectonics. The ore-forming fluid of conglomerate-hosted Cu deposits dominated by organic fluids, the sandstone-hosted Pb-Zn deposits by basin brine, and sandstone-hosted Cu deposits by a mixture of organic fluids and basin brine, with atmospheric precipitation contributing to the ore-forming process. The orogenic zone materials and the sedimentary sulfate are the main sources of metals and S for all deposit types in this region. This paper suggests enhancing research on the ore-forming age of sandstone-hosted Cu deposits, mineralization of the sandstone-hosted Pb-Zn deposits, and comparative study with newly discovered marine sandstone-hosted Cu deposits.

To evaluate the bioavailability of selenium in selenium-rich soil of Yinan, Shandong Province in different crops, and to speculate its source, soil, plant, and rock samples were collected accordingly from the research area, then the total   selenium content in each sample and the content  of five forms of selenium in water-soluble, weak acid extracted, reducible, oxidizable, and residual states were tested by ICP-MS, and the results were compared and analyzed. The results showed that: the total selenium content in soil is significantly constrained by spatial location and water system constraints; The effective selenium content  is positively correlated with the total selenium content, and the spatial distribution is consistent; The total selenium content in soil is positively correlated with the nitrogen and phosphorus content; The main form of selenium in soil is selenite. The fruits of three crops, peanuts, walnuts, and watermelons, grew on selenium-rich soil in the research area are enriched with selenium element. The selenium source in selenium-rich soil is related to shale, mudstone, and upstream iron ore in the regional strata, and it is speculated that the above rocks were weathered into soil and later transported to the clay and sandy clay areas by water flow, where they were adsorbed and deposited by soil clays to form selenium-rich areas.

 The geological processes and their interactions in the earth not only control the formation and evolution of global geological patterns, but also control the formation of geothermal resources and the occurrence of seismic activities. Through systematic investigation and summary, this paper systematically discusses the symbiotic deep driving mechanism of geothermal resources and seismic activities. Firstly, the background of the formation of global high-temperature geothermal and large/ultra-large seismic zones are summarized. Most high-temperature geothermal and large earthquakes overlap in spatial distribution and are formed  at  active plate margins, while medium-low-temperature geothermal is often formed in  plates and accompanied by seismic activities. Secondly, the deep driving factors of the symbiosis between geothermal resources and seismic activity are summarized, and it is found that fluid and fault structure play a crucial role in the release of heat energy and earthquake, and are the main controlling factors of geothermal resources and seismic activity in deep depth. Thirdly , the results of deep geophysical exploration of geothermal resources and seismic activity are summarized, indicating that the homology and causality relationship between geothermal and earthquake can be revealed by magnetotelluric methods, and geothermal and earthquake are derived from the exchange of deep matter and energy. Finally, the research methods and development direction of the deep driving mechanism of the co-occurrence of geothermal resources and seismic activities are prospected.

During the Early Eocene-Early Oligocene rifting period, the Zhuyi depression in the Pearl River Mouth basin mainly experienced acts Ⅰ and Ⅱ of the Zhu-Qiong movement and developed the Wenchang and Enping Formations. Xijiang sag is located in the west of Zhuyi depression. Panyu 4 sag is a proven hydrocarbon-rich depression, while Xijiang main sag and Xijiang 36 sag are not well explored. Based on the latest 3D seismic data and interpretation results, combined with limited drilling data, this paper systematically analyzes the sag structure, fault activity, migration of subsidence center and distribution of depositional system during the Wenchang period and Enping period. It is found that the tectonic transformation during the rift period is mainly reflected in the regular changes of sag structure, fault system, and the migration of subsidence center during the Early Wenchang, Late Wenchang and Enping periods. The migration of the depositional center is consistent with the subsidence center. The subfacies of semi-deep lake and deep lake were developed in the Early and Late Wenchang period, and the depositional center moved southwestern. The depositional center shifted to the north side of Xijiang sag in Enping period. Under the background of clockwise rotation of regional extensional stress direction, the activation of NW trending pre-existing faults in Wenchang led to the transformation of sag structure, fault activity and subsidence center, which controlled the distribution of the depositional system. The tectonic transformation and depositional system distribution of Xijiang depression have a certain significance for searching lacustrine source rocks and hydrocarbon-rich sag in the deep part of Zhuyi depression.

 Seismic exploration technology has the characteristics of large penetration depth and high resolution and is an essential geophysical technical means to achieve the goal of exploring deep mineral resources in China. Compared with non-seismic geophysical exploration methods, seismic exploration methods provide intuitive and straightforward structural imaging, providing powerful guidance for identifying magma migration channels and finding favorable mineralization spaces. At the same time, it can also explore hidden ore bodies in-depth and find mineralization parent materials. It thus can provide strong technical support for developing and utilizing deep mineral resources. This paper reviews the technological development of active source and passive source seismic exploration methods for metal deposits, respectively, and points out the technical advantages and progress of active and passive source joint exploration methods. Multi-source joint seismic exploration method and technology based on active and passive source data fusion, seismic data processing and interpretation method and technology based on scattering theory, high-precision signal-to-noise separation technology, and metal mine seismic exploration method and technology based on artificial intelligence are the key and potential methods to solve the problems of high-precision and high-resolution detection of deep metal mineral resources.

In order to quantitatively analyze the time-lag effect between displacement and inducing factors of step-like landslide, as well as to improve the accuracy of displacement prediction, in this study, the authors proposed a new prediction model and conducted comparative analysis. First, the cumulative displacement was separated into trend term and periodic term based on time series analysis. Then, using maximum information coefficient (Cmi) and multivariate empirical mode decomposition (MEMD) for multi-factor analysis and multi-scale analysis, the multi-factor and multi-scale MEMD prediction model was constructed. Finally, taking  Bazimen landslide in  Three Gorges Reservoir area as an example, the optimal lag period inducing factors were selected as the model input through Cmi, and multi-scale prediction model was established based on the decomposition of multivariate sequence by MEMD. The proposed model was compared with other models (single-factor and single-scale model, multi-factor and single-scale model, single-factor and multi-scale EMD model). The results showed that the optimal lag periods of rainfall and reservoir water level in  Bazimen landslide were 2 d and 4 d. After decomposing the landslide multivariate sequence by MEMD, three groups of mode functions were obtained, each group had seven components, and the time-scale of each corresponding component was consistent. The response of the periodic term displacement to the inducing factors had a time multi-scale characteristic. Compared with the comparison model, the root mean square error of the multi-factor and multi-scale MEMD prediction model decreased by 49.4%, 36.9% and 27.4% on average, and the mean absolute percentage error decreased by 38.0%, 26.4% and 15.8% on average.

The balance of exploitation and reinjection is an effective model for the sustainable development and utilization of hydrothermal geothermal resources. In order to simulate the temperature and pressure response of geothermal reservoir under different exploitation and reinjection scenarios, and to provide theoretical support for the sustainable development of geothermal resources, a mathematical model of Jixian system carbonate geothermal reservoir in Rongcheng geothermal field in Xiongan New Area was established by using numerical simulation technology. Firstly, COMSOL software was used to simulate the exploitation history data of existing geothermal wells in 300 km2 area. The simulation results are in good agreement with the monitoring data. Then, on this basis,the variation trends of temperature and pressure field of Jixian geothermal reservoir in the future 50 years under the single well exploitation model were predicted. Finally, according to the the declining trend of water level, the reinjection scheme was established, and the influence degree of different well spacing on the temperature field and pressure field of geothermal reservoir was analyzed. The results show that in the non-reinjection mode, the buried depth of water level decreases to 150 m in about 40 a, and the water level decreases about 1.13 m/a. The geothermal doublet system of  “one exploitation and one reinjection” scheme is adopted, and the well spacing is considered to be 600, 800 and 1 000 m respectively. Although increasing the well spacing reduces the number of arranged wells, it increases the exploitation amount and prolongs the thermal breakthrough time, so that more heat can be exploited. In practical engineering, the well spacing should be optimized by numerical simulation method to ensure the increase of production and prolong the thermal breakthrough time, so as to extract more heat.

Dayangshu basin is a Late Mesozoic residual basin with a low degree of exploration and research. It shows a good exploration prospect with the industrial oil flows obtained from several wells in recent years in the southern depression. A systematic understanding of the source rocks and the hydrocarbon origin of Jiufengshan Formation is still uncertain. Based on the geochemical analysis data of source rocks and crude oils, including TOC、Rock-Eval、GC-MS, and carbon isotope, the hydrocarbon generation potential of source rocks of Jiufengshan formation are evaluated, the properties of crude oils and oil source are studied. The results show that medium-good source rocks are developed in the first member (K1j1) and the third member(K1j3) of Jiufengshan Formation, with w（TOC） of 1.76% and 2.59%, w（ S1 + S2） of 4.44 mg/g and 7.36 mg/g, bitumen of 0.21% and 0.09% respectively. The organic matter type of the K1j1 is mainly type Ⅱ1 including some typeⅠ, K1j3 is mainly type Ⅱ1 including some typeⅡ2, and the vitrinite reflectance (Ro) of the source rocks in K1j1 is mainly 0.70% to 1.60%, at the mature to high mature evolution stage. Ro in K1j3 is mainly from 0.50% to 1.10% and at the mature evolution stage. The hydrocarbon generation threshold of the source rock is about 1 300 m, and the hydrocarbon generation peak is about 1 750 m. The source rock has the characteristics of early hydrocarbon generation. The crude oils are light to medium, characterized by high viscosity, high wax, low sulfur, and high saturated hydrocarbon. The crude oil enriches light carbon isotope with δ13Coil from -30.40‰ to -29.38‰, δ13C sat from -30.78‰ to -29.07‰, and δ13Caro from -29.73‰ to -27.91‰, which indicates the source of lacustrine algae. The main peaks of alkane in oil are nC19 and nC21, OEP is 1.07 to 1.08, and Pr / Ph is 0.83 to 1.10. The crude oil can be divided into two groups based on terpenoid steroid marker. Group one includes the crude oil of Wells YC1 and Y3, with relatively high tricyclic terpane, C30D, Ts/Tm, C29Ts/C29 hopane, sterane C27R/C29R, regular sterane / hopane, rearranged sterane / regular sterane, C2920S / 20 (S+R), C29ββ/(ββ++αα) and low β-carotene. Group two includes the crude oil of Well YX4 and Well Y6, with high β-carotene and relatively low sterane terpane ratios, indicating that the maturity of Well YC1 and Well Y3 oil is higher than that of Well YX4 and Well Y6, and there are slight differences in sedimentary environment and parent material source. The oil and rock correlation of biomarkers shows that the crude oil of Wells YC1 and Y3 mainly comes from the source rock of K1j1, and the crude oil of YX4 and Y6 wells mainly comes from the source rock of K1j3. The potential hydrocarbon accumulations in this area are source-reservoir integrated accumulations and lower source rocks generation-upward migration accumulations.

 Volcanic facies is the sum of volcanic material eruption type, transport mode, emplacement environment and state. The classification of volcanic facies is the basis for characterizing the distribution of volcanic rocks in a basin and searching for favorable volcanic reservoirs, which plays an important role in the exploration of volcanic oil and gas in a basin. Based on the “lithology, petrofabric and petrogenesis” of volcanic rocks, a classification scheme of “5 facies and 15 subfacies” of volcanic rocks in the basin was established, which greatly promoted the exploration process of deep volcanic rocks in China basins. At present, the largescale volcanic oil and gas exploration in basins in China has gone through a course of more than 20 years, and with the indepth exploration, the lithofacies classification scheme has been improved and enriched: For the intermediatemafic volcanic lava, the intermediatemafic effusive lava flow facies has been established, and three subfacies have been divided into braided lava flow unit, tabular lava flow unit and the lava dome. Aiming at subaqueous volcanic eruption in lacustrine basin, three subfacies and facies models of subaqueous volcanic eruption phase, gassupported hot pyroclastic flow subfacies, waterlaid density current subfacies and subaqueous fallout subfacies are established. A new classification scheme of “7 facies and 21 subfacies” was formed. In the intermediatemafic volcanic lava facies, the braided lava flow subfacies has the best development conditions, followed by the hyaloclastic rock subfacies and the tabular lava flow subfacies. Gassupported hot pyroclastic flow subfacies control the spatial distribution of effective reservoirs in the subaqueous volcanic eruption facies. The establishment of the intermediatemafic effusive lava flow facies overcomes the difficulty in characterizing the subfacies of the basic lava due to the thin monolayer thickness and the difficulty in drilling and seismic characterization. The establishment of subaqueous volcanic explosive facies has realized the accurate characterization of volcanic facies in different eruptive environments of sedimentary basins from land to subaqua. The establishment of the two lithofacies provides a basis for further exploration of the reservoir development law in the intermediatemafic effusive development area and the subaqueous volcanic eruption pyroclastic rock development area and searching for favorable reservoirs.

 Lengshuigou Cu-Mo-Au deposit is located in the Shanyang-Zhashui ore concentration area, and is one of the representative deposits of the Late Mesozoic porphyry-skarn Cu(Mo) deposits in the South Qinling orogenic belt. In addition to the porphyry-skarn Cu-Mo mineralization, structural-altered rock-type Au mineralization in the Lengshuigou deposit is also developed, but there are always doubts about whether there is a genetic connection between Cu-Mo mineralization and Au mineralization. Therefore, Re-Os dating of molybdenite from the porphyry-skarn Cu-Mo mineralization and 40Ar-39Ar dating of altered potassium feldspar and sericite from structural-altered rock-type Au mineralization were carried out, respectively, in order to be able to pass mineralization ages to determine their genetic relationship between the two mineralization types. The results show that the Re-Os isochron age of molybdenite is (147.4±8.4) Ma, the 40Ar-39Ar ages of the altered potassium feldspar and sericite are 144 Ma, and these ages are consistent within the error range. It indicates that the porphyry-skarn Cu-Mo mineralization and structural-altered rock-type Au mineralization were formed in the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous, and they are the products of the same mineralization and magmatic events in the South Qinling orogenic belt. Combined with the regional tectonic evolution, the results show that the Lengshuigou Cu-Mo-Au deposit was formed in the background of the tectonic regime transition of the Qinling orogenic belt during the Late Mesozoic. In addition, the metallogenic epoch of Lengshuigou Au mineralization also shows that the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous Au mineralization existed in the South Qinling orogenic belt, which has important indicative significance for regional gold exploration.

Heilongjiang Yongxin gold deposit is located at the intersection of the Xing’an and Songnen blocks in the eastern section of the Xingmeng orogenic belt. It is a large-scale gold deposit newly discovered. In order to in-depth explore the metallogenic potential of the periphery and depth of the Yongxin gold deposit, based on the analysis of typical deposits, audio-frequency magnetotelluric sounding and combined gravity and magnetic profiles, the three-dimensional geological modeling software Creatar XModeling was used to construct three geological model models of the region and the deposit. The three-dimensional morphology of the main ore-controlling geological bodies was depicted, and the deep structural geological characteristics of the area, the spatial distribution characteristics of the ore bodies, and the relationship with geological elements were revealed. Then, using the cube prediction model prospecting method, according to the weight of evidence method, multi-source information such as geology and geophysics of the study area was fused, eight deep prospecting prediction targets were delineated. The drilling verification of some of these deep targets area obtained multiple mineralization information, which verified the accuracy and reliability of this deep prediction, indicating significant metallogenic potential in the deep part of the study area.

The water chemical conditions of groundwater in coastal areas are complex. In order to find out the harm of groundwater quality to groundwater source heat pump system (GWHP), the harm mechanism was studied. Through the hydro-chemical analysis of the phreatic and First confined water in the Yancheng City, the main ion sources and causes were determined, and the harm of Mg2+, Ca2+ and Fe2+ was analyzed. Finally, the saturation index Is was calculated by PHREEQC, and the potential harm of groundwater overflow mixing and groundwater recharge superposition to the ground water source heat pump was analyzed. The results show that the TDS and hardness of groundwater in Yancheng area are high. Na+,Mg2+, Ca2+, Fe2+ HCO3- and  Cl- are the main abnormal ions. The diving ρ(TDS) is 180.42-4 497.00 mg/L, ρ (Na+)，ρ (Mg2+)，ρ (Ca2+) are 278.16，72.91，72.74 mg/L, respectively. The anions ρ(HCO3-) and ρ (Cl-) are 487.33 mg/L and 298.76 mg/L, respectively. The ρ (TDS) of  First confined water was 508.50-17 182.00 mg/L, ρ(Na+), ρ (Ca2+) and  ρ (Fe2+) were 1 595.06, 564.57 and 4.50 mg/L, respectively, and the ρ (Cl-) was 4 560.06 mg/L. The process of groundwater migration is influenced by various water-rock reactions such as dissolution and intrusion of ancient seawater. Major problems such as Fe(OH)3 scaling, CaCO3 and CaMg(CO3)2 precipitation and scaling will occur in the long-term operation of GWHP.

 With the improvement of spatial resolution of optical remote sensing images and the enrichment of acquisition channels, optical remote sensing images has become an efficient technological method to achieve intelligent interpretation of land features. Due to the powerful feature extraction ability of convolutional neural networks (CNN) and the demand of road information in many fields, road extraction methods based on CNN have become a current research hotspot. In view of this, this paper summarizes the road extraction method based on CNN from four aspects: Improvement of shape features, improvement of connectivity, improvement of multiscale features and improvement of extraction strategy according to the relevant research literature in recent years. Then, we describe typical road occlusion cases and use classical CNNs to analyze and validate the current technical difficulties at the level of limitations of sample labels. Finally, the development trends of road extraction from remote sensing images are outlooked from four aspects, namely, multisource data synergy, sample library construction, weakly supervised modeling and domainadaptive learning.

Jinya gold deposit is one of the typical Carlin-type gold deposits in the “Golden Triangle” area of Yunnan, Guizhou and Guangxi provinces. The ore bodies are obviously controlled by fault structures and are mainly layered, pod-shaped, and lenticular in argillaceous siltstone and silty mudstone of the Middle Triassic Baifeng Formation. In order to explore the metallogenic fluid properties and mineralization mechanism, the petrographic study, micro temperature measurement and Laser Raman spectroscopy analysis on the fluid inclusions in the study area were carried out. The metallogenic hydrothermal process of this deposit can be divided into three metallogenic stages: Quartz-pyrite stage (Ⅰ), pyrite-arsenopyrite stage (Ⅱ) and quartz-carbonate stage (Ⅲ), and stage Ⅱ is the main metallogenic stage. The petrographic study of fluid inclusions shows that the fluid inclusions in the metallogenic period are mainly two-phase vapor inclusions, and the liquid phase is mainly water; The gas composition is mainly CO2, N2, SO2 and CH4, and the average homogenization temperature from Ⅰ stage to Ⅲ stage is 189, 157, and 137 ℃, respectively; The average w(NaCleq) is 6.01%, 4.18%, and 2.01% in sequence. The initial ore-forming fluid is characterized by H2O-NaCl system fluid with medium-low temperature, low salinity, low density and contains volatile components such as CO2, N2 and SO2. In the early stage of mineralization, the hot brine in the basin with medium-high temperature and reducibility had a strong water-rock reaction with the surrounding strata, activating and migrating Au and S; In the main metallogenic period, the ore-forming fluid continuously flows upward driven by abnormally high pressure and faulting activities, and reacts with Fe and other elements in dolomite to form pyrite and arsenopyrite. At the same time, it mixes with atmospheric precipitation, the temperature and salinity drop rapidly, and Au and other ore-forming elements are unloaded in large quantities. In the late stage of mineralization, the ore-forming elements in the fluid were consumed, the atmospheric precipitation continued to mix in, the temperature and salinity dropped significantly, and the mineralization ended. The mineralization mechanism is fluid mixing and water-rock reaction.

As China’s industrialization advances, the demand for molybdenum continues to grow, leading to an expansion in mining and a corresponding increase in molybdenum tailings. These tailings not only occupy significant land but also pose environmental risks, such as pollution and geological hazards like dam breaks and debris flows. Despite these challenges, molybdenum tailings remains a valuable resource, rich in minerals with promising potential for comprehensive utilization. This paper analyzes the distribution of molybdenum ore resources and the composition characteristics of molybdenum tailings, highlighting the necessity and feasibility of their comprehensive use. It introduces the recovery of valuable minerals, including feldspar, calcite, molybdenum, tungsten, and iron from molybdenum tailings, and reviews their applications in construction, agriculture, mine filling and other aspects. While recoverying valuable metals does not fully address the surplus of molybdenum tailings, large-scale applications in building materials and tailings filling are possible. However, the effectiveness of these materials depends on performance metrics such as strength, wear resistance, and durability, while agricultural applications must also mitigate heavy metal pollution.

 In order to explore the drainage status and the associated impact of loess in engineering practice, strain increment ratio by triaxial test are used to investigate the shear behavior of saturated remolded loess subjected to five drainage conditions, which are no drainage condition, forced water absorption condition, free drainage condition, forced drainage condition, and partial drainage condition. The results show that, the shear behavior of saturated remolded loess are closely related to drainage conditions. In no drainage condition and forced water absorption condition, the loess samples exhibit strain softening behavior. Taken broadly, under the condition of forced water absorption, the shear expansion of the sample is forcibly exerted. In free drainage condition and forced drainage condition, the loess samples exhibit a strain hardening behavior, and the dilatancy is inhibited in the imposed drained samples. In partial drainage condition, the loess samples show a strain softening behavior or a transition state from strain softening to hardening, in which it is not only related to the strain increment ratio, but also to the void ratio. The closer the strain increment ratio is to 0, the more obvious the softening degree of the sample is. While the smaller the pore ratio of the sample, the more obvious the shear expansion trend is in the initial shear stage, and the higher the peak strength and residual strength of the sample. Besides, based on the asymptotic state equation and the stress-dilatancy relationship, the asymptotic behavior of loess and the associated dilatancy are analyzed. The result shows that the stress ratio of remolded loess at asymptotic state is negatively correlated with the sample dilatancy. 

In order to further understand the origin and tectonic setting of basaltic dyke related to Middle and Late Pleistocene volcanic activities in the Heishigou area of Tianchi volcano, based on remote sensing interpretation and field geological investigation, the  geochemistry, whole rock Sr-Nd isotope and geochronology analysis of the basaltic dykes were carried out. The results show that: 1) The major elements of the dykes have relatively high MgO, CaO, K2O and relatively low Na2O, belonging to the series of potassium, metaaluminous and subalkaline basalts. They are enriched in LILEs, such as Li, Cs, Be, Rb, Ba and Sr, and weakly enriched in HFSEs, such as Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, U and Th, and the corresponding ratios of Zr/Hf, Nb/Ta and Th/U are 40.92-45.10, 15.77-16.34 and 3.49-3.76, respectively. 2) The values of (87Sr/86Sr)i and (143Nd/144Nd)i in the whole rocks range from 0.704 570 to 0.704 690 and 0.512 552 to 0.512 571, respectively, the εNd (t) values range from 0.87 to 1.45. The K-Ar isotopic ages of (0.35-0.34 Ma) obtained by previous research in dykes and tectonic-magmatic evolution together suggest that the basaltic magmatism occurred in the Chibanian stage of Late Pleistocene, and the diagenetic parent magma has the characteristics of enriched Ⅰ-type mantle source, with a small amount of lower crust components were added during the ascent of the magma, showing the characteristic of ocean island basalt (OIB). The formation of the basalt dykes and the contemporaneous volcanic activities occurred in a compressional tectonic environment at 0.35-0.34 Ma, which may be related to the rollback or subsidence of the Pacific plate after it was subducted into the northeastern Eurasia continent.

Based on the chain transfer process of seawater intrusion hazard, this study established a risk assessment index system of coastal region in Laizhou City according to the risk of disaster causing factors, vulnerability of disaster bearing body, disaster loss and disaster prevention and mitigation capability and ascertained the weight of each index by combined method of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the entropy weight method (EWM) based on the minimum information entropy, ultimately the total risk value and corresponding ranking were obtained by the comprehensive weighted evaluation method to figure the hazard degree and influencing factors of seawater intrusion in Laizhou City. The calculation result of the total risk index showed that Chenggang Road had the highest risk, with a value of 5.76, and Jincang Street had the lowest risk, with a value of 4.03. According to the total risk value, research zone was divided into the highest risk, high risk and lower risk zone. Pearson correlation test and comparison of risk value of indexes presented that groundwater exploitation intensity with correlation index of 0.917 is the control index of regional seawater intrusion risk assessment and the key factor to prevent seawater intrusion disaster.
Key words: seawater intrusion; AHP; EWM; risk evaluation; Laizhou City

 The asbestos composition and distribution, spatial migration and transformation of involved heavy metals, and their effects on microbial community structure and biodiversity in the soil surroundings in the Xiaobabao asbestos tailings ponds in Qilian County, Qinghai Province were investigated in this study, aiming at understanding the risk of asbestos pollution to soil environment and providing technical support for further treatment and mitigation of asbestos pollution. The results of investigations showed that the major mineral components in the field soil include quartz, clinochlore, serpentine, ferropargasite and albite and so on. Serpentine was identified as the representative mineral of asbestos. The results indicated that different spatial distribution of variouslysourced heavy metals along both vertical and longitudinal profiles across the site; The distribution trend of CaO was closely related to the serpentine minerals along these typical profiles. The spatial distribution of Cr showed a similar pattern with asbestos; The mass fraction of Cr exceeded the risk control value for soil contamination of construction land (78 mg/kg), especially in the asbestos tailings slag where the mass fraction of Cr greatly exceeded the risk control level. The asbestos stress reduced biodiversity of the local soil, leading to a great impact on soil microbial community structure.