Considering the low research degree on oil accumulation and enrichment regularity of Putaohua reservoir in Daqingzijing syncline area of southern Songliao basin, combining various aspects such as effective source rock zone, effective sandstone reservoir, oil-source faults and intensively faulted zone, the hydrocarbon enrichment regularity and accumulation modes are analyzed. Based on the characteristics of the faults and tectonic evolution, Daqingzijing syncline area was subdivided into three sub-tectonic units, and we analyzed the reservoir type and the characteristics of oil-gas distribution respectively. Syncline fault deep depression area develops fault-lithological reservoir; Syncline transition ramp area mainly develops lithological reservoir, fault-lithological reservoir and structure-lithological reservoir; Syncline transition steep slope zone develops few lithological reservoir. Intensively faulted zone is the mainly area of oil enrichment in plane, while controlled by the difference of sandstone reservoir development, oil mainly enriches in PⅡ in the vertical. Four oil enrichment regularities are concluded as follows, ① the distribution of effective hydrocarbon source rocks controls the oil enrichment; ② oil-source faults act as preferential translocation channels in the vertical direction; ③ distribution channel crotch is the favorable area for oil enrichment; ④intensively faulted zone controls the enrichment of oil. Finally,four kinds of local accumulation models have been established:①south part of well hei157 on the syncline fault deep depression area, hydrocarbon source rock of Neng 1 Member offered hydrocarbon, migrated downward under overpressure, oil-source fault communication, reverse faults control oil accumulation; ②north part of well hei157 on the syncline fault deep depression area, hydrocarbon source rock of Qing 1 Member offered hydrocarbon, oil selective filling distributary channel and the local structure formed by fault combination in intensively faulted zone; ③inside the syncline transition ramp area, structure-lithological and lithological trap control oil accumulation; ④inside the syncline transition steep slope area, lithological traps control oil accumulation.

Typical tight sandstone reservoir are well developed in the deep Triassic Xujiahe Formation in western Sichuan depression. It experienced multi-stages of tectonic evolution, hydrocarbon generation and expulsion and reservoir formation, and also experienced complicated processes of reservoir densification, thus, its genetic types and formation mechanisms of gas reservoir are difficult to be recognized. The genetic types and its formation mechanisms have been discussed, through dissecting the typical gas reservoir, combining the tectonic evolution, history of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion and the process of sandstone reservoir densification. The comprehensive study determined the genetic type of tight sandstone reservoir and analyzed its formation mechanism. The results show that the tight sandstone reservoir in deep Triassic Xujiahe Formation in the western Sichuan depression has complex geological characteristics. It characterizes as both high structural and low structural enriched with gas, coexistence of high porosity and low porosity reservoir, coexistence of high pressure and low pressure reservoir, complicated gas-water distribution etc. The present gas reservoir is the recombination and superimposition of two types of reservoirs:pre-existing tight sand gas reservoir and subsequent ones. There are two limits to identify the formation of tight gases, the lower limit of buoyancy-controlled accumulation and the lower limit of hydrocarbon accumulation during the evolution of deep Xujiahe Formation. These two lower limits can divide the hydrocarbon-bearing basin into three kinds of fluid dynamic fields and control the formation and distribution of tight sandstone reservoir. Based on the history of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion, reservoir densification history, reservoir formation and the evolution of structures, the genetic model of the formation and distribution of superimposed continuous hydrocarbon reservoirs has been established, which can be divided into four stages. ① From the Early Triassic to the end of Triassic, a stage of gas accumulation preparation; ② From the end of the Late Triassic to the Middle Jurassic, an early stage of formation of conventional gas reservoir; ③ From the end of the Middle Jurassic to the end of Jurassic, a stage of formation of subsequent tight sand gas reservoir and pre-existing tight sand gas reservoir; ④ From the end of the Late Jurassic to the Middle Cretaceous, a stage of formation of superimposed continuous gas reservoir.

The reservoirs in Xing'anling Group in Suderte oil field, the Hailer basin, exhibit low to ultra-low permeability and high tuffaceous content. A comprehensive study on diagenesis and quality evolution of the low permeable reservoirs was carried out utilizing cores, thin sections, SEM analysis, tested physical properties and mercury injection data. The results show that, the reservoirs are at the A period of the mesodiagenetic stage. The entire diagenetic sequences consist of compaction-early analcite cementation/early calcite cementation-feldspar dissolution/analcite dissolution/authigenic kaolinite precipitation/quartz cementation-late calcite cementation. Four types of diagenetic facies are identified as follows, strong compaction facies(I), weak compaction-medium to strong calcite cementation facies(II), medium compaction-analcite/feldspar strong dissolution facies (III), and medium compaction-analcite/feldspar medium to strong dissolution-strong kaolinite cementation facies(IV). Compaction and early calcite cementation resulted in the decrease of porosity and permeability of the reservoirs, while the dissolution of analcite and feldspar effectively improved the reservoir physical property, and the kaolinite cementation damaged the reservoir permeability. Diagenetic facies I and II have the worst reservoir quality and defined as the dense reservoirs characterized by extra-low porosity and permeability. Facies III is the best reservoir, featured by relatively high porosity and permeability, and defined as middle porosity-medium to low permeability reservoir. Facies IV developed medium reservoir quality, which is characterized by high porosity and low permeability and is defined as medium porosity and (extra) low permeability reservoir.

The Jurassic Yan'an Formation is one of important exploration and development targets in Ordos basin. Through studying characteristics of fluid inclusions, homogenization temperatures, GOI, QGF, QGF-E and authigenic illite K-Ar dating method, the characteristic of Jurassic petroleum inclusions were fine described and quantitative analyzed. Jurassic reservoir formation time, charging process, oil inclusions and hydrocarbon migration, accumulation relations are revealed. The results showed that there was Late Jurassic reservoir filling, and early filling reservoirs suffer little or adjustment. Moreover, the early generation of hydrocarbons presented only in the form of bitumen occurrence. The Jurassic massive oil filling period was about (108.3±2.0)-(116.5±2.0) Ma (Early Cretaceous interim) and its accumulation gone from weak to strong, then strong to weak, with episodes of the continuous filling process, with the characteristics of long-distance migration. The Jurassic reservoir was controlled by both lithology and structure in the early stages of hydrocarbon accumulation. Later tectonic activity adjusted reservoir morphology and local enrichment. Late Jurassic reservoir in the process of formation had no overlapped and large-scale reservoirs, but only on the local structure formed smaller independent reservoir.

In order to study the oil-gas distribution principle in continental faulted depression,based on the research of the space relationship of distribution between structural and stratigraphic-lithologic reservoirs, between underlying and overlying adjustment reservoirs,the cause of oil-gas space complementary distribution and the determining methods of distribution range were studied by analyzing the relationship between distribution of different types of reservoir and their formation conditions. The result indicated that, traps of oil-gas accumulation and conditions of lateral migration are the main factors influencing the plane complementary distribution of structural and stratigraphic-lithologic reservoirs,the communication of reverse fault and the adjustment degree of underlying reservoir are the main factors influencing the complementary distribution of underlying and overlying adjustment reservoirs. The ratio of sandstone to stratum can be used to determine the complementary distribution range of structural and stratigraphic-lithologic reservoirs,when the ratio is greater than 40%, the structural reservoirs mainly formed, when the ratio is less than 20%, the stratigraphic-lithologic reservoirs mainly formed. The distribution range of overlying adjustment reservoirs can be determined by the distribution range of reverse fault in and near the underlying reservoirs,that is the complementary distribution range of underlying reservoirs.

This paper studies the macro and micro features, types, and distribution patterns of fractures by means of well logging interpretation, core observation, identification and well logging imaging. Based on detailed observation of 8 well with a total length of 55.89 m, we count up the number, occurrence and distribution patterns of fractures in northern Kunlun bedrock reservoir, Qaidam basin. By means of calculating parameter and fitting new logging curve, we identified 247 fractures from basement section of 16 wells. The results show that the reservoir space in the upper residual section is weathering fracture dominating which caused by heterogeneous physical property of different lithology, the thickness is 0 m to 60 m. The medium section under the crust bedrock shows the best reservoir capability, the reservoir space mainly consists of joint fracture and dissolution caves, with a thickness of 40 m to 180 m. Only a few structural fractures occur within the bottom fresh bedrock. Based on evaluation parameters distribution, the fracture frequency and development ratio is controlled by distance to the faults, while the fracture frequency displays insignificant negative correlation with the distance than the fractures frequency which was controlled by variable factors.

In order to study the role of normal fault in oil-gas accumulation and distribution, based on analysis of relationship between normal fault transportation and oil-gas distribution in different migration directions, transporting models of oil-gas migration by normal fault and its controlling effect to oil-gas distribution were studied. The result indicates that, there are 2 transporting models of oil-gas migration by normal fault, transporting model of mainly oil-gas vertical migration and transporting model of oil-gas lateral migration. Transporting model of oil-gas vertical migration by normal fault can be divided into transporting model of vertical migration, and transporting model of oil-gas vertical then lateral diversion, transporting model of oil-gas lateral migration by normal fault can be divided into transporting model of oil-gas lateral connected migration and transporting model of oil-gas lateral then vertical migration by normal fault. Controlling effect of transporting model of oil-gas vertical migration by normal fault to oil-gas distribution is showed in 2 aspects:①The transporting models of oil-gas vertical migration by normal fault control oil-gas profile distribution feature, in transporting model of mainly oil-gas vertical migration that oil-gas can distribute over or below caprock, in transporting model of oil-gas vertical then lateral migration that oil-gas can only distribute below caprock. ②The hanging wall layers of high ratio of sandstone to stratum are main oil-gas distribution place. Controlling effect of transporting model of oil-gas lateral migration by normal fault to oil-gas distribution is showed in 2 aspects:①The transporting models of oil-gas lateral migration by normal fault control oil-gas profile distribution feature, in transporting model of oil-gas lateral then vertical migration that oil-gas can distribute over or below caprock, in transporting model of mainly oil-gas lateral connected migration that oil-gas can only distribute below caprock.②The footwall of reverse normal faults are main oil-gas distribution place.

The major element, rare earth element (REE), trace element, LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating of the Yaojiagou granite and sulfur isotope of metal sulfides associated with molybdenum mineralizaion were analyzed. The results show that the Yaojiagou granite intrusion was emplaced at (167.47±0.87) Ma, indicating that it was formed in Middle Jurassic. Geochemically, the granite are rich in silicon and aluminum, with middling alkali content and peraluminous-strongly. The Yaojiagou granite are characterized by enrichment of light rare earth element contents, and depletion of heavy rare earth elements, with weak positive anomalies of Eu, as well as LILE (such as K, Rb, U, Sr, Pb) enrichment and HFSE (including Nb, Ti, P) depletion. The δ³⁴S values of metal sulfides in Yaojiagou molybdenum deposit vary from 2.0‰ to 3.9‰ (2.7‰ on average). Combination with existing geochronologic date of Yaojiagou granite and Re-Os dating of molybdenite, we assume that there were twist age of intrusions in Yaojiagou granite and Yaojiagou molybdenum deposit was related to the magma activities at (167.47±0.87) Ma. The sulfur isotope indicated that the ore-forming materials are derived from hypomagma. In combination with metallogenic geological background and geochemistry of Yaojiagou granite, we inferred that the Yaojiagou molybdenum deposit and associated granite developed from Early to Middle Jurassic, and influenced by magma and fluid function of post-collision between North China craton and Siberia craton.

The Sizhuang gold deposit, located in the south section of the Jiaojia gold metallogenic belt and within the Jiaojia gold ore field, is a typical mesothermal gold deposit in the belt. There are three ore-controlling belts including the pyrite phyllic zone, the pyrite phyllic granitic cataclasite and pyrite phyllic granite zone. All the three ore-controlling belts occur in the footwall of the Jiaojia fault zone. The main ore minerals include electrum, pyrite, native gold, chalcopyrite, galena and sphalerite, etc.. The main wall-rock alteration types contain phyllic, silicification, potassium and carbonate, etc., and the gold mineralization has a close relationship with phyllic and silicification alteration. The comprehensive studies, such as the petrographic, microthermometric, laser Raman microspectroscopic analysis of the single fluid inclusion and the oxygen isotope analysis, are completed on fluid inclusions developed in auriferous ore of Sizhuang gold deposit. The results indicate that there develop three types of fluid inclusions in auriferous ore, including CO₂-bearing, aqueous two-phrase, and CO₂ fluid inclusions, existence at the same time, and fluid immiscibility occurred in CO₂-H₂O-NaCl system in the ore-forming process. The ore-forming fluids are featured by low salinity (w(NaCl) (0.53%-10.24%)), low density (0.50-1.03 g/cm³). Mineralization temperature is concentrated in 260-340℃, and the pressure ranges from 82 to 116 MPa, which equals to the depth of 7.40-8.94 km. The hydrogen and oxygen isotope analysis suggest that the δD_V-SNOW of the ore-forming fluids is from -76.6‰ to -69.0‰ and the δ¹⁸O_H2O is from 2.94‰ to 7.24‰, which shows that the ore-forming fluid are mainly from deep mantle fluids, with a small quantity of magmatic fluids and meteoric waters added. Comprehensive analysis, combined with geological characteristics of the Sizhuang gold deposit and the experimental results, suggests that the Sizhuang deposit belongs to the mesothermal type gold deposit. Moreover, this deposit was formed by the mantle-derived ore-forming fluid, and controlled by faults or fractures.

The Keyue Pb-Zn-Sb-Ag polymetallic deposit is located in the Himalaya metallogic belt between the IYS and STDS. The general exploration shows that ore bodies above 4 300 m are mainly distributed in calcareous slate within thin micrite of the Ridang Formation(J₁r) and strictly controlled by N-E faults. While deep extension of ore bodies are unknown. Based on the analysis of geochemical characteristics of the primary halos about the No. I ore body, the deep extension is discussed in this paper. Studies show that the frontal elements are Hg, As, Tl and the near-ore indicator elements are Pb, Zn, Sb, Ag, Au, Cd, Cu, Mn and the rear elements are Sn, In, Bi. According to the Grigorian's zoning index method and the barycenter method, the axail zoning downward follows in the sequences of In-Mn-As-Cu-Zn-Cd-Bi-Pb-Sn-Hg-Tl-Ag-Au-Sb (the Grigorian's zoning index method) and In-Mn-As-Cu-Cd-Zn-Hg-Bi-Sn-Pb-Ag-Sb-Tl-Au (the barycenter method). The change rules of the primary halos geochemical parameters are discussed, the erosion parameters models are established by the geometric averages of elements, and the ideal zoning models of the primary dispersion halos is established by comprehensive analysis. In conclusion, the speculative results can be listed as followings. Firstly, there are multiple superposition of mineralization. Secondly, there are ore bodies eroded to tail at the upper section, Thirdly, some ore bodies may extend to the depth.

The Hongshanzi early Late Jurassic volcanic basin is located in Keshenketeng Banner, Inner Mongolia, the southern tip of the Greater Xing'an Range. Its tectonic position is within the Liaoyuan block between the Xilamulun-Changchun suture zone and the Kangbao-Weichang-Chifeng-Kaiyuan fault belt. The fresh red and grey rhyolites, in Hongshanzi basin, are the wall rocks of hydrothermal-type U-Mo deposits. Both have the features of rich in SiO₂, K₂O and high ratio of Fe₂O₃/FeO, with lack of Al₂O₃, CaO and MgO contents, the fresh red rhyolite is higher in(K₂O+Na₂O) contents and Fe₂O₃/FeO ratio, while lower in SiO₂. Both fresh red and grey rhyolites, are relatively high the total amount of REE, showing rich LREE obviously and right REE patterns, with negative Eu anomalies. The high contents of HSFE(Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, Ce, Y, Ga) and LIRE(Rb, Th, U), low contents of the LIRE Ba and Sr, show the trace elements feature of A₁ type rhyolite, low Ba-Sr type rhyolite and the extensional tectonic setting. The rhyolites have smaller (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i, higher ε_Nd(t), younger T_DM2,lower (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb)_i, (²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb)_i, (²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb)_i. Obviously, both fresh red and grey rhyolites were formed by the partial melting of Mid-Mesoproterozoic young lower crust materials originated from the EMⅠenriched mantle under the extensional tectonic setting within the plates, and had been accompanied by the fractional crystallization during the magmatic process. Their differences may be related to the different composition of young lower crustal materials.

The Zhuanshanzi hornblende monzogranite is located in the the Mesozoic tectonic magmatic active belt which between the North China craton and the Xingmeng orogeny belt. Testing of major elements, rare-earth elements (REEs), trace elements and LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating of the hornblende monzogranite have be carried out to accurately determined the forming age and study the dynamics background of the granite,rock. Results show that the LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb age of the hornblende monzogranite is (245.8±3.1) Ma. (MSWD=3.7,n=17), and belongs to the Early Triassic. Geochemically, the granite is characterized by high concentrations of silica (w(SiO₂)=71.68%-72.85%), alkali (w(Na₂O+K₂O)=8.98%-9.20%), and alumina (w (Al₂O₃)=13.45%-13.77%); low concentrations of calcium (w(CaO)=0.81%-0.99%); and with low values of TFeO/MgO (average is 6.55), indicating the hornblende monzogranite belongs to high-K, calc-alkaline high differentiation Ⅰ type, weak aluminum granite. The granite is enriched in LREE and relatively depleted in HREE(La_N/Yb_N=21.94-24.33), and obvious Eu anomaly (δEu=0.66-0.68), which indicates that a large number of the plagioclase fractionation occured during the magmatic processes. In addition, the granite is enriched in Th, U, La and P, and depleted in Ba, Nb, Ti, Sr and Ta, and so on. In summary, the Zhuanshanzi granite is mainly formed by partial melting of crust material, with a few new mantle source composition. It is formed under the extensional tectonic setting in post-collision or post-orogenic stage after the North China plate and Siberia plate's eventual collision.

Some small-size dioritic plutons widely occur in the Baotutu area, west Junggar. The petrology, geochronology and geochemistry of thse plutons had been researched, while their petrogenesis and tectonic setting still existed controversy, which restricts the knowledge of the tectonic evolution and mineralization. To reveal the petrogenesis and tectonic setting of Baogutu dioritic plutons during Late Caberniferious, on basis of previous researches, this paper chooses pluton I in the Baogutu area as research subjects. The LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb for dioritic pluton I yield ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U age of(313.8±1.1)Ma. The dioritic pluton is characterized by relatively high SiO₂ (58.0%-59.0%), Al₂O₃ (16.6%-17.4%), Sr ((757-882)×10^-6), and low Y ((14.6-15.7)×10^-6) and Yb ((1.51-1.60)×10^-6) contents, with high Sr/Y (50-59) ratios and slight Eu anomalies, which are analogous to those of slab-derived adakites. In addition, the dioritic pluton is relatively rich in MgO (MgO=3.46%-3.77%; Mg^#=52.8-53.2), Cr ((63.8-74.7)×10^-6), Ni ((45.2-49.8)×10^-6), with negative Nb-Ta-Ti anomalies. The dioritic pluton is generated by partial melting of a subducted oceanic slab and subsequent melt-mantle interaction. The formation of the adakitic pluton in the Baogutu area was probably associated with the ridge subduction during Late Carboniferous period.

The provenanceof the Linxi Formation in Solonker area was greatly influenced by the closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean occurred in the Late Paleozoic. A comprehensive analysis of the element geochemical characteristics of the clastic rock has been done to study the source rock types and the tectonic setting of the Linxi Formation in the Solonker area. The major elements compositions indicated that the early sediments was of low weathering degree from the first depositional cycle and the latter sediments was of moderate weathering degree from the first depositional cycle or recycled deposition, and the igneous rock was the primary source rock. The trace elements and rare earth elements characteristics demonstrated a dissected magmatic arc dominated tectonic setting for the source rock of Linxi Formation. The intermediate and alkaline igneous rocks from the upper crust were the primary source rocks, with lower content of sedimentary rock. The indicator (Gd/Yb)_n showed the early sediments was from the Archean alkaline igneous rocks. Comprehensive analysis showed that the provenances of the Linxi Formation were jointly derived from the north margin of the North China plate in the south and the Sonid Zuoqi-Xilinhot-sourthern Xiwuqi magma arc in the north.

In order to predict the land subsidence accurately caused by high-rise building which led to the changing of stress field and seepage flow field, the constitutive relation was extended to viscoelastic plasticity based on Biot's consolidation theory and combined with the nonlinear rheological theory of soil, and the dynamic change relationship of mechanical parameters and hydraulic parameters were also took into account. A three-dimensional full coupling mathematic model of Cangzhou combined with high-rise building load, groundwater seepage and deformation of soil settlement was set up. Based on identification and verification of the model, the characteristics of each aquifer groundwater flow field and developing tendency of land subsidence from the end of December 2010 to the end of December 2025 was predicted with the condition that exploitation of the groundwater in the study area was stopped. The results show that:the maximum of land subsidence caused by high-rise building in Cangzhou is 40.57mm, and the maximum rate of land subsidence is 2.7 mm/a, locate in the urban district of Cangzhou.

The research of unsaturated soil mechanics cannot yet reach in practical application because of the difficulty in measuring suction. A new test method to measure suction is suggested in this paper, in which the actual suction is replaced by equivalent suction. The cell pressure in a certain degree of saturation is taken as the equivalent suction according to the principle of deformation equivalence and the stress-strain curves obtained by triaxial compression tests of saturated and unsaturated undisturbed soil. A nonlinear relationship formula between equivalent suction and degree of saturation is presented. Then, considering the influences of water contents on strength, a non-linear shear strength model and stress-strain model of unsaturated loess are developed. And the parameters of Dancun-Chang's model are obtained for unsaturated soils with different saturation degree. The deformation from presented model under the case of rain-seepage into unsaturated soil show that the maximum of suction and displacement occurs in place in flooding, in which the maximum degree of saturation is 95%, the maximum equivalent suction is 160 kPa, the maximum horizontal displacement and vertical displacement are 0.6 cm and 20.0 cm, respectively. The calculation results rationally reflect the distribution trend of unsaturated soil deformation.

Based on attenuation model of hydraulic conductivity during the artificial recharge, the hydraulic conductivity analytic expression was derived. The aquifer pressure analytical expression in recharge and periodic backwashing physical processes with consideration of attenuation of hydraulic conductivity and temporary clogging rate, by application of hydraulic conductivity analytic expression on Theis formula. The physical mechanism of recharge and periodic backwashing can be more accurately described. The calculation results show that the wells recharge pressure growth in line with exponential curves in a continuous process of recharge without periodic backwashing, but the wells recharge pressure growth from the continuous rise in the index converted into intermittent stepped up with periodic backwashing. The more times periodic backwashing, more obvious recharge pressure decreased. But, with the increasing number of periodic backwashing, variation magnitude of recharge pressure is decreased. Based on the result of two blocking rate of analytical solution, the clogging mechanism in different components of the recharge water can be analyzed by using the experiments, which can guide to determine the standards of the recharge water sources.

The coefficient of thermal conductivity of soil, which has close relationship to the density of the soil, is one of the important factors that impact the heat transfer efficiency of ground heat exchanger (GHE). In order to enhance the heat transfer efficiency of ground source heat pump heat exchanger. The heat transfer model of GHE under the condition of compaction drilling based on the cylindrical heat source theory has been established and thermal efficiency of heat exchanger has been calculated in this paper. Finally the heat transfer efficiency of GHE under the condition of soil compaction have been simulated using Ansys finite element software.With comparison to the traditional methods, the soil compaction can effectively reduce the thermal resistance around the borehole and the heat transfer efficiency of U-tube heat exchanger can be enhanced by 17%-20%.

Earthquake often causes different co-seismic response of groundwater level in observation wells at two sides of the fault. The research on the difference of co-seismic response ability, groundwater level variation at different sides of the fault and its governing factors is helpful to reveal evolution process of fault zone permeability, to deepen understanding the response mechanism of groundwater level to earthquake, and to guide the layout of earthquake observation networks. This paper has made a try to analyze the times, form, amplitude and shock ability of co-seismic response of groundwater level to earthquake in the observation wells in upper and lower side of the middle section of Babaoshan fault zone in Beijing. The borehole pressure coefficient has been calculated with digital filter by trend removing and the tidal parameters have been calculated using Baytap-G program. The volumetric strain of the two aquifers where the observation well is located has also been inverted for the last 7 earthquakes and the permeability variation before and after the earthquake can thereby be discriminated. The results show that the co-seismic response of groundwater level to earthquake in these two observation wells is different and the co-seismic response times of groundwater level in upper side of the fault zone in Beijing has more times and stronger ability than that in lower side, which is in relation to fault belt shielding effect and the different variation of aquifer permeability where the observation well is located.

Soil-water distribution coefficient (K_d) is an important parameter to characterize the migration of heavy metal pollutants in the vadose zone,K_dof Cr(Ⅵ) is influenced by the concentration of pollutants, pH value, organic matter content, iron oxide content, aluminum oxide content and other factors.The relationship between K_d and influence factors was investigated by experiment.Based on the multiple regression analysis method,relation equation between the distribution coefficient and various factors was obtained, and the risk assessment method of groundwater pollution was established with the distribution coefficient, leakage, soil porosity, initial water content as risk factors. With the case of chromium waste liquid leakage, pollution risk assessment of groundwater was carried out based on established method. The results show that the risk level of groundwater contamination is moderate. The establishment of groundwater pollution risk assessment method provides a method for management of contaminated groundwater by heavy metal.

In order to reduce the influence of magnetic polarization currents on inversion result, when applying time-domain airborne electromagnetic method(AEM) in areas with high magnetic permeability, we present a new algorithm in this paper. We achieve it by adding the partial derivative of full-time AEM responses with respect to the magnetic permeability into Jacobi matrix and inverting the resistivity, magnetic permeability and thickness simultaneously. We have tested the effectiveness of our algorithm by inverting the responses with Gaussian noise of a series of typical models, such as the magnetic homogeneous half-space model, a single or multi-layer with high permeability in a layered model, and all with RMS (root-mean-square) error below 3%. The results demonstrate that our algorithm can be used to obtain the underground electrical structures in areas with high magnetic permeability.

In order to study the deep electrical structure in south China,and explore the deep background of the surface geological process, we have accomplished a long-period magnetotelluric profile from Jinxian, Jiangxi to Zherong, Fujian. Based on the data processing, 2D qualitative analysis and 2D inversion, the lithospheric electrical structure model was finally obtained. The electrical structure of four tectonic regions and major faults were analyzed. The inversion model reveals:1) the profile can be divided into four tectonic regions,which are the Jiangnan orogen, the Cathaysia interior, the Cathaysia folded belt and the Southeast coast magmatic belt, respectively. 2) Two electrical Moho uplifts were found in Mount Wuyi and the Southeast coast magmatic belt, and the electrical Moho was controlled by major faults. 3) The lithosphere thickness of the profile gets thinning from east to west on the whole. The thickness of the lithosphere asthenosphere boundary of Jiangnan orogen varies from 80 to 100 km, the thickness of the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary of Cathaysia folded belt and the Southeast coast magmatic belt is about 140 km. There exists one lithosphere thinning region and two asthenophere upwelling areas, which reflects the nonuniform reform of the lithosphere under the tectonic extension process.

The delta packet is the space-time domain counterpart of Gaussian beam, which is also the local transient wave propagating along a central ray, with all the advantages and disadvantage of Gaussian beam. Because of refraction effect, the algorithm has trouble with low ray density when rays pass through high velocity body, which would create an image in a lower quality, even no image. To solve this problem, the paper combines depth migration algorithm with wavefront construction, which is capable of raising the ray density along with wavefronts propagating. The numerical results of Sigsbee 2A model have proved that the increasing ray density could improve the image of regions beneath the high velocity body. In addition, the computation time can be shortened by at least 9% that the wavefront data are stored in chained list than in array.

Seismic data interpolation for the missing traces forms a crucial step in the seismic processing flow. Interpolation result will affect the subsequent migration imaging and the effect of multiple elimination directly. Shearlet transform is a new multi-scale transform with multi-directions, multi-resolutions, and optimal sparse approximation properties. We propose an accelerate iterative Landweber algorithm for seismic data interpolation based on Shearlet transform, ensuring the precision and improving the computational efficiency at the same time. According to the distribution characteristics of signals and noise, the signal-to-noise ratio could be improved by using a threshold method to suppress random noise, improving the anti-noise capability of our algorithm. Moreover, jittered undersampling is adopted to suppress aliasing. A stylized experiment on synthetic as well as field data show the method is effective and robust.

The full waveform inversion (FWI) method utilizes kinematic and dynamic information of pre-stack seismic data to rebuild underground velocity structure. However, the large amount of calculation is a bottleneck problem for its development. Therefore, Researchers proposed the techniques of the source-encoding in order to reduce calculation amount, but this method would introduce random crosstalk in model updates. The paper uses decreasing random shot subsampling method to invert full waveform effectively in the case of guaranteeing the calculation accuracy. The paper applied the method into frequency-domain full waveform inversion of 2D viscous acoustic wave equation, and research the type of random shot sampling method in the frequency domain. We totally use eight gradually increased frequencies in FWI process, and apply overthrust model to demonstrate the validity of such random shot sampling method. Through the experiment,we can see that the fitting error between inversion results based on decreasing random shot subsampling method and the actual overthrust model is 0.065 65, and the fitting error between inversion results based on all the shots and the actual overthrust model is 0.064 64. Namely the inversion results of the two methods have little difference. However, the calculated time reduces from 740 min to 291.2 min. Namely the computational efficiency increased 2.54 times. In order to better determine the validity of the method, we apply it to Marmousi model. The fitting error between inversion results based on decreasing random shot subsampling method and the actual Marmousi model is 0.080 12, and the fitting error between inversion results based on all the shots and the actual Marmousi model is 0.078 97. Namely the inversion results of the two methods have little difference. However, the calculated time reduces from 1 218.9 min to 274.4 min. Namely the computational efficiency increased 4.44 times. In conclusion, under the condition of the inversion accuracy, the full waveform inversion based on the decreasing random shot sampling method in frequency domain greatly reduces the amount of calculation. Namely it has irreplaceable computing advantage. Therefore there is no introduction of random crosstalk noise.

Based on the widely used electrode array structures and focusing ways in laterolog, effects of three conventional electrode array structures on electrode coefficient, borehole effect and radial investigation have been studied systematically using the finite element method. In addition, we have analyzed the effects of hardware focusing way and software focusing way on logging responses using the contrast of vision. An array measurement method using software focusing has been presented simultaneously, which had been tested using the Oklamoha standard formation. The results show that different electrode array structures and different parts have various effects on the detection characteristics. The status of insulator section should be attached great importance to, because their influence on detection characteristics is extraordinary obvious. The software way not only eliminates the negative influence of remainder potential difference in hardware focusing way, but also realizes array measurement similar to the array laterolog based on the importing of focusing coefficient with the range of 0-1.1, nevertheless, the electrode structure is consistent with the dual laterolog. The electrode coefficient decreases with the increase of focusing coefficient, borehole effect correction ranges from 0.8 to 1.16 and this method improves the radial investigation depth with the largest one exceeding 2.0 m, obtaining more abundant radial formation resistivity information.

Due to small trap size and big exploration investment on tropical rain forest, platform and trap optimization in slop belt of South America foreland basin has become a big problem that should be faced by geologist. Taking the TW block in Oriente basin, Ecuador as an example, the paper introduced cluster platform economic assessment after trap geological risk analysis, and realized cluster optimization. The evaluation process is as follows. 1) Trap geological risk analysis and resource assessment (traditional six factors assessment). 2) Platform economic assessment:design N platforms (different traps in different platforms), do economic assessment of each trap within the same platform, including investment (e.g. well drilling, platform construction, road and pipeline construction, perforation, surface recovery etc.) and income, and get rid of the trap with profit smaller than 0, and re-evaluate each trap till all the traps' profits are larger than 0. 3) Platform and trap optimization:optimize platform according to total profit of all the traps, then sequence the trap by profit controlled by the optimized platform. 4) New round platform and trap optimization:get rid of the optimized traps and go to step 2) and 3) till all the platform with profit larger than 0 has been selected. The new method has been used in platform and trap optimization in TW block which shows good result in practice.

The polyphyly of the modeling data is the most important character of the 3D geological modeling. The key to the model building is merging these data effectually to increase the accuracy and dependability of the model. This article expounds unifying the coordinate system and scale of geographical, geological, geophysical, geochemical, remote sensing, drilling, mining and other modeling data, then using the datum to construct the original database. Use the contour data to construct the DEM (digital elevation model) plane and define DEM surface as a carrier to realize the effective fusion among the surface geological datum such as the surface geological mapping route PRB (point-routing-boundary) data, vector geological maps and remote sensing images; Under the constraint conditions of the surface geological data and underground geologic data, achieve the fusion of geological data and the underground geological data through constraint and DSI (discrete smooth interpolation) technology; According to the existing modeling data to determine the reasonable modeling unit, classify point, line, surface and volume in database, then build the original database as same as modeling units. In the original database, using high precision geological data as the constraint, integrating modeling data and the three-dimensional spatial distribution of geological body, three-dimensional geological interpretation of geophysical prospecting has realized the integration between different data precision; Constructing the initial geological interface with the main modeling data and constraining the initial geological interface with high precision modeling data, we implement the integration between main modeling data and secondary data. Some constraints like constraining line with point, constraining surface with point (line) and constraining a surface with another surface play an important role in the process of modeling data fusion.