外泌体的产生及其生物学作用的研究进展

doi:10.13481/j.1671-587x.20180542

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 外泌体于1983年首次被发现，是由于细胞膜内吞形成内体，内体限制膜发生多处凹陷，向内出芽形成微囊泡，从而形成的具有动态亚细胞结构的多囊泡体。大多数类型的细胞均可分泌外泌体。构成外泌体的主要成分为蛋白质、核酸和脂质。外泌体有多种分泌途径，对细胞间通信、疾病的传播及组织修复具有重要的调节作用。外泌体与受体细胞的结合方式多种多样，外泌体可以将膜蛋白或其内容物转移至受体细胞，也可以直接与受体细胞膜融合；此外，外泌体上的跨膜蛋白还可以直接作用于受体细胞膜表面的信号分子。外泌体广泛存在于生物体的免疫应答反应中，外泌体可以通过介导促炎症反应来促进免疫反应，肿瘤细胞分泌的外泌体还可以抑制免疫反应。肿瘤细胞分泌的外泌体可以促进癌症的侵袭和转移，加快癌症部位的血管生成，有助于肿瘤微环境中的上皮间充质转化，并且增强肿瘤的耐药性。外泌体通过与受体细胞特异性结合的方式，传递各种生物学信息，发挥重要的生物学作用。本文分别就外泌体的产生机制、分离与鉴定、其对机体免疫过程和疾病的发生发展的作用等方面的研究进展进行综述。

关键词: 外泌体, 肿瘤, 组分, 生物学作用

中图分类号:

R730.2

王璐, 孟琳, 刘树威, 张恺, 孟许亚, 王梓霖, 孙宏晨. 外泌体的产生及其生物学作用的研究进展[J]. 吉林大学学报(医学版), 2018, 44(05): 1109-1114.

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