A finite element model (FEM) was built for the mechanical characteristic in the tire plane based on the model of ring supported on elastic foundation. The effects of load and speed on the tire spindle load response were analyzed by simulation for the tire passing the cleats on drum under different loads and speeds.The comparison between the calculated and tested results demonstrated the accuracy of the FEM for spindle load prediction. The model is important for the study of vehicle NVH behavior and durability.

A mathematical model was built for an automotive magneto-rheological damper based on the performance test. A multi-body dynamics model and a vistual proving ground were established for a passenger car using the multi-body dynamics simulation software SIMPACK. In view of the impact of the semi-active suspension system(SASS) and the steering system on the vehicle steering stability, a coordinated controller based on the PID neural network was designed, the data exchange interface between the SASS coordinated controller and the vehicle multi-body dynamics model was defined under MATLAB enviornment, and the coordinated control of vehicle SASS and steering system was achieved. The simulation results showed that the corrdinated control stralegy using PID neural network can reduce the vibration transmitted from the suspension system, adjecst the yaw and roll motions of car body at steering condition, mitigate the contradiction between steering stability and ride comfort of the vehicle.

Addressing the need for fault tolerance control of steer-by-wire car, a DC motor model of steer-by-wire system is built in this paper. Relevant parameters of motor are identified off-line by using Least Squares Method, combining with the DC motor model. And the parameters are estimated on-line, based on Adaptive Fading Kalman Filter technology. Fault diagnosis and fault tolerant control of the DC motor can be evaluated based on the comparison result of the on-line estimation with the off-line one. And the fault diagnosis and fault tolerant control method is verified by vehicle test. The result shows that this method is effective to fault diagnosis and fault tolerant control of the DC motor, and improve effectively reliability and security of steer-by-wire system.

Based on derivation of the theoretical equation of the vehicle acceleration performance, a simplified and intuitive method to solve the vehicle powertrain power demand was proposed directly from the vehicle acceleration performance index. The intuitiveness and effectiveness of the method were verified by the comparisons among the theoretical calculation, numerical simulation and test results, providing a guidance for vehicle powertrain total power demand parameter selection.

Taking a simplified model of a home-made minibus that loas verified by tests as the object of study, the factors affecting its aerodynamic characteristics were numerically simulated. The aerodynamic drag and lift were calculated upon the changes of the angle of rear wind window, the angle of the back, and the upward omgle of underbody diffuser, and the relationships among these variables were obtained. The optimal styling achieved by their appropriate combination. The simulation results showed that the above-mentioned 3 angles make notable impact on the aerodynamic characteristics of the minibus, and it is necessary to combine them optimally by numerical simulation and test in the process of development. The obtained conclusions provide a theorezical foundation for the styling optimization and the new model development.

The parameters of equivalent circuit of lithium-ion power battery were obtained from the hybrid pulre power characterization test data model, a state-of-charge(SOC) estimation method for the lithium-ion power battery was proposed using a sliding mode observer. The sliding mode observer was designed and descriled in detail. Its algorithm was verified and evaluated by experiments and comparisons with the traditional method. The results show that under the FUDS condition, SOC estimation with the sliding mode observer gives the maximum error of 1.17% with variance of 0.000 04,which is more accurate and robust than the traditional algorithm.

The effects of the matching between the airflow characteristic and the fuel spray in the reentrant combustion chamber of a direct injection diesel engine under different fuel injection timings on the fields of air velocity, airfuel ratio, and temperature in the chamber were simulated using the 3-dimensional numerical simulation software FIRE. The behaviors of air-fuel mixture formation and combustion process under different conditions were studied and the effect of mixture formation on the engine performance was tested. The results showed that the matching between the airflow and the fuel spray under different fuel injection timings affects the premixed combustion phase, the diffusion combustion phase, and the combustion speed during the main combustion duration. For the matching of airflow and fuel spray in a given combustion chamber, there is an optimal fuel injection timing, which can adjust the proportions of premixed and diffusion combustion fuel quantities and the centroid crank angle position of heat release diagram, being of help for engine energy-saving and emission control.

The efficiency of a supercharging lean burn liquefied petroleum gas(LPG) engine was improved by optimizing the compression ratio and the valve timing,and its fuel consumption,the exhaust emissions,and the exhaust gas temperature were reduced.A whole engine model was set up using one-dimensional simulation software.The optimal compression ratio was found by comparing the simulation computed results and bench test results under different compression ratios.The exhaust advance angle and valve overlap angle were optimized by the successive optimization method and verified by tests.

The signal priority control for the emergency vehicle is an important measure to guarantee the efficiency of evaluation and rescue under traffic accidents. The minimum delay of emergency vehicle at single intersection as the control target, three signal priority control strategies were proposed which consist of green time extension, red time shortening and multiphase integrated control. The focus was on the multiphase signal priority fuzzy control strategy based on the emergency vehicle volume rate. An implementation method for the emergency vehicle signal priority control strategy was suggested based on the radio frequency identification technique. A simulation was performed by a software to evaluate the proposed strategy, and the results showed that it can reduce effectively the time delay of the emergency vehicle.

A multimode traffic volume prediction model was proposed in the light of the multimode behavior of the traffic state. The traffic state was divided into 6 modes according to the level of service, and the relation between the traffic volume and the mode was studied. The proposed model estimates the variation of the traffic mode based on the historical data. On the basis of the ARIMA prediction model, the time-delay error in the ARIMA prediction was adjusted dynamically using a dynamic correction function.The experiments and analyses using the actual traffic flow data as a sample showed that the multimode traffic volume prediction model provides a better performance than the ARIMA model in single-step and multi-step predictions.

Taking the reduction of operation cost of the public transport enterprise and the improvement of its service level as targets, and its standard cost and minimum service level as benchmarks, an improved principal-agent incentive model was built based on the traditional principal-agent theory and the improved incentive contract of the government subsidy. The model was validated by a case study. The results provide a theoretical basis for the government to encourage the public transport enterprise and improve the financial subsidy mechanism.

Aging treatment of a martensite stainless steel (17-4PH) was conducted at three different regimes: (1) 442 °C, 8 h air cooled, (2) 465 °C, 4 h air cooled and (3) 480 °C, 1 h air cooled, respectively. The formation of aging precipitates on 17-4PH stainless steel was investigated by Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and Selected Area Electron Microscope (SAEM) technique. The results show that under regime (1), ε-Cu particles and metastable phases Nb6C(N)5 and Nb2C(N) with the sizes less than 10 nm were precipitated dispersedly in the martensite. Under regime (2), ε-Cu particles and stable phase NbC(N) with about 10~15 nm in size were precipitated. Under regime (3), the sizes of precipitated particles in the martensite became larger, and the type of precipitates were still ε-Cu and NbC(N) particles with size about 20~25 nm. NbC(N) phase and martensite were coherently precipitated, and the orientation relationship between both phases was NbC\[001\]//α-Fe\[001\].

To realize the synchronous control on the dual-motor in the hoisting system of a large crawler crane, a fuzzy PID control strategy was proposed. The fuzzy reasoning was applied to self-tuning of the PID parameters to compensate the synchronous error carrsed by the nonlinearity and time-variation of the synchronous system. The results of simulation and experiment showed that, compared with the conventional PID control, the fuzzy PID control is characterized by less overshoot,more rapid tracking, and better robustness, it is better for the synchronous system of the dual-motor in the crane.

The working principle of the full hydraulic drive system was described, and a new full hydraulic drive system featuring the application of a new secondary regulation component, hydraulic transformer(HT), and a hydraulic accumulator was constructed for the walking and working systems of a minitype loader. A mathematical model was built for the pressure transforming ratio of the HT, and also a mathematical model for the accumulator. The relationship of the characteristic parameters versus the HT port plat control angle was analyzed by simulation. The result showed the superiority of the proposed full hydraulic drive system over the traditional loader walking drive system.

A design scheme was proposed for the quantitative feedback robust controller with the load torque observer and compensator to mitigate the shortcomings of the direct drive electro-hydroulic servo rotary vane steering gear(DDEHSRVSG),the high rotary inertia, the servo time-varying uncertainty, and the complex hydrodynamic load torque. The problem that the DDEHSRVSG can not control accurately because of the system uncertainty and the disturbance was resolved without consideration of the load fluctuation, and the difficulty in controller design was alleviated. The dynamic observation and compensation were introduced for the load torque to enhance the stiffness and response speed of the controller. The test results showed that the proposed controller enhances the control accuracy and reduces static error of the DDEHSRVSG, being characterized by good dynamic behavior and robustness.

To achieve the robustness of a control system and the convergence of the control strategy, a Quantitive Feedback Theory (QFT) iteration learning-control strategy was designed, and the convergence criterion was given from viewpoint of frequency-domain. Both experiment and simulation results show that the compound iterationlearning-control strategy can increase the bandwidth and improve the precision of the system while tracking the expected input. At the same time, the random vibration signal can also be tracked well by using the control strategy. It was demonstrated that the compound iteration-learning-control is a new way in high performance real-time control of hydraulic angular vibration table.

According to the demand of the transmission system, a novel electromagnetic clutch(EMC) was designed with the improved jaw structure. The engagement and disengagement of the EMC were realized by interaction of spring force and solenoid force with the protection against power break and overload as well as reset function. A mathematical model was built for the EMC by analysis of its working process. The construction parameters of the EMC were optimized using the software MATLAB, and the optimal combination of construction parameters and performance parameters was achieved under minimum EMC temperature rise. A simulation model was built for the EMC based on the optimization results and its working behavior and function were checked using the software ADAMS. The construction design of the EMC was accomplished according to the results of optimization and simulation.

Based on mathematical model of mechanical weeding tine trajectory and parameters limitation and request at agronomy,a multi-objective optimization model was proposed for obtain ideal mechanical weeding effect.And by using Matlab7.0 Optimization Toolbox we obtain the optimal solution.The optimal combination of four main parameters includes the operation velocity of the unit,tine numbers,distributing over radius of the tines and revolution of disk was as the foundation of design.Through Pro/E solid modeling and simulating,the result of simulation verifies that the multi-objective optimization design is correctness,and provides a theoretical foundation for designing large sized weeding-cultivating machinery.

The assessment of the fault diagnosis complexity about electrical fault diagnosis of the equipment(EFDE) was studied using the concept of information entropy in the information theory. The theory relating to the complexity assessment by the information entropy was introduced, the comprehensive complexity assessment indexes for the EFDE and their calculation process were given. Taking the fault diagnosis of a certain PLC as an example, a hierarchy structure of the equipment electrical fault judgement system was constructed. An assessment index system was proposed for the EFDE, and the assessment domain of the PLC foult diagnosis complexity was demonstrated. The PLC fault diagnosis complexity was assessed using the information entropy mcthology on the basis of being clearabout the causal chain.

Based on the engineering bionics, experimental optimal design method was employed for the scheme of experiments, laser graphic texturing was applied to the micro-morphology process of the grid bionic surface on gear root surface. Experiments to investigate the bending fatigue strength of gears were carried out. The results show that, compared with ordinary gears, the bending fatigue life of all the gear teeth with the grid micromorphology is prolonged to 106% to 142%. The anti-fatigue strength of the gear was improved by the bionic surface micro-morphology.

A test system was developed to measure the pressure switch parameters based on the neural network. The system gathers data through a data acquisition card, processes the gathered data with the back propagation algorithm of the neural network to get the accurate and stable data. The VC++ software was used to realize the realtime display of the test system to feedback the switch state and the necessary pressure to turn on the switch can be aware of. Experiments showed that comparing to the original counterpart, the stability of test system is improved by 15%, the error is reduced to 80%. The system can measure the pressure to turn on the switch accurately, avoids the unnecessary high pressure in the switching process to prolong the lifespan of the switch.

The time delay affects directly the measurement accuracy when the thermal conductivity(TC) is measured by the transient plane heat source technique. To investigate this effect degree, an improved model was proposed for the temperature rise with time delay compensation based on the ideal model for the mean temperature rise of the probe surface in the transient planar heat source technique. The TC of the standardized material Pyroceram 9606 at normal temperature and pressure was measured using the developed model and the data acquisition system of the Hot Disk analyser with 2 sensors of different radius. The results indicated that the relative error of TC measurement caused by time delay was sensitive to different choices of the test parameters. The shorter measuring time may result in larger error of TC measurement. The time delay compensation to the ideal model may enhance the TC measurement accuracy.

A Novel Spam Filtering Method (NSFM) is proposed, which removes redundant attributes from the high dimensional attributes, and selects the attributes, which contribute to the classification accuracy, thus, to improve the classification rate of spam filtering. A fuzzy adaptive particle swarm algorithm is developed, which can dynamically control the inertia weight, learning factor and particle number factor using fuzzy control. The NSFM consists of three stages, kernel feature selection, feature selection and spam filtering. In the first stage, information gain is employed to calculate the information value of each feature, and construct a kernel feature set, thereby obtaining a number of kernel feature subsets. In the second stage, according to the kernel feature subset, IFAPSO is initialized and adjusted adaptively using the fuzzy controller, thus finishing spam filtering. In the final stage, support vector machine is used to classify the optimal feature subset and finish spam filtering. In this paper, PUl, LingSpam and SpamAssassin data sets are utilized. Through many comparative experiments, it is confirmed that the proposed method is adaptable and can select better feature subsets, thereby enhancing the classification accuracy rate effectively, and building up the performance of spam filtering. The NSFM has important practical value.

In order to reduce the incomplete fuzzy hybrid decision systems, a generalized neighborhood rough set model is proposed. Discrimination methods of the missing values and a hybrid reduction algorithm are also developed. The model approximates an arbitrary subset in the universe with neighborhood granules, and the generalized neighborhood relations are the generalization of the asymmetric similarity relations, the tolerance relations and the fuzzy equivalence relations. The model can deal with the incomplete fuzzy hybrid decision system directly. The discrimination methods of the lost and the unrelated conditions are developed based on the assumption of the consistency classification. The influence of the noise samples and the neighborhood values on the classification accuracy is investigated. The validity and feasibility of the model and the reduction algorithm are demonstrated by experiments on HitSHT and two UCI machine learning databases.

In context of incomplete image set, a novel EMbased Principal Component Analysis (PCA) algorithm (EMPCAM) is proposed to exploit the principal components. Then the EMPCAM is integrated seamlessly into the Local Tangent Space Alignment (LTSA) algorithm instead of standard SVD such that the modified LTSA algorithm can learn the manifold of incomplete image set. Meanwhile, in order to construct reasonable neighborhood in the presence of missing pixels, a novel distance estimation method is proposed. Extensive experiments on benchmark data sets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

An effective and robust image identification approach is proposed based on digital signature. In this method, after preprocessing of images, the first five digits of the average value of image block are extracted as the distinctive information of the image, which is different from other images. Then the image is divided into regions, and the extracted distinctive information of the regions is extended for the ReedSolomon (RS) error control coding. Finally, the digital signature, which is the randomly scrambled encode RS parity bit, is sent out together with the public image. Experiment results show that this image identification approach can effectively identify the authenticity of image content and locate the deliberate tampering.

In the light of the feature of workflow exception and ontology, a method of exception recognition based on Web Ontology Language (OWL) and propertydriven and task property was proposed. This method needs several properties, which were extended by transaction properties of workflow Activity Model (WAMO), being added to one task, and described by the OWL. Then several mapping relations between task exceptions and handling patterns via properties were established. When the task throws some exceptions at runtime, their handling patterns in exception ontology can be found by the OWL reasoner through these mapping relationships that have been defined. Then the handling mechanism takes corresponding measures to resolve these exceptions. Because the definition of OWL is incremental and possesses Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), this method can not only make exception handling mechanism recognize handling patterns of task exception through semantic rather than key words, but also can be adapted to extended development for exception knowledge repository in the distributed environment, which can reduce its development workload.

Formal concept analysis theory and Galois connection are adopted for formal descriptions of concepts and interconnection along with evolvement between concepts. Concept space is constructed by employing formal concept mapping family as basic elements, researching the basic properties of concept space. Environmental space is also constructed, which contains concept interoperability rules and logic, proving the integrality of the environmental space. The theory mentioned fits into the evolvement analysis, which is based on a complex system centering on concepts, and offers consultable model to evolvement analysis of knowledge that are for ontology engineering and other methods.

In order to improve the recognition rate and robustness of face recognition algorithms, the impact of different directional details of facial images on recognition rate is analyzed, and a Horizontal component prior principle (HCPP) is proposed. Then a robust face recognition algorithm based on Regional directional weighted local binary pattern (RDW-LBP) is proposed, in which HCPP is employed. The face image is decomposed by multiscale Haar wavelet to extract multi-level scale coefficients and the first level horizontal detail coefficients, which contain the most effective details are used for recognition. These coefficients are regarded as the elements of matrix M to be analyzed. Then matrix M is divided into several regions, from which the RDW-LBP feature distributions are extracted and concatenated into an enhanced feature vector for use as a facial descriptor. Finally, the classifier based on Chi-Square distance is used for recognition. The correctness and validity of HCPP are verified by test results. Compared with LBP descriptor proposed by Ojala, RDW-LBP descriptor improves the recognition rate efficiently without increasing computational complexity.

Broadcast authentication is a critical security service in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). The broadcast authentication mechanisms that have been proposed in WSN are obvious different in their security strength and overhead. In this paper, an efficient Self-Adaptive Broadcast Authentication (SABA) mechanism in WSN is proposed, which takes the dynamic change of the system risk in application into consideration. The SABA mechanism includes two parts. The off-line part selects a group of protocols for sensor nodes. The online part generates protocol transition rules with risk changes. By making use of the protocol utility, derived from the analysis of system risk and the evaluation of protocol security strength and performance, the best protocol under various system risks is selected as the current protocol. A case study is used to demonstrate the construction of a SABA protocol. Analysis and experiments show the efficiency of the SABA.

A novel hexapod biomimetic robot named Spider is fabricated for autonomous navigation under complicated terrain conditions.The mechanical configuration of the robot with capability of omnidirectional locomotion was designed,and the structure parameters were optimized according to the estimation function of mobility;the hardware control system of the robot was constructed in which a ARM chip was used as central controller and a FPGA chip was employed as coprocessor;a walking controller was realized based on functionbehaviorintegration,which was employed to generate statically stable free gait.In the simulations and experiments,the ability of adaptive omnidirectionwalking on irregular terrain of the hexapod robot were testified.

A wearable electrocardiography(ECG) electrode was made successfully by conductive textile which was attached onto a specially designed waistcoat and comected to an ECG measuring unit. By means of the regression analysis of the parameters of the ECG and pulse waves, the calculation expressions were derived for the systolie and diastolic blood pressures. A user handstet was communicated with the measuring unit through the bluetooth interface to form a human body area network, and the continuous and dynonmic monitorihg of the cardiovascular parameters, such as the ECG, the blood pressure, and the blood oxygen faction was realized.

In this paper, considering the lack of compatibility between large magnetic moment and full-wave recording approach in coaxial coplanar coil devices, bucking coil is used to weaken the primary magnetic field. Then the key technology of state-machines and multitask operation is applied to develop the fullwave recording system with the core of PXI. In the development of the recording system, its characteristics of long period of continuous sampling and high-precision are taken into consideration. Experiments show that the system is stable and reliable, which provides an application platform for method research. It also provides reference for the design of electromagnetic instruments on unmanned aerial vehicles and semi-airborne.

Based on BSIM SOI model the self-heating effect, body contact effect and floating body effect of deep-submicron PD SOI MOSFET devices are investigated. The methods of modeling and parameter extraction of PD SOI MOSFET are developed. The above methods are applied to the devices fabricated in 0.35 μm PD SOI process in Xi'an Microelectronics Technology Institute. The extracted device model shows good agreement with experimental data, which validates the accuracy, effectiveness of the proposed methodology.

In this paper, we demonstrated that controlled host-dopant concentration is essential for charge carrierstransporting in red phosphorescent organic light-emitting device (PHOLEDs). Carriers transport via (1-Phenylisoquinoline) iridium (III) dopant molecules in the emitting layer with single host, while, via both dopant and host molecules when their energy levels are well aligned. Conditions for reduction of driving voltage and enhanced efficiency of red PHOLED were obtained with mixed host structure. A pure red PHOLED with color coordinates of (0.67, 0.33) has been realized by using only 4 wt% emissive dopant, The device achieves 100 cd/cm2 at 2.9 V, with corresponding power efficiency of 9.3 lm/W and external quantum efficiency of 14.3%.

A polymer Arrayed Waveguide Grating (AWG) multiplexer has been designed and fabricated by using the poly (2, 3, 4, 5, 6-pentafluorostyrene-co-glycidylmethacrylate) (PFS-co-GMA). In the fabrication of the polymeric AWG device, the cross of the channels and the arrayed waveguides exhibit smooth trapezoid crosssections instead of originally designed rectangular ones after the reactive ion etching. In this paper, for the technological level and the characteristics of the trapezoid cross-sections, a new analysis method, referred as equivalent energy flow method, is presented for analyzing the transmission characteristics of AWG. The central wavelength of the device originally designed is 1 550.918 nm, and the measured central wavelength is 1 550.826 nm, the spectral shift is 0.092 nm. By using this technique, the computed results show that the spectral shift is 1 550.872 nm, the spectral shift is reduced to 0.046 nm. This indicates that the proposed equivalent energy flow method has satisfactory accuracy and reasonability

Multi-objective decision making based access selection algorithm was proposed to work out the problem that the judging factors of the maximum load balance based access selection algorithm were one-sided in heterogeneous wireless networks.On the basis of satisfying the multifactor judgment and dynamic applicability,five-grade scale method and entropy of information method were adopted to calculate the subjective and objective weight.Meanwhile,least squares method was used to choose them eclectically.Both the network state and user preferences were taken into consideration in order to improve the accuracy and practicability of the algorithm.Simulation results show that compared to the maximum load balance based algorithm,the proposed algorithm can decrease the packet blocking probability and packet loss rate,as well as improve the user satisfaction.

Problems exist in Multi-layer hierarchical structure (MHS), such poor structure stability and large structure maintenance overheads. To overcome these problems, a Stable Multi-layer Hierarchical Structure (SMHS) was proposed, which adopts a new scheme that “a structure relies on some relative stable clusters”. SMHS was designed in detail from five aspects: basic idea, constructing process, role classification, addressing scheme, advantages and disadvantages. Theories relative to the key roles were described and analyzed. Performances of MHS and SMHS were compared and analyzed through simulation. The results show that the proposed SMHS not only improves the structure stability but also reduces structure maintenance overheads, which indicates that the SMHS outperforms MHS.

In order to solve the intra-class blind recognition problem of IFFT-based multi-carrier modulation signals under the conditions of white Gaussian noise background, a blind identification algorithm of multi-carrier modulation signal is proposed. This algorithm is based on singular value decomposition of structural matrix. Without any prior knowledge of data information, the type and length of the spreading code, this algorithm can determine the type of multi-carrier modulation signal accurately according to the number of larger non-zero singular values of structural matrix in accordance with simple criteria, and achieve good results. It does not need to design the complex classifier in the traditional recognition algorithm after feature extraction, and simplifies the recognition process. Both theoretical analysis and simulation results verified the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. Therefore, the algorithm has certain theoretical and practical reference value.

To reduce the binding update cost of idle Mobile Node (MN) in Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6), an optimization scheme based on pointer forwarding is proposed. This scheme uses the binding update between Mobile Anchor Points (MAP) to replace part of home updates, which reduces the binding update cost of idle MN. The signaling cost difference is derived by analysis of the costs of the basic scheme and the optimization scheme between two successive sessions. Simulation results show that the optimization scheme could reduce the binding update signaling cost and improve the network performance under small Session-to-Mobility Ratio (SMR), i.e. SMR is less than 1. The sensitivity of the tele-parameters is discussed.

An Incremental Multi-Dimension Scaling (IMDS) visualization method is proposed to discover patterns in quantities of data. IMDS algorithm clusters data through the shape of each structure data instead of traditional cluster algorithm, which needs global information for precision category result. Moreover, IMDS algorithm can be implemented through animation because that it maps multi-dimension to low dimension. By experiments, it is proved that the proposed IMDS algorithm outperforms Multi-Dimension Scaling (MDS) and simplex algorithm in efficiency and effectiveness.

Lifetime is a critical parameter in wireless sensor network. The lifetime maximization in wireless sensor network is investigated with the assistance of network coding. A new hypergraph model for the network is proposed, which is used to exploit the broadcast property of radio transmission instead of hiding it under an artificial pointto-point abstraction. To facilitate the measurement of energy consumption, a hyperarc-based linear pricing model is also proposed for broadcasting links. Besides the energy consumed in transmission, energy consumed for reception is discussed. The optimization problem is described by mathematical formulations. Simulation results show that the proposed pricing model is more precise than the point-to-point model, thus the optimal resource allocation solved by the proposed optimization method can achieve longer lifetime. Moreover, network coding does have the ability to prolong the lifetime of the wireless sensor network.

The feature extraction was performed from the electroencephalography signals in the brain-computer interface for two different mental tasks(imagine to move the left land or right hand) using the wavelet entropy and the band power as the combining feature. The Fisher linear discrimination analysis was used to classify the features. The classification accuracy and the mutual information were used as evaluation criteria. The results of off-line analysis showed that the proposed algorithm is characterized by good classification accuracy and mutual information, providing a new way for the feature extraction and classification of the mental tasks in the braincomputer interface.

A method for ultrasonic time-of-flight estimation based on Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is proposed. A theoretical model of two mixed echoes is developed based on the experimental model of one echo. The parameters of the theoretical model are estimated based on the EKF to give exactly the timeofflight of ultrasonic. Because the phase diversity and time delay between the two echoes can affect the shape of echo envelop obviously, simulation experiments are performed for all the conditions of phase diversity and time delay. Simulation results show that the proposed method is of high precision and great ability of noise reduction.

A novel fusion algorithm based on Pulse Coupled Neural Networks (PCNN) is proposed to fuse multi-band of hyperspectral images. Using wavelet transform to decompose images into multi-levels for extracting the approximation and high frequency information in different orientations. Each sub-band in wavelet domain of multiple images is input to a multi-channel PCNN model to nonlinear fusion. Then the fused approximation sub-band is generated directly using the firing map. Various high frequency sub-bands are segmented into different regions by the histogram vector center of gravity and deviation of the firing matrix and are fused by different fusion rules in different regions. The fusion image is reconstructed by inverse wavelet transform. Experiment results of OMIS images show that the proposed algorithm can effectively fuse multiband of hyperspectral images and derive rich information of textures and details.

Voice activity detection plays an important role in speech signal processing. However, commonly used detection methods are not valid in low Signal-to-Noise Ratios (SNR), and the voice activity detection becomes difficult. HilbertHuang Transform (HHT) is a method designed for non-linear and non-stationary signals. Because of its adaptability, HHT can be used for analysis of available data. In this paper, the HHT is applied for voice activity detection under the condition of low SNR. This method finds the concentration component of the Intrinsic Mode Function (IMF) in the speech signal energy, analyzes the Hilbert spectrum by using the IMF and the Hilbert spectrum between pure voice signal and voice signal under low SNR. It can adaptively select threshold for voice and non-voice segment detection. Comparison of experiment results shows that this method is effective under low SNR of the detected speech signal.

In order to reduce the calculation load of a carrier tracking loop in a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver, an improved discriminator algorithm based on four-quadrant arctangent function is proposed, which is shared by Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) and Frequency-Locked Loop (FLL) discriminators. The PLL discriminator is insensitive to the navigation message data. The FLL discriminator overcomes the frequency uncertainty by the shared four-quadrant arctangent function unit as well as correction functions. Furthermore, parameter setting of the discriminator algorithm is investigated with additive white Gaussian noise at various signal-to-noise ratios. Theoretical analysis comparison and simulation show that the improved algorithm not only has good discrimination capacity with the carrier phase and frequency, but also has the characteristics of small calculation load and low complexity. Therefore, carrier tracking loops can improve operational speed and occupy less system resources.

A new periodic correlation discrete signal is proposed, which can be referred as perfect almost-quadriphase sequence pairs. The transformation properties and existing condition of the perfect almost-quadriphase sequence pairs were presented. Using these properties and condition the searching range of the perfect almost-quadriphase sequence pairs can significantly reduced, and computing efficiency can be greatly improved. The construction method of perfect almost-quadriphase sequence pairs based on BTP transform is proposed. Using the method the perfect almost-quadriphase sequence pairs can be constructed directly from perfect almostbinary sequence pairs searched by computer. The new perfect signal enriches the theory of sequence pairs and perfect discrete correlated signals.

In the light of the problems concerning highprecision demand and missthetarget time delay in the laser weapon tracking system(LWTS), the basic principles of the compoundaxis macromicro control(CAMMC) were expounded. The three derivatives model of maneuvering target was analyzed. A CAMMC system was constructed for LWTS based on Kalman predictor. Taking the equivalent sinusoidal movement and the uniform linear movement as examples, the system was simulated. The results showed that the precision of the CAMMC is higher than that of singeldetector control, and the CAMMC system is simple and suitable for engineering implementation.

Five Panax ginseng hairy root lines expressing antisense βAS were established. After 30 days of growth cultured in liquid, the levels of oleanane-type ginsenoside Ro in these antisense hairy root lines decreased by 13% to 40% compared with control line. While levels of dammarane-type ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf and Rg1) increased in all five antisense hairy root lines, of which line A19 exhibited the max levels of dammaranetype ginsenosides, 30% higher than those of control line. It was observed that dammaranetype ginsenosides contents in these hairy root lines gradually increased during culture process. Additionally, relative to control lines, βAS enzyme activities of the antisense lines decreased up to 30%; while DAS enzyme activities were enhanced, especially in the antisense lines A19 (20% increase). Furthermore, the antisense lines show higher level of ginsenoside precursor (2, 3-oxidosqualene) than the control line.

Alkaline and flavorzyme were used for the enzymolysis of hemoglobin to obtain heme. Single factor, orthogonal and regression experiment were employed to optimize hydrolysis conditions, which affect the two enzymes. Single antioxidant, single reductant, composite antioxidants, antioxidant and reductant composition were added to protect ferrous iron. The optimal conditions were: first, the substrate concentration of 7%, alkaline concentration of 1%, pH of 8, hydrolysis time 2 hours; then flavor enzyme concentration of 2%, pH of 6%, another two hours hydrolysis time; the yield of heme of 11.18% was achieved. The best ferrous iron protective performance was achieved with protective agents anhydrous sodium sulfite of 0.03% and lascorbyl palmitate 0.03%; the yield of ferroprotoporhyrin reached 12.60 mg/ml, which was raised by 11.27%.

The quadratic general rotary unitized design was employed to optimize the parameters of extracting phosvitin from egg yolk proceeding after one-factor experimental design. The ratio of n-hexane to ethonal and their total dosages were investigated to evaluate the extraction rate of phosvitin. The optimized technology parameters of extracting phosvitin were obtained based on genetic algorithm. The SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was used to determine the molecular weight (MW) of phosvitin. The results are obtained as follws: ratio of n-hexane to ethonal of 3.4/1 (V/V), dosage of the total organic solvent of 148 mL, the purity of the phosvitin reached 81.62%. The results of SDS-PAGE indicate that the MW of phosvitin was 35 kD.

The high intensity pulsed electric field-assisted extraction technique was used to optimize the conditions of exopolysaccharides (EPS) extraction in Tibetan spiritual mushroom broth. The results show that the optimal conditions of this extraction technique are: electric field intensity of 40 kV/cm, number of pulses of 8, and pH of 7. These factors affect the EPS extraction in the order of electric field intensity > pH > number of pulses. The influence of the electric field intensity on EPS extraction is significant (α < 0.05). Under the optimal conditions the EPS extraction was increased by 84.3% compared to that of the control group.

By casting, the edible films based on carrot puree, chitosan, corn starch and gelatin were developed. Glycerol was added as plasticizer. The effects of chitosan, corn starch, gelatin and glycerol on the film′s properties were investigated. Results show that chitosan, corn starch, and gelatin contents do not significantly influence the elongation, water vapor permeability and oxygen permeability of the films, but their significantly enhance the film tensile strength. Increasing glycerol content decreases the tensile strength of the films, but increases the elongation, the oxygen permeability and water vapor permeability. Moreover, chitosan, corn starch and glycerol contents significantly affect the color of the films, but this effect of gelatin is insignificant.