Correlation among 35 in-basin boreholes and 2 continuous field coring sections resulted that porosity and permeability of pyroclastic rocks (mean 18.7%, 0.32×10^-3μm²) are higher than that of volcanic lava rocks (mean 14.0%, 0.18×10^-3μm²) in the shallow part of basin with burial depth less than 500 meters, while contrarily in the deep part of basin with burial depth more than 2 800 meters, porosity and permeability of pyroclastic rocks (mean 2.6%, 0.05×10^-3μm²) are rather poor than volcanic lava rocks (mean7.3%, 0.07×10^-3μm²).Generally, porosity and permeability of both two types of rocks  decrease with increasing burial depth, however, the changing rate of pyroclastic rocks is remarkably larger than that of volcanic lava rocks. Therefore, volcanic lava rocks become primary reservoir due to higher porosity and permeability than pyroclastic rocks when burial depth range is below 2 500 to 3 000 meters. This is mainly contributed by their differences in diagenesis as volcanic lavas are concreted by cooling so that their framework volume is hardly affected by compaction, while pyroclastic rocks are consolidated by compaction, similarly to sedimentary rocks. Therefore, petroleum exploration in the middle and shallow part of basin (burial depth less than 2 500 meters) could attentively aim at pyroclastic rocks.

By use of drilling, logging and analysis and testing data, the type, feature, identification mark, distribution and sealing ability of volcanic cap rock in Xujiaweizi fault depression and the controlling effect for the accumulation and distribution of gas were studied. It was considered that there were 2 types of volcanic cap rocks in Xujiaweizi fault depression, volcaniclastic rock cap rocks and volcanic lava cap rocks. Volcaniclastic rock cap rocks are mainly tuff and volcanic breccia which are characterized by small resistivity，enlargement of borehole and high interval transit time. Volcanic lava cap rocks are mainly rhyolite, tuff and andesite which are characterized by middle resistivity，normal borehole and low interval transit time. Volcaniclastic rock cap rock and volcanic lava cap rock can be identified respectively by high interval transit time and interval transit time which are lower than 56 μs/ft. Volcaniclastic rock cape rocks are distributed regionally on the top of K₁yc¹ volcanic rock body, while volcanic lava cap rocks are distributed locally in the volcanic rock body. Sealing gas ability of volcaniclastic rock cap rock is stronger than that of volcanic lava cap rock. Volcaniclastic rock cap rocks controlled the regional accumulation and distribution of gas in volcanic rock in Xujiaweizi fault depression, while volcanic lava cap rocks only controlled the local accumulation and distribution of gas in volcanic rock body.

In order to understand the genesis of carbon dioxide gas in the Shangdou region for the guidance of carbon dioxide gas exploration, by means of the carbon dioxide gas geochemical analysis such as gas component，carbon isotope，helium isotope and hydrogen isotope, the characteristics are the carbon dioxide concentration is 97.23%-97.85%,the value of the carbon isotope δ¹³C is -6.5‰--5.2‰,the value of the associated gas He isotope ³He/⁴He is （1.69-3.35）×10^-6,the value of H₂ isotope δD(H₂) is -760‰--860‰ and the calculated the share of mantlederived helium is 69.7%-84.8％,which showed that the genesis of carbon dioxide gas is abiogenic obviously. Meanwhile，geological features of the deep faults development,the geological background of the strong magmatic activity and the carbon dioxide in the inclusions of the Hannuoba basalt group indicated that the geological conditions and geological processes that the generation and migration-accumulation of mantlederived carbon dioxide exists and the genesis of carbon dioxide gas in the Shangdou region is abiogenic undoubtedly. Geological conditions and previous exploration results indicate the good prospects for carbon dioxide gas exploration in the region.

Based on the interpretation of 15s deeper seismic profiles and the anatomy of typical CO₂ gas reservoirs, the distribution law of CO₂ gas reservoirs and its controlling factors have been deeply analyzed in the Songliao basin. Vertically, CO₂ is mainly rich in volcanic rocks of the Yingcheng Formation, and sandstone reservoirs in 3th and 4th Members of Quantou Formation. The beaded distribution feature of CO₂ is mainly dominated by lystric basement faults which are in direct contact with deep thermal fluid: heat-flow diapirs and intrusions, and are depression-controlling and volcanic vent-controlling. Meanwhile, outlet points of CO₂ are controlled by strike infection-points, endpoints and overlap zones of these faults. And CO₂ mainly comes from the deep thermal fluid. The activity of basement faults connected with thermal fluid led to the basin filling by mantle-derived magma, at the same time, the carried CO₂ was released into volcanic rocks erupted earlier and then developed into volcanic CO₂ gas reservoirs of Yingcheng Formation. Considering that faults controlling gas pool are usually basement faults which were active during fault-depression phase and the Late Quantou Formation to the Early Qingshankou Formation, it was speculated that CO₂ reservoirs of Yingcheng Formation were mainly formed between the Late Quantou Formation and the Early Qingshankou Formation. In Songliao basin, the stronge tectonic inversion occurred in the Late Mingshui Formation, and during the declining of compressive force from the SSE to the NNW, the reactivation of basement faults formed positive inversion faults; released from thermal fluid diapirs, CO₂  was migrated upward and then accumulated in inversion structural belts; as the development of fault-style inversion tectonics in the southern part is better than the northern part, and the western is better than the eastern part, CO₂ is richer in the south than in the north, richer in the west than in the east in Songliao basin.

Shenglihe oil shales orientating in NWW-SEE with about 30 kilometers in length are located in the transitional belt between north Qiangtang basin and central uplift belt. The oil shales deposited in Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous marine carbonates and are overlain by tremendous gypsum-salt strata. There are 3 to 7 oil shale layers ranging from 0.4 to 1.2 m in thickness, of which the thinnest layer is 0.1 m and the thickest layer is 3.27 m. The results of industrial analysis show that Shenglihe oil shales are a kind of low content of ash, medium to low oil yield and low calorific value. Organic carbon content of oil shales ranges from 4.31% to 21.37% with an average of 9.76%, indicating a relatively high abundance. Hydrocarbon generating capability ranges from 5.66 mg/g to 111.1mg/g with an average of 40.17 mg/g and they show a good potentiality. Microscopic observations indicate that organic matter of oil shales is a kind of mixed-type kerogen. Vitrinite reflectance of kerogen range from 0.37% to 0.9% with an average of 0.58%, indicating that organic matter of oil shales was underwent a stage of immature to low maturation. Under the condition of stable tectonics and humid-hot climate the oil shales were deposited in a saline lagoon of restricted carbonate platform with reducing condition. After that stage the climate evolved into hot-dry conditions.

Guang’an gas field, a gas field in the central Sichuan basin, has a very considerable geological reserve of natural gas from the Xujiahe Formation coal measures which is not very perfect. In order to give the reason, the generation characteristics of natural gas from the Xujiahe Formation coal measures in the Guang’an area was studied by means of the MSSV pyrolysis experiment and chemical kinetic method. The result indicates that natural gas was mainly generated during the MiddleLate Jurassic (156.6-140 Ma), a relative short period. The total amount of gas generation is 0.89×10¹²-1.86×10¹² m³ and more than 7.26% gas was accumulated. The gas generation intensity is 3.35×10⁸-11.83×10⁸ m³/km² which is lower than the usual value (>20×10⁸ m³/km²) for a great gas field. It is the efficient accumulation of natural gas that results in the formation of a great gas field with a relative low gas generation intensity in Guang’an area. Besides the presummarized factors, the generation of amount gas in a short period is an important reason resulting in the efficient accumulation of natural gas in Guang’an area. With a superior accumulation condition, the threshold of source rock for forming a great gas field can be lowered properly.

Based on data from drilling core, analysis assay and seismic data of the Central Tarim area, the authors deal systematically with the activities and mechanism of the deep fluid as well as its thermal effect on hydrocarbon accumulation. Based on the study for hydrothermal mineralization and alteration of Ordovician rock, paleothermal anomaly, inorganic CO₂ gas reservoir, inclusion temperature measurement and so on, the following conclusions are arrived: throught seismic, volcano or other variable channels such as fault, unconformity and so on, the deep fluid migrated upwards. Such fluid could improve not only the hydrocarbon-generation quantity and rate, but also lower the residual organic content in source rock and affects the hydrocarbon source rock evaluation. Deep fluid both has the destructive role of hydrothermal calcite filling and the constructive role of hydrothermal corrosion and hydrothermal secondary minerals for the gas reservoir. During the process of upward migration, abnormal high pressure caused by the deep hot fluid provides power for the secondary oil migration. For the thermal effect of gas formation, reservoir reconstruction and hydrocarbon accumulation dynamics，the deep fluid both has more important influence on the formation and evolution of the old reservoir in light of energy and material aspects，and make the origin of the hydrocarbon more complicated in Ordovician strata of the Central Tarim area.

The authors deals with the sedimentary characteristics of the Late Jurassic Mohe basin, and studies its tectonic type and genetic mechanism. Detailed sedimentary research indicates that Late Jurassic Mohe basin contains the alluvial fan, fan-delta and lacustrine facies,  belonging to continental molasse deposits of the foreland basin. The provenances of the Late Jurassic Mohe basin came both from the southern and northern direction and is characterized by bidirectional provenance of typical foreland basin. The northern provenance was the Mongolia-Okhotsk orogenic belt, lied at the southern margin of the Siberian plate; the southern provenance was the basement of underlying plate, lied at the northern part of the Daxing’anling Mountains. According to sedimentary characteristics, regional tectonic setting and materials of the Upper Amur basin in Russian, the Late Jurassic Mohe basin is considered to be the southern half part of the Mohe-Upper Amur foreland basin, whose formation and evolution were controlled by the Mongolia-Okhotsk orogenic belt. The Er’shi’erzhan and Emuerhe periods were the main basin forming periods for the Mohe basin. Dark mudstones had developed in a wide area during this period, and are good source rocks.

The Longshen 1 well marks the breakthrough for deep gas exploration in the Yingtai depression in southern Songliao basin, and the ascription of its deep horizon is a key to the resource evaluation and reserve prediction in the Yingtai depression. The deep horizons in  the Longshen 1 well were further subdivided by using rock-electric characteristics, correlation between wells, sporopollen assemblages and log and seismic data. The generalization is as the followings: the Yingcheng Group of the Longshen 1 well consisting of two set of thick volcanic (igneous rock) and two set of thin sedimentary rocks. They are significantly different from both the underlying and overlying layers in lithology, electrical property and seismic features. Its sporopollen characteristics were also distinct to those of the upper and lower formations, with gymnospermae pollen being up 65% and pteridophyta spore 35%, comparable to those of the Yingcheng Group in the northern Songliao basin. The top and bottom boundary of the Yingcheng Formation in the Longshen 1 well were 2 895 m and 3 532 m respectively and the Shahezi Formation has not been cut throught.

8 fresh samples of carbonaceous mudstone were featured from Xiaoping Formation, Late Triassic epoch in Gaoming area of the western Guangdong Province. The constant of whole-rock main element, trace element and REE content were determined using X-ray fluorescence spectrometer and ICP-MS. The values of m (m=100×MgO/Al₂O₃) and  Ca/Mg , B/Ga and Rb/K are used to study the paleosalinity in this area. The result shows that the Fenggang Member of Xiaoping Formation is brine neritic facies sedimentation. The paleosalinity showed low-high-low-change process. The paleosalinity reaches the highest value in the middle-upper part and decreases to the lowest value at the top. The values of P and Sr/Cu reflect the change of the paleoclimate. Fenggang period is mainly affected by warm-humid climate. And the dry-hot climate occurred in the central and upper part of the period. The discrimination diagrams of Zr-Th and La-Th-Sc and REE show that the tectonic setting of Gaoming area was the depression basin on passive continental margin. All the samples were characterized with high ∑REE(214.15-455.85)，LREE enrichemnt(LREE/HREE =7.51-12.02) and Eu negative anomaly（δEu=0.47-0.60）. The source rocks are mainly granite partially mixed with basalt and sedimentary rock based on the data.

Sanjiazi deposit is one of the scheelite deposits in Northeastern China found in recent years. In order to discuss the metallogenesis, their geological and geochemical characteristics of the deposit is studied, including the composition of REE and trace elements in metallogenic granitic rocks, marble wall rock as well as in skarn ores. These granitic rocks containing scheelite mineralization, has similar geochemical features with those of the I-type granites, such as aluminium super-saturation, variable alkaline composition, K₂O>Na₂O and low ratio of Rb/Sr.  Moreover, the facts of low content of REE, negative δEu anomalies, unobvious δCe anomalies and right-declining chondrite-normalized REE patters demonstrate that tungsten-bearing granitic rocks was derived from deep crust or upper mantle. Together with geological features of the deposit, contents of trace elements and sulfur isotope in different rocks and ores, a conclusion can be drawn that the ore-forming materials, including W element, may come from the Mengjialing intrusion. The Sanjiazi scheelite deposit belongs to the skarn deposit and is related to the NW subduction of the Pacific plate underneath Eurasia plate in the Early Yanshanian period.

The Hongqiling magmatic Cu-Ni sulfide deposit represented by No.1 and No.7 intrusions belongs to a typical magmatic liquation deposit in Xing’an-Mongolia orogenic belt. More than 30 mafic-ultramafic intrusions have been found in the Hongqiling mining district. The No.3 intrusion, whose geological occurrence were different from those of other ore-bearing rock bodies, was once thought to be formed during the Yanshanian era. The ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar isotopic dating of amphiboles collected from different depths of core samples in No.3 intrusion gave a （228.2±3.0） Ma plateau age and a （230.1±7.1） Ma isochron age. These isotopic ages consist generally with the ages of No. 1 intrusion published before, all being derived from the Early Indosinian magmatism. Geochemical studies of No.1, No.3, and No.7 ore-bearing intrusions also suggest these intrusions were derived from a common source according to their similar curve patterns of REE and trace elements. This opinion could be significant for guiding further exploration of the magmatic Cu-Ni deposits in the area.

The suspended solids are the main migration carrier of the heavy metals in rivers. The distribution characteristics of heavy metals of the suspended solids in the upper and middle reaches of the Second Songhua River are studied. The results show that content of heavy metals of the suspended solids varies remarkably in the upper and middle reaches of the Second Songhua River. In dry season minerals intensely  absorbing heavy metals are enriched in the suspended solids, while in the wet season felsic minerals is main components carried. The content of the heavy metals in the suspended solids in dry season is higher than that in wet season. The content of As, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and Hg of in the suspended solids in Jilin urban sector is higher than that in Songhua Lake and the lower reach for industrial pollution.

In order to determine the main factors affecting the sustainable utilization of groundwater resources in Shuangcheng City, and to assess and predict the situation of groundwater sustainable utilization, Bossel theoretical frame is has been employed to construct an assessment indicator system,consisting of 6 basic oriental indicators and 36 detailed indicators ,which can mostly reflect groundwater sustainable utilization in Shuangcheng City. This assessment indicator system has considered the groundwater subsystem, socioeconomical subsystem, environmental subsystem and the relationship among them. The situation of groundwater resources sustainable utilization in Shuangcheng City is assessed by this assessment indicator system， and the changing trend of groundwater sustainable utilization in 5 years and 10 years after the production of new groundwater source is also predicted based on the simulation results of the groundwater flow regime. The current situation of groundwater sustainable utilization in Shuangcheng City belongs to green class (good state) and the situation of groundwater sustainable utilization will be degrading from good to dangerous as the result of the increase of groundwater exploitation.

Isochronous-cell method is a convenient method which has clearly physical basis for the calculation of watershed confluence. The calculation ability in distributed hydrological model of large watershed would be obviously improved if this method could be used. Overland flow was simulated by isochronous-cell method based on DEM, that is lateral overland flow run in the river from each side of the river, and river flow was simulated by diffusion wave equation. And then it is applied in distributed hydrological model of large watershed. The calculation time was largely saved comparing with the calculation time of diffusion wave numerical equation of the 2-D overland flow. A case study at Nongan hydrologic station in the watershed of the downstream of Yitong River shows that the maximum relative error of calculated and determined flow volume is 13% and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency index of the model for each month is 0.9. The feasibility of this model was proved by the computation. The example shows isochronous-cell method is feasible to overland flow in distributed hydrological model of large watershed.

The mechanism of groundwater-rock interaction in Ordos Creatceous basin has been studied by Strontium isotopic method and hydrochemical analyis, which has been validated by inverse hydrogeochemical modeling. The results show that the main water-rock reactions in Ordos Cretaceous basin are the dissolution of gypsym, minor carbonate minerals and alluminatesilicate minerals and the the dissolution extent of sulfate minerals such as gypsum in northern basin is higher than that in southern basin,but the the dissolution extent of allumi-silicate minerals in southern basin is higher than that in northern basin.Meanwhile, the uncongruent dissolution of carbonate mimerals,i.e,the dissolution of golomite and the precipitation of calcite occurs in sothern basin. The water-rock interaction deduced by the strontium isotope is in accordance with the inverse hydrogeochemival modeling results.

The fate and transport of Strontium are controlled by groundwater agent in geological environment. Since Sr enrichment is of hydro-geochemical significance and also closely related to human and eco-environmental health, the distribution features and enrichment mechanism deserve studying. Based on physical setting of the study area,the groundwater was sampled and Sr concentration in groundwater was analyzed to characterize the Sr enrichment extent,the spatial distribution features in the shallow/deep groundwater at different locations and the relationship among several water bodies. Based upon the hydro-geochemical environmental condition, Rfactor analysis method was coupled with soil sample analysis to determine the characteristics of the specific hydro-geochemical environment and fate/transport of Sr.The results indicate that the local hydro-geochemical environment in the study area was consistent with the regional arid-semiarid area in the Songnen Low Plain, and notable Sr enrichment in groundwater was revealed with a high level of 1.17 mg/L. In addition, Sr enrichment was controlled by both water-rock interaction and non-point pollution.

One-dimensional compressive structural deformation properties of disturbed and remolded soft soil samples in Zhangzhou and Dongguan are analyzed based on the disturbed state concept theory. The compression curve of the remolded sample is restored to the original state. The soil can be taken as a mixture of two constituent parts in the relative intact and fully adjusted states. By defining undisturbed sample in the relative intact state expressed by elastic model, remolded sample in the fully adjusted state expressed by modified cambridge model and the disturbance function having a good power function with logarithm load, the disturbed state model of stress-strain relationship is suggested. The reasonability of this model has been verified by compression test data. The results show that it is easy to determine the parameters and the model is suitable to describe compressive deformation properties of soft soil,which can provide a reference for the settlement analysis of soft soil foundation engineering.

The dredger fill foundation is popularly treated by vacuum preloading. But the drain pipes are always clogged by fine particles which cause the construction to be delayed. In order to improve the efficiency of the dredger fill consolidation, a laboratory test was designed to study consolidation law under the comditions of gravitational drainage clogged combined with vacuum preloading method for heavy clay and saliniferous dreder fill. Engineering geology characteristics of heavy clay and saliniferous dredger fill was analyzed. And the small cubic crystals overlapped on the surface of the particles were identified by soluble salts test and X-ray diffraction approach. When the microstructure was studied by scanning electronic microscope (SEM) during the process of consolidation, it was indicated that with the decreased of moisture content in heavy clay and saliniferous dredger fill, the number of halite was running off by water drainage in the process of gravitational drainage stage. So the seepage channels became instability due to the unstable microstructure. Furthermore，particle fractal dimension was taken as the microstructure index to determine the characteristics of the heavy clay and saliniferous dredger fill on the process of consolidation. The results showed that particle fractal dimension was increased by consolidation as the result of the reduction of the number of cubic crystals flowed off by water drainage.

Twelve conventional evaluation-factors such as watershed area, maximum altitude difference and four statistical factors of debris flow gully form such as circular degree, mean length are chosen to evaluate the debris flow characteristics. Principal component analysis is used to reduce the dimension of the evaluation-factor.Sixteen factors is classified into six uncorrelated principal components, which reduces the complexity in analysis process. The factors of debris flow gully form are proved important. FCM( Fuzzy C-means algorithm) is proposed to sort twenty seven debris flow field investigated into three grades.The result preferably coincides with practical situation of debris flow gullies. Guard measures are proposed according to the result of cluster.

Debris flow risk assessment is one of the most important part in geological disaster evaluation. The authors combine the projection pursuit cluster model（PPC） with extenics method to establish a new risk assessment model. Based on the structural characteristics of the raw data, the authors find out the best projection mode which can reflect the most objective and comprehensive eigenvalue. Extenics is used to resolve the contradiction between the uncertainty of mud-rock flow system and the certainty of the system, the relationship of factors and evaluation criteria is extended to the distances between factors and evaluation criteria, which describes the quantitative characteristics of debris flow risk.

In order to establish an appropriate methodology of bank collapse prediction in the Three Gorges reservoir area, the article applied the artificial neural network method to study the bank collapse prediction. The method has the function of disposing the nonlinear relation. Through training, learning and simulation, it obtained the BP neural network model with a 7-32-14 network structure, and the correct prediction rate of it was 97.2%. Then  the model was used to forecast the reservoir bank collapse of Fengdu county when the water level was 175 m. Compared the forecast results with the traditional empirical formula calculation and the actual monitor data. The comparative results showed that the bank collapse prediction based on artificial neural network were very similar to the monitor data, and the deviation was less than 5 m. The average deviation of the formula calculation results and the monitor data was 15.9 m. For part of the slope sections, the formula calculation results were 8-11 meters,which was less than the actual monitor data. It failed to predict the true scope of bank collapse. In short, the average deviation of the bank collapse prediction results using artificial neural networks is about 3.8%. It is reliable and has higher precision.

An automatic detection and control system of in-situ testing equipment studying rock and soil thermophysical properties applied  ground-source heat pump theory is inroduced. This testing equipment pumps constant heat current into the ground heat exchanger by detecting and controlling the temperature difference of the exchanger entry and exit. This system is composed of the upper and the lower computer systems. In the upper computer system, an industrial computer is used as the core of detection and control, a configuration software is installed in it. The operation interfaces of the whole system and the software system are programmed by the configuration software. The lower computer system is composed of two analog-digital conversion intelligent modules and a programmable logic controller (PLC). Two intelligent modules are applied to collect various parameters, and the PLC is applied to export the control signal, then control the actuator. Based on 4 experiments in different geothermal wells of 72 hours for each one, this automatic detection and control system achieved accurate control of temperature difference of the exchanger entry and exit continuously. The control precision is lower than 0.1℃.

A series of experiments were conducted to study absorption, biodegradation and volatilization in natural attenuation of diesel pollution in sand layer of vadose zone quantitatively. According to the results of adsorption experiments, adsorption equilibrium time of diesel sewage by fine sand was 24 h, and theoretic absorption quantity to TPH was calculated to 234 mg/kg. At the same time, 1000 mg/L of HgCl₂ was confirmed to be the most effective inhibitor of biological effect. By exploring the three columns as contrasts,the first-order attenuation kinetics equations of biodegradation and volatilization in the diesel polluted sand layer of vadose zone were established respectively as   ρ（TPH）＝25.48e^{-0.002 7x}  and   ρ（TPH）= 25.48e^{-0.022 1x}, and the half-life times were 256.67 d and 31.36 d. According to the experiments,  the natural attenuation period  from un-polluted condtion to polluted condition by diesel palyed a key role in natural attenuation, in which absorption, biodegradation and volatilization all occupied  important proportions.

The calcining modified vermiculite was applied in a biological fluidized bed system as fillings for enhancing the organic matter removal efficiency. The experimental results showed that the modified vermiculite had better NH⁺₄-N and COD removal, which were more than 2.1 and 2.7 times of the natural vermiculite. The best treatment condition of the biological fluidized bed system with calcining modified vermiculite as fillings for low C/N wastewater treatment was determined by the effect of reaction system under a series of temperature，pH and DO. Under the environmental condition of temperature 30℃, pH=8.0, ρ（DO）=2.0 mg/L, as the inlet containing 50 mg/L of NH⁺₄-N and 200 mg/L of COD, the reaction system had the highest removal rates of NH⁺₄-N and COD, which were 94.9% and 85.7%, respectively.

Nine kinds of materials, including granular activated carbon (GAC), peat, shale-haydite, mudrock ceramicite with size of 1 mm and 3 mm, kaolin clay, polyvinyl alcohol, fine sand and white sand were comparied for PRB reactive media testing. The results of the experiment showed that the reduction of TPH in groundwater by peat media was optimal. The results of dynamic adsorption experiment showed that it reached adsorption equilibrium after 1 h. The removal effect of TPH was improved by heat-treatment of peat. The removal effect was optimal under the condition of 130 ℃ and 2 h.The particle classification test results showed that the removal effect was significant when the particle size was less than 2 mm. On the basis of above, microstructure of peat was observed and physicochemical property of peat was analized. It had a good application prospects for PRB with the peat as the reactive media in the remedy area of petroleum contaminated groundwater.

Markov and CA model are the dispersed dynamics model with time and state, i e. CA model has the ability of simulated complex systematic space change, and markov model has the advantage of longterm forecast. CA-Markov couple model may not only carry out long-term forecast, but also imitate efficiently the space change. With Jilin west as example, RS and GIS technology had been explored to interpret TM data, and reached landuse landscape pattern distribution picture in the year of 1989 and 2004, then on the foundation, CA-Markov model was applied to carry out the ecological landscape pattern change tendency forecast. The results showed that the changing tendency from 2004 to 2019 was same with the changing tendency from 1989 to 2004. The area of paddy field, dry land, resident land and salinealkali soil increased respectively, and the area of the higher, lower coverage grassland, waterland and wetland decreased respectively. The increased area of saline-alkali soil expand mainly on the foundation of the saline-alkali soil, and occupy grassland, water area and wetland.The saline-alkali soil concentrate mainly in the low-lying region, the saline-alkali soil in Daan, Tongyu,changling and Qianan will join in piece , ecological environment will be broken seriously. The revised Lee-Sallee index was 0.64, showed that CA-Markov model simulated precision was higher,and it confirmed that model was applicable for prediction of the landuse landscape pattern change.

Based on the soil geochemical survey data of Ji’an City, the geochemical environment question of red skin sickness is discussed by the element comparison of normal ginseng land and sick ginseng land. The results showed that the contents of CaO, MgO, Na₂O and Sr in sick ginseng land were higher than those of normal ginseng land, and pH also rises.  Just under the gently rolling topography, Fe²⁺and Mn²⁺ were formed easily because the oxygen status of soil solution was reducing environment caused by the stagnant water. Otherwise, the dissolution of Fe²⁺ and Mn²⁺ were accelerated because the ionic strength of soil solution was increased. Thus the increment of soil soluble salt was the most geochemical factor for ginseng red skin sickness under the gently rolling topography.

Understanding Dongtan shoreline evolution has important significance for Dongtan wetland conservation and utilization. Based on object-oriented method, the shorelines of Dongtan are extracted from 6 scenes of Landsat-TM satellite images from 1987, 1990, 1995, 1998, 2003, and 2006, respectively. To model the shoreline changes, the authors developed an orthogonal-transect method, with which a series of transect is formed at a regular interval along 1987 shoreline and each transect goes along the direction parallel to the topographic gradient. The transect is then modeled with a graphics based fitting method and the shoreline dynamics are then analyzed. In addition, the spatial position of shorelines in 2010 and 2015 are also predicted. The results indicate that the shorelines of Dongtan are divided into the eroding segment in the south and accreting segment in the east and north. The eroding shoreline segments basically maintain unaltered and the accreting shoreline segments continue to expand by gradually decreasing speed. The maximum erosion rate and the maximum accretion rate are respectively 22.0 m/a and 247.2 m/a. The “suppressed” shoreline segments lie in the region of the boundaries of the island shadow. The future shoreline would evolve northeastwards to fit the 10 m isobaths unless the exceptive hydrodynamic conditions occur.

Research for the distribution characteristics of apparent resistivity including surface topography is the basis of topographic correction. For the difficulty of dealing with the irregular boundary, the finite-difference method, a concise and efficient method, is seldom used to solve the surface topography problem. For the sake of solving this problem, we introduced a method to transform the surface topography into horizontal topography and that realizes a new numerical modeling method for 2.5-D DC electric field base on coordinate transformation and finite-difference method. We firstly transformed the basic equations and boundary conditions of DC electric field by coordinate transformation, and then did the numerical analysis in computation space by finite-difference method. Finally, we transformed the computation results from computation space to surface topography space by the same coordinate mapping. Accuracy analysis and numerical tests show that the new method is concise, the computation error congregates around the source and the average relative error is 1.39%. The computation results are also able to meet the distribution characteristics of DC electric field and apparent resistivity including surface topography.

At present, the research on attenuation anisotropy in media mainly focuses on the case of homogeneous media and pays little attention to the effects of attenuation anisotropy on reflection seismic data. For the viscoelastic anisotropic cap rock/reservoir reflection model, the AVO responses of P-P、P-S waves were investigated for the variation of the Thomsen anisotropy parameters δ、ε of cap rock based on the viscoelastic anisotropic reflection and transmission theory. The anisotropy of phase velocity, quality factor and attenuation were studied, and then, the effect of attenuation anisotropy of the cap rock on AVO analysis was investigated. The study showed that not only phase velocity anisotropy but also attenuation anisotropy exists in viscoelastic anisotropic media. Moreover, the anisotropy degree of the attenuation is much stronger than the phase velocity, and the attenuation anisotropy of S wave is much stronger than that of P wave. When considered only interface reflection, with different anisotropy parameters δ and the variation of critical angles of P-P reflection wave, the reflection coefficients for the pre-and post-critical region would be varied. With the variation of different anisotropy parameters ε, both of the critical angles of P-P reflection wave and the reflection coefficients for pre-critical region nearly do not changed. Because of the attenuation anisotropy of cap rock varied significantly for different Thomsen anisotropy parameters δ、ε, this effect will mislead AVO analysis, and should be compensated before AVO analysis.

In order to determine the boundary of ancient wall remains and to understand their distribution direction, the γ-ray spectrometry was employed to detect the areas of Liangzhu ancient ruins. Because of the γ-ray spectrometry data measured usually influenced by terrain, climate, statistical fluctuation, local interference factors, etc., the authors provided a method to correct the surface influence factors by calibration factor obtained from the statistical analysis on the soil data affected by ground factors such as different composition, humidity, vegetation, etc., and the method of wavelet filtering was employed to suppress both local interference and statistical fluctuation. Though the contrast with the result of multi-point smoothing method, this processing procedure has a better suppression on local interference factors and statistical fluctuation, and the 40-meter-wide boundary of ancient wall remains was clearly showed in the result image. The result obtained was coincided with the excavation result. This had been played an important role in the determination of ancient wall remains.

The He 8 (Member 8 of the Upper Permian Shihezi Formation) and Shan1 gas reservoir in the Sulige field of Ordos basin is an inefficient fluvial facies gas reservoir drived by elasticity. The reservoir has strong heterogeneity and produces water widely during fracture testing.From the tested and explored data, the authors divide the water bearing gas zone into three types: irreducible water, interlayer water and retained water, and analysis the characters of them. According to the well logging response mechanism of gas, the recognition methods for gas-water layers, such as cross plot method, gas logging comprehensive distinguishing method, induction and laterolog joint interpretation method, are proposed. Based on these procedures, the logging interpretation coincidence rate of low resistivity oil reservoir was raised from 70% to 80%.

Because of the complexity of the composition and structure of volcanic rocks, it is difficult for lithology identification, reservoir parameters calculation and spatial distribution description. Taking the volcanic rocks in the top of Yingcheng Formation, Changling sag, for studying object, by means of the sequential indicator simulation, and making use of the lithology identification and porosity calculation in each single well, as well as selection of various parameters of variogram, the 3D simulation about the distribution of lithology and porosity in the study area was carried out. Both of the tuff and rhyolite were developed in this area, and as for rhyolite, both of the porosity and its variation coefficients are smaller; in other hand, as for the tuff, both of them were much bigger. The simulation results showed that the porosity and its variation coefficient are associated with the structural location. While the volcanic rock locate at uplift and hollow zone, the porosity  will lower than the volcanic rock locate at ramp region,but its variation coefficient will be higher.

Because of the multi-phase and multi-sources of metallogenic process, the geochemical elements of metallogenic province were showed the symbiosis characteristic in space. For the sake of depicting the types and characters of symbiosis characteristic, the authors proposed a spatial quantitative combination seek-different method of the geochemistry elements, and the factor Pan-Kriging model, multiple sequences typical of the trend surface model and characteristics of combined model were built. By using these three models, the authors took the 1/200 000 geochemical exploration data of Mojiang area in Ailaoshan of Yunnan Province as for the processing example to improve the forecast accuracy and to depict the mineral anomaly from various aspects. The result shows that there existed four type of anomalies, and this reflected the characteristics of element association under different geological conditions and an internal coordinating mechanism and spatial relation during the diagenetic and metallogenetic processes. As conclusion, when the procedure of metallogenic prediction, the different types of the quantitative combination anomalies and its geological background would be considered.