In order to understand the Late Mesozoic tectonic-magmatic-mineralization and its dynamic background in the eastern Shandong Province, the authors analyzed the spatial distribution, assemblage characteristics, genetic types, formation times and sequences, geochemical evolution, and tectonic environment of the Late Mesozoic intrusive rocks. The intrusive rocks are mainly composed of Jurassic continental crust-remelted type granites, Cretaceous crust-mantle mixed granites, Cretaceous alkali granites, and Cretaceous vein rocks. From early to late period of magma activities, the intrusive rocks evolved from the high potassium calc-alkaline series to the shoshonite series, from the high Ba-Sr granites to the low Ba-Sr granites, from the no or weak positive Eu anomalies to the higher Eu negative anomalies, and from the S type granites to I and A type granite. The strong magmatism and various magmatic rock types indicate the occurrence of mantle-crust interaction. It is considered that the eastern Shandong was in a strong tensional tectonic background in Early Cretaceous, and the crust uplifted significantly with large-scale magmatic activities in the period of 140-110 Ma. According to a detailed research of the types, properties and control factors of the faulted basin, volcanism, metamorphic core complex and fault systems, the large-scale extensional structure was formed in 130-98 Ma. Further, the authors points out that the Cretaceous tectono-magmatic combination constituted the thermal upwelling-extension structure in the eastern Shandong province,which was the product of the combined effect of the Yanshannian intracontinental orogeny and the subduction of the Pacific plate. The lithosphere delamination, crust thinning and craton destruction were underlying causes of the Early Cretaceous thermal upwelling-extension structure, which provided the favorable conditions for the large-scale metallogenesis in the eastern Shandong Province.

The Bonaparte basin is a superimposed basin where the intra-continental rift and passive continental margin are superimposed, and the block WA-406-P is located in the large Plover delta sedimentary system formed in Early-Middle Jurassic in this basin. In this study, the comprehensive analyses were conducted on oil & gas geology, experimental data, 3D seismic, well logging curves and so on, to find out the hydrocarbon accumulation conditions and controlling factors, and then to specify the next exploration target area. The research results show that in the block WA-406-P, two types of source rocks are developed:one is type Ⅱ₁ in the northwestern region and the other one is type Ⅱ₂ in the southeastern region. The reservoir is controlled by diagenesis for its capacity, and belongs to low porosity and high permeability reservoirs. Three sets of delta sand bodies in the Plover and Elang Groups of Middle-Lower Jurassic and the Flamingo Group of Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous combined with large set of marine mudstones formed two sets of favorable reservoir and cover combinations. Because the traps formed earlier than the large-scale oil & gas migration and accumulation, the block WA-406-P had very good conditions for hydrocarbon accumulation when the reservoirs were filled within the two different periods. With the analysis of hydrocarbon accumulation conditions, the controlling factors of hydrocarbon accumulation were also determined. The main results indicate that the distribution characteristics of source rock control the fluid type of oil & gas reservoir, the structural morphology and fault distribution control oil & gas reservoir type, the reservoir properties control the abundance of geological reserves, and the fault activation effect controls whether oil & gas reservoir can be preserved. On the above analysis, the favorable exploration areas are determined as below:the first class is in the inter zone of horst and graben in the northern block, the second class is in the slope zone in the southwestern block, and the third class is in the trough zone in the southeastern block.

Taking the tight sandstone reservoir of the Yanchang Formation in the northern Shaanxi as an example, and based on the reservoir characteristics about lithology, pore texture and physical properties, the core flow tests on reservoir sensitivities were conducted. Based on the results, the tight sandstone reservoir of the Yanchang Formation showed medium to strong velocity sensitivity, medium to weak water sensitivity, nil to weak acid sensitivity, weak alkali sensitivity,and strong pressure sensitivity. The results also gave three critical values:the critical velocity of 1.0 mL/min, the critical salinity of 8 500 mg/L, and critical pH of 8.5. Sensitivity is mainly affected by mineral composition and pore structure. The velocity sensitivity is the result of kaolinite in pores; chlorite/montmorillonite interstratified mineral and illite/montmorillonite interstratified mineral are the main factor causing water sensitivity and salt sensitivity; ankerite and iron-containing chlorite make part of the samples weakly acid sensitive; extremely complicated pore structure, easily compressed flake throat and plastic minerals in samples, such as mica and clay are the main controlling factors on the reservoir pressure sensitivity. The results provides theoretical basis for the subsequent development in the studied area.

The study area is located in the eastern slope of Fukang sag, Junggar basin, where the Permian reservoirs have a good exploration prospect. Through the approaches of cores observation, casting thin section identification, SEM and mercury intrusion analyses, we discussed the characteristics and controlling factors of the Permian reservoirs in the eastern slope of Fukang sag, and then conducted the reservoir evaluation and classification. The results show that, compared to the sedimentary and metamorphic rock debris, volcanic rock debris are the majority in Wutonggou Formation. The particle size is fine with poor sorting and grinding and low composition and structure maturity. Primary pores are the mainly reservoir spaces, the certain amounts of secondary dissolution pores and microfractures can also provide some spaces for hydrocarbon accumulation. The reservoir properties are dominated by moderate porosity and moderate-low permeability. Subsequently, we could recognize four types of diagenesis:compaction, dissolution, cementation and replacement in the research area. Eight types of diagenetic facies were identified through the quantitative analysis on diagenesis. The reservoir properties and pore throat structures in the research area are controlled by lithofacies and diagenetic facies, which were classified into 29 types. Based on the above analyses and combining with the actual oilfield production capacity, we divided the reservoirs into 4 types. From type 1 to type 4, the reservoir properties, pore throat structure and oil production capacity become worse and worse.

To uncover the oil and gas distribution law of the Ng₃ of Nanpu 1 structure in the Nanpu sag, the development and distribution characteristics of the volcanic rock cover and its internal oil gas leakage faults in the third section of Nanpu 1 structure were studied. Through the comparison of the breaking thickness of the third volcano cap rock of Ng₃ and the minimum breaking thickness required for sealing of seal oil and gas,and the convex ridge of the oil and gas leakage fault, the oil-gas leakage positions in the Ng₃ of Nanpu 1 structure were predicted, and also its control effects on hydrocarbon accumulation were determined with the combination of oil and gas distribution. The results show that 10 oil and gas leakage positions are developed in the third section of the Nanpu 1 structure area;among them, three leakage sites are developed on the F₂ and its branch fractures,two oil and gas leakage sites are developed on the F₁ and F₆ for each,and one oil and gas leakage sites are developed on the F₃, F₄, F₅ and F₇ faults respectively. These oil and gas leakage position and its nearby area are favorable for hydrocarbon accumulation in the lower first East segment toward the upper overlying third segment in Nanpu 1 structure, which should be the reason of the oil and gas accumulation both under the lower first East segment and above the overlying third segment at Nanpu 1-1 broken nose, Nanpu 1-3 block and Nanpu 1-5 fault nose in Nanpu 1 structure area.

To systematically study the pore structure and physical characteristics of the shale reservoir, amounts of silty layers were investigated to compare the silty laminated shale, the clayey shale without silty laminae and the siltstone interbeds in the continental shale gas reservoir of Zhangjiatan in the Yanchang Formation, Ordos basin. SEM observation, mercury injection capillary pressure, gas adsorption, porosity and permeability tests were conducted to the 22 samples covering 3 kinds of lithologies in the shale reservoir. The pore types of the clayey layer and the silty layer in the 3 lithologies were studied,and the discrepancies in pore structure and physical properties between the 3 lithologies were analyzed. The results show that the silty laminated shale and the siltstone have larger meso-pore and macro-pore volume with the pore size larger than 100 nm,and they have better fluid storage capacity and higher permeability. Based on the comparative analysis of the compositions, sedimentary texture and diagenesis, it is concluded that the silt-sized brittle grains in the silty layers, such as quartz and feldspars, are favorable for the development of inter-particle pores,and hard to be compacted. The organic acid can also improve the development of dissolution pores in feldspars. The cementation of quartz and other minerals can be inhibited when the grains are coated by liquid hydrocarbons. The silty layer is favorable for pore development and preservation. The silty laminated shale and the siltstone have better pore structures and physical properties than the clayey shale.

The latest survey and study in the Qiong Dongnan basin found a lot of seismic reflection interfaces with suspected BSR (bottom simulating reflector) features, but the BSR features aren't typical. Accurate identification of BSB is very important for evaluation of gas hydrates. To evaluate gas hydrates is a challenge where BSR features aren't obvious. We conducted the correlative analyses between the gas hydrate occurrence and tectonics, sedimentation, and origin gas. All evidences indicate that in the central depression belt of the Qiong Dongnan basin, a large number of gas chimneys and the shallow sea bottom near the seabed should be the key target areas for the development of natural gas hydrates. This study will help to find out the conditions of the mineralization of gas hydrates, and contribute to the resource assessment of gas hydrates.

The pyrolysis of oil shale in the presence of the catalysis metal chloride (stannous chloride, molybdenum chloride, zinc chloride) was evaluated. Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric (TG) analysis were conducted to characterize the solid residues. Moreover, the kinetic parameters were calculated using the Coats-Redfern method. The results showed that catalysts can promote the organic conversion to oil and gas at low temperature, and also effect on the activation energy of the solid residues, particularly with stannous chloride, molybdenum chloride and zinc chloride, with which the activation energy decreased about 15.10, 10.66 and 20.58 kJ/mol respectively compared to those with no catalyst therein.

The Zhuxi deposit is located in Jingdezhen in Jiangxi Province, which is a world-class super large copper-tungsten deposit,and its genesis remain debated. The research on the geological characteristics, skarn mineralogy and ore-bearing rock chronology show that the orebodies occur in the unconformity interface between the marble of the Upper Carboniferous Huanglong Group and the metamorphic rocks of the Neoproterozoic Shuangqiaoshan Group, and have significant mineral assemblage zonage with the surrounding rocks. According to the skarn occurrence, mineral association, metasomatic and petrographic characteristics, from early to late the mineralization was divided into skarn stage, retrograde alteration stage, quartz-sulfide stage, and carbonate stage. The representative skarn minerals are garnet, diopside, tremolite, wollastonite, vesuvianite, serpentine, chlorite, etc. The electron microprobe analysis shows that the garnet belongs to grossularite-andradite series, and the pyroxene mainly belongs to diopside-andradite series. The study of isotopic chronology and the relationship between magma and mineralization show that the granodiorite is related to the early skarn-type mineralization, and its scale is smaller and the ore grade is low;the biotite granite is related to the greisen-type and late skarn type mineralization with a wide scale and high ore grade. The result of LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating of the biotite granite is (147.7±2.2)Ma. The comprehensive analysis shows that the Zhuxi copper-tungsten deposit is formed by the multi-stage metasomatism of the Late Jurassic granitic magma related hydrothermal and Late Paleozoic carbonate rocks, and the mineralization is characterized by skarn-type and greisen-type mainly.

The Baoxinggou gold deposit is a large-scale deposit in the upper Heilongjiang metallogenic belt in the north of Great Xing'an Range. The ore bodies mainly occur in the contact zone between the sandstone of the Early Jurassic Ershierzhan Formation and the Early Cretaceous quartz diorite, diorite porphyrite. The hydrothermal mineralization can be classified into three stages:pyrite±arsenopyrite-quartz (Ⅰ), polysulfide-quartz (Ⅱ) and sulfide-poor carbonate (Ⅲ). The petrographic study of the fluid inclusions showed that there were aqueous two phases (LV type), fewer CO₂-bearing three phases (H_CO2 type),and vapor-rich phases (FV type) fluid inclusions developed in the stage I; aqueous two phases (LV type) and fewer CO₂-bearing three phases (H_CO2 type) in the stage Ⅱ; only aqueous two phases (LV type) in the stage Ⅲ. The micro-thermometric research revealed that the peak homogeneous temperature of fluid inclusions in the stageⅠandⅡ was range of 225.00-300.00℃, the salinity was range of 2.00%-10.00% NaCl, and those in the stage Ⅲ were 175.00-225.00℃ and 4.00%-8.00% NaCl correspondingly. The ore-forming fluids were of CO₂-bearing medium-low temperature and low salinity NaCl-H₂O-CO₂ system solutions; and with the progressing of mineralization, the temperature and salinity gradually decreased. The hydrogen and oxygen isotope analysis showed that the δD_SMOW of mineralization stageⅠand stageⅡvaried in the range of -131.00‰-108.00‰, δ¹⁸O_SMOW varied in the range of 1.00‰-4.00‰, and the corresponding average values in the stage Ⅲ were -108.00‰ (δD_SMOW)and -1.89‰ (δ¹⁸O_SMOW), meaning that magmatic derived solutions dominated in the early stages of mineralization, while meteoric water gradually played an important role in the later stage of mineralization. The sulfur isotope analysis showed that δ³⁴S of pyrite was range of 1.50‰-4.20‰, indicating the metals mainly from deep-sourced magmas. All these lead to the conclusion that Baoxinggou gold deposit is of medium-low temperature magmatic hydrothermal origin which is directly related to the quartz diorite and diorite porphyritic magmatism.

The Hongshuihe iron ore district is located in the north-middle part of the eastern Kunlun orogenic belt. On the basis of geological field work, the authors applied petrography, geochemistry, LA-ICP-MS detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology,and Hf isotope to the ore-hosting phyllite of the Langyashan Formation. The results of the main and trace elements showed that the original rocks of the phyllite of the Langyashan Formation were possibly composed of high-maturity sandstones from the crust source, showing the warm and humid paleo-climate and paleo-geographic features. The original rocks were experienced the medium-high degree chemical weathering, whose provenance was the felsic rocks with low content of alkaline feldspar. Their sedimentary tectonic environment might be on the edge of the passive continent. The detrital zircon geochronological results showed that the sedimentary age of the phyllite was between (788±9) Ma and (515.2±4.4) Ma, different from the age of Jixianian. The Hongshuihe iron deposit should be one of the examples of the global banded iron formations, which reflect the end of the Sturtian ice age. In addition, the ε_Hf(t) values of these detrital zircons varies from -30.4 to 8.3, indicating that the composition of Hf isotope sources is highly heterogeneous, with a two-stage model age of 3 596-1 448 Ma, which indicates that the source rocks of these zircons include both newborn crust material and reconstructed ancient crust material. The newborn crust might be from Mesoproterozoic, and the reconstructed crust might be from Archean. Through discussing on the classification of zircon ages and comparing the ages of some old sedimentary strata and intrusive rocks of the adjacent areas, it is inferred that the basement of Archean, Baishahe Formation, Xiaomiao Group, Wanbaogou Group and the intermediate-acid rocks formed in the eastern Kunlun in the late period of Mesoproterozoic are the possible provenances.

Many ore-bearing complexes in Huangshan area of Jueluotage belt in eastern Tianshan become hot spots in recent years. This study focused on the hornblende-gabbro plutons in the area to obtain the formation age, source region of the magma and tectonic implications of the hornblende-gabbro plutons. The research result showed that the selected zircons of two plutons exhibit striped absorption in cathodoluminescence (CL) images, and have high Th/U ratios (0.23-0.58), implying a magmatic origin. The zircon U-Pb dates indicated that they formed in the Early Permian (281.1-282.3 Ma), representing the emplacement age of these plutons. These plutons are composed of the single hornblende gabbro, with w(SiO₂)=46.45%-52.76%, w(MgO)=5.15%-8.42%, w(Al₂O₃)=14.52%-16.84%, and Mg^#=0.55-0.63. The rare earth element distribution patterns display as right-leaning, with LREE/HREE=3.36-5.11, (La/Yb)_N=2.64-4.41, δEu=1.06-1.98, and the trace element spider diagrams showed that they are enriched in LILE (Rb, Ba, K and Sr), moderately depleted of HFSE (Nb, Ta, Zr, P and Hf), and ε_Nd(t)=10.66-12.54(t=282 Ma),at average of 11.60. The results suggest that the Early Permian hornblende-gabbro in the area was from the partial melting of a depleted mantle wedge metasomatized by the fluid released from a subducted slab. Combining with the composition features, sedimentation and tectonic implications of the volcanic rocks, the Early Permian hornblende-gabbro was formed in post-collisional crust extension setting of the Tuha and central Tianshan blocks.

The origin of dolomites is still the hot spot in the geological research. The dolomites of the Yingshan Formation in Gucheng in the Tadong low uplift is discussed in this paper. Based on thin sections and cores, in accordance with the crystal size, the dolomites were divided into five types:micritic, powder crystalline, fine crystalline, medium crystalline, and coarse crystalline dolomites. Meanwhile, the REE geochemical characteristics of various types of dolomites and cave fillings were studied. Based on the results, the NASC(North American average shale) normalized REE distribution patterns of the dolomites and cave fillings in Yingshan Formation showed in the six types:weakly positive anomaly of δCe with positive anomaly δEu, negative anomaly of δCe with heavy positive anomaly δEu, heavy negative anomaly of δCe, tiny right deviation, tiny left deviation, and the flat types. Further, the study showed that the first two kinds of dolomites were formed in a hydrothermal environment; the third kind dolomite was formed in an evaporation pump mode; the fourth and fifth kind dolomites were formed in a buried dolomitizing fluid; and the last kind dolomite was formed in a seepage reflux mode. The dolomite origin of the Yingshan Formation in Gucheng is very complex with various genetic models, including the evaporation pump mode, seepage reflux mode, burial dolomitization mode, and hydrothermal dolomitization mode.

The timing and model of the collage between Cathaysia block and Yangtze block have been debated for a long time. In this study, a detailed profile anatomy from "Chencai Group" was carried out on outcrop scale in Zhejiang. The field geological survey showed that the "Chencai Group" mainly consists of exotic rocks and matrix. The metamorphic age of the marble and amphibolite from the exotic rocks are (424.7±2.9) and (420.6±1.8) Ma respectively, and their diagenesis ages fall between (479.2±9.5)-(424.7±2.9) Ma and (507.7±7.8)-(420.6±1.8) Ma respectively. The protoliths of amphibolites show the OIB characteristics similar to those of alkaline basalts, and the marble protoliths belong to marine carbonate rocks that together make up the combination of ocean island seamount. The provenance of autochthonous feldspar quartz sandstone was the ancient crust in a continental margin and continental arc environment aged between 3 620-1 530 Ma. The protoliths of amphibolites were island arc tholeiite formed in a subduction zone, and Nb-rich basalts formed in a subduction environment,and alkaline basalts with OIB features in an ocean island seamount environment. The LA-MC-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb data indicated that the metamorphic age of the matrix garnet-bearing biotite-plagioclase gneiss is (441.0±3.0) Ma, with detrital age of 840-780 Ma. These data demonstrated that the source of the gneisses was mainly formed in the Neoproterozoic, with the youngest depositional age of 598 Ma, an Early Paleozoic sedimentary strata. The recognition of the rock units in the Chencai region showed that the "Chencai Group" belonged to the early Paleozoic subduction accretionary complex. In combination with the Caledonian granulite and garnet amphibolite in the Longyou area, the collision between the Cathaysia and Yangtze block occurred during 445-420 Ma.

In order to explore the effective method for the reconstruction of the ancient environment of coastal plains and accurately divide the marine and continental stratum, the core DC01(30 m depth) was taken from the south of the Haihe River in the west plain of the Bohai Bay,and sampled at intervals of 20 cm;The electric conductivity (EC), w(FeS₂) and pH were measured, and the correlations between EC and pH, w(FeS₂) and pH were analyzed. The results show that EC is positively correlated with w(FeS₂) (r=0.47), while EC is negatively correlated with pH, and so is w (FeS₂) (r=-0.43 and -0.52, respectively). According to the EC value, the core DC01 was divided into five bands from bottom to top, and the correlations between EC, w(FeS₂) and pH were further analyzed. The results show that the correlation of band Ⅱ is most obvious, and its EC is positively correlated with w(FeS₂) (r=0.83), but strongly negatively correlated with pH(r=-0.77), while w(FeS₂) is moderately negatively correlated with pH (r=-0.45). According to the strong positive correlation between EC and w(FeS₂), the high EC, w(FeS₂) and abundant black peat and humus clay, we can infer that the band Ⅱ was developed in a salt marsh environment close to the seawater. Combined with the AMS¹⁴C dating result, seawater once affected this position during the period of 8 260-7 470 cal. B. P. In band Ⅳ, the EC is high, but w(FeS₂) is very low, and the correlation between EC and w(FeS₂) is negative(r=-0.03), such a pattern was caused by the leaching effect of the upper surface sediments. The uppermost band Ⅴ(6.7 m on top) is a leaching layer, therefore its correlation between EC and w(FeS₂) is abnormal. Obviously, a comprehensive analysis of EC and w(FeS₂) can give a more reliable result for the discussion of the upper sedimentary environment of a drilling core.

The soft soil in Lianyungang is a heterogeneous marine soft soil deposited in an alkaline environment, its shear strength is inherently anisotropic. We studied the unconsolidated undrained shear strength of soft soil by tri-axial UU test, UTC test, Fast shear test, and FVT test. The results indicate that the horizontal plane shear strength is the lowest; while the vertical plane shear strength is the highest. Using the cohesion and friction angle obtained by the three axis UU test, we restored the stress of soil shear failure state based on the soil unit limit equilibrium theory, and calculated the actual shear strength of soil. The average shear soil strength of the tri-axial UU test is 13.13 kPa. The angle between the sample fracture surface and the horizontal plane is most concentrated in the range of 45.1°-45.7°. The average strength of the UTC test approximately equates that of the three axis UU test. The average soft soil strength by the conventional FVT test is 19.72 kPa, nearly 6.60 kPa higher than that by the other two tests. This phenomenon is related to the mechanical disturbance of the lab test samples, the change of the stress state of the soil, and the characteristics of shear plane.

In order to study the temperature field effect on the cold resistance layer of road subgrade in a seasonal frozen region, based on the ANSYS software thermal analysis principle, three kinds of cold resistance layer materials (fly ash soil, fly ash soil mixed with rubber particles, and fly ash soil mixed with polypropylene fibrer) were studied through simulating a seasonal frozen soil subgrade temperature field. The biggest frozen depth of the road subgrade cold resistance layer built by fly ash soil mixed with rubber particles was 0.94 m, and its lowest temperature gradient was -23.563℃/m; The biggest frozen depth of the subgrade cold resistance layer by fly ash soil was 1.32 m,and its lowest temperature gradient was -17.606℃/m; While the biggest frozen depth of the subgrade cold resistance layer by the fly ash soil mixed with polypropylene fibrer was 1.20 m,and its lowest temperature gradient was -19.557℃/m. The cold resistance effect of the ash soil mixed with rubber particles is the best. To keep roadbed soil unfrozen, the minimum paving thickness was 0.33 m. The fly ash soil modified by rubber particle is suitable as a cold resistance material in seasonal frozen area.

Soil moisture content has a great influence on stability of landslides, especially on a soil landslide. The aim of this study is to analyze landslide susceptibility by using soil moisture content instead of moisture index in Zigui County of the Three Gorges Reservoir area. The soil moisture content was invertedby using the Sentinel-1 data. The success rate curve showed that the prediction accuracy reached 80.2%, higher than that with the terrain wetness index of 77.2%. The results suggests that using soil moisture content can predict landslides better than using the moisture index, and it is more effective.

In this study we analyzed the temporal variation of the back-scattering intensity of the phragmites australis to extract its spatial distribution and explore the prospect of applying the Sentinel-1A SAR data for salt marsh monitoring in the Yangtze River estuary. Using the 11 Sentinel-1A VV+VH dual-pol SAR images from 2016, the temporal variation of the main land features in the southern part of the Chongming tidal flat was characterized. The findings showed that the variation of back-scattering intensity in the VV band was more remarkable than the VH band, and the dB value of the phragmites australis was much stronger than the other features during the leaf-off period. Based on the analysis, the phragmites australis was distinguished from other land types in the study area in a relatively high accuracy of 88.7%. During the study, we took into consideration of the images acquired during the leaf-off period to extract the phragmites australis, and utilized the images under different tidal levels to obtain the better result. Based on the correlation analysis, a favorable positive correlation existed between the back-scattering intensity and the temporal-adjacent optical normalized difference vegetation index (I_NDV) with a correlation coefficient of 0.78.

In order to recognize the pollution status of atmospheric particulate matter in Zibo City, TSP, PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 samples were collected at 45 and 16 sampling points during winter and summer in 2015 respectively, to analyze the mass concentration of particulate matter and 18 elements or compounds. The pollution level of the particulate matter and the distribution of the elements in the particulate matter were studied, and the sources of the elements were preliminarily investigated. The results showed that:1) the mean mass concentration of TSP, PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 in winter was higher than in summer, and exceeded the level of national standard, of which the content of PM_2.5 in winter was 1.96 times of the limit, indicating the serious air pollution; 2) the elements contents varied significantly in different particles, and most of the heavy metals such as As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, etc. were mainly enriched in PM_2.5, and PM_2.5 accounted for about 65% of PM₁₀ in winter and 73% in summer, the main threat to human health; 3) the correlation and factor analysis results indicate that Al₂O₃、CaO、Fe₂O₃、K₂O、MgO and other oxides in PM_2.5 were mainly affected by soil dust; however, As, Cd, Hg, Pb, Se, Zn and other elements were mainly caused by man-made pollutions; the highest Se enrichment factor suggested its burning coal source; Co, Cu, Ni, and Na₂O were affected by both soil dust and human activities, and Cr was from mixed pollutants.

This study focused on the thermally activated persulfate oxidation of the volatile chlorinated hydrocarbon (TCE, TCA, cis-1,2-DCE and 1,2-DCA) in the different soil media,sandy soil and clayey soil, and the interaction between persulfate and the two soil media in oxidation reaction was investigated to determine the contribution of organic and inorganic matter to the persulfate consumption in the soil system, which would provide an important theoretical basis and empirical guide for a successful design of ISCO technology in soil remediation. The results showed good degradation rates of 1,2-DCA, cis-1,2-DCE, TCA, and TCE by thermally activated persulfate oxidation in the both soil systems at 50℃. The degradation rates of the four chlorinated hydrocarbons in sandy soil were 25%, 89%, 5%, and 61% respectively; while the rates in clayey soil were 35%, 86%, 8%, and 63% respectively. The rates followed the order of cis-1,2-DCE>TCE>1,2-DCA>TCA. The rates in sandy soil were higher than those in clayey soil. In addition, the organic matter in sandy soil and clayey soil was reduced up to 81.3% and 72.6% respectively, and the iron content in sandy soil and clayey soil was reduced up to 80.5% and 38.6% respectively. This further indicated that a redox reaction occurred between persulfate and the soil composition, leading to a large amount of persulfate consumption. Herein, organic matter, iron and other inorganic matter in the soil media were involved in the persulfate consumption, and there was a competitive relationship among organic, iron and the four chlorinated hydrocarbons for the consumption of persulfate. Thus, too much persulfate was consumed by the soil component, resulting in a relatively low degradation rate of the four chlorinated hydrocarbons. Therefore, during the actual implementation, the dosage of persulfate should be much higher than the stoichiometric amount in the on-site remediation for the chlorinated hydrocarbons contaminated field sites by the thermally activated persulfate.

Gravity inversion is one of the most important techniques by which underground geological information is obtained. With density and electrical parameters statistical result in Tianjin, distributional characteristics of physical property of strata are studied in this paper. Using the technique of normalized vertical derivative of the total horizontal derivative of the bouguer gravity anomaly in Tianjin, this paper infers the faults structure and divides into tectonic units in Tianjin. Then the author carried out the inversion of density interfaces inside every tectonic unit in combination with geological information by the density interface inversion module in Geosoft software, and constructed 3-D visual geological models with the inversion results based on the software of GOCAD. In addition, calibrating of the main geological interface and structure was realized by means of virtual drill which is made by depth-apparent resistivity calculated by MT profiles. And the model reliability was verified by the geological profile fitted by Burguer gravity anomaly in the same position. By using the inversion results and previous geological understanding in this area, we inferred Baodi fault、Jiyunhe fault、F₃ fault、Yangliuqing fault and F₇ fault have strong activity after the Mesozoic era, and so are Cangdong fault and Tianjin fault after Paleogene.

The intrinsic anisotropy and horizontal bedding in the shale reservoir in Luojia area of Jiyang depression results in the reservoir VTI(vertical transverse isotropy)anisotropy; while the existence of the vertical fractures in the VTI anisotropic background makes the reservoir orthorhombic. We took the orthorhombic medium as the model of the Luojia shale reservoir, and applied Backus averaging method to the VTI anisotropic well data in modeling in order to upscale the well data to the seismic scale. Further, by using Schoenberg's theory we introduced the vertical fractures in the orthorhombic medium with considering the factors of the fracture scale and fluid filling simultaneously,and used the reflectivity method to the full wave field seismic forward modeling for calculating and analyzing the AVAZ (amplitude versus azimuth) response of the orthorhombic shale reservoir, so that we could characterize the reservoir fractures with the azimuthal features of amplitude. The result shows that the azimuth-amplitude response of PP, PSV and PSH waves are significantly different from each other, and the fitting shape of the azimuth-amplitude polar diagrams reflect the development direction of fractures. These provide the evidence for seismic recognition of fractures in the shale reservoir.

Organic-rich shale reservoirs usually have complex mineral compositions and pore system in a small scale. This study presents a workflow of the fracture properties and anisotropy parameter inversion of shales based on the rock physics model and improved particle swarm optimization algorithm. A two-pore system for fractured shales was built through applying the self-consistent equivalent medium theory and Chapman's multi-scale porosity model. This inversion workflow can be used to estimate multi-parameter simultaneously by utilizing the simulated annealing-based particle swarm optimization algorithm. The intelligence algorithm has the ability to find global optimization and fast convergence. The workflow was applied in the Longmaxi shale-gas reservoir in the Sichuan basin to estimate the aspect ratio of pores, fracture density, and anisotropy parameters. The result is consistent with the existing research and provides diversified information for the shale reservoir evaluation.

The establishment of an accurate low-frequency model is an important part of seismic impedance inversion, which directly affects the accuracy of the inversion results. However, the accuracy of the conventional model building method is significantly affected by the number of drilling wells, the more the number of wells, the higher the accuracy of the model. Due to the high cost of seismic exploration in deep-water, only a few drilling wells are available in this area; so it's difficult to establish an accurate low-frequency model as usual, especially when the deposition transverse features change largely, the accuracy of inversion result is impacted seriously. In this study, we introduced at first the basic theory of the three-dimensional tomographic velocity inversion and the calculation process of velocity inversion both in data and imaging domain, with taking the advantages of both data and imaging domain to get a high quality velocity model, then we constructed the low-frequency model for seismic inversion by combining with the velocity spectrum and well information, after this the accuracy and reliability of low-frequency model was improved effectively. We applied it to deep-water oil and gas exploration in bock W of South China Sea, and achieved the good results.

Seismic data is essentially nonstationary. How to solve the problem of missing data interpolation problem for complex nonstationary seismic wave fields is one of the keys in data processing. Prediction filters play an important role in the seismic data processing and analysis. The technology can solve the data missing problem efficiently; however, the traditional stationary prediction filter cannot fit the nonstationary feature of seismic data, so to develop an adaptive prediction interpolation method for complex seismic wave fields has an important industrial value. In the paper, we introduced the conception of "Streaming" into the prediction filter, the filter can update its coefficients incrementally by accepting one new data point at one time. This process only needs to compute the vector dot product, which improves the operation efficiency and reduces the memory space. In addition, we can do the inverse operation for seismic data by using the streaming prediction filter, which can reconstruct the missing data quickly and effectively. By using the multiple kinetic information to construct the pseudo-primaries through cross-correlation technology, we effectively solved the problem of inaccurate estimation of the filter coefficients in the missing data position, provided more reasonable filter estimates for the interpolation process, and reconstructed the nonstationary seismic data. that the filter estimation is inaccurate in the position of missing data. The pseudoprimaries provide reasonable filter estimation in the interpolation and can help solving the problem that the reconstruction of nonstationary seismic data better. The test results of the Sigsbee2B model and the field data show that the new method can reasonably reconstruct the missing data for complex seismic information.

The formation shear fracture model is an effective supplement to the extensional fracture model, which is helpful to improve the fracture mechanism of petroleum drilling and fracturing engineering. Using formation microScanner image (FMI) logging data we can determine the orientation, number and density of drilling induced fractures and shear fractures. Through the analysis of the theoretical research and influence factors on the shear fracture of shale formation and using the nonlinear assumption of internal friction coefficient and mineral content, we established the critical stress model of formation shear failure. It is found that the content of clay minerals, internal friction coefficient, cohesive strength and stress are the important factors for the shear fractures. Based on the statistical regression model between the internal friction coefficient (internal friction angle) and the shale content, the formation shear failure model is simplified, and the applicability of the model is enhanced. The actual data show that an inverse relationship exists between the critical stress calculated by the shear failure model and the number of drilling induced fractures. The actual data are in good agreement with the theoretical result.

The unique temperature change rule of heavy oil thermal recovery wells' formation directly affects the resistivity of the target layer and surrounding rock, leading to the changes of array induction logging responses. Therefore, it is important to understand the effect of formation temperature on the array induction logging response, which is vital for acquiring the formation resistivity more accurately. In this study, the relationship between the formation temperature and formation resistivity is used to simulate the response of the array induction logging under the different formation temperatures and different stratigraphic structures by the Finite element method. The results show that the apparent resistivity of the different coil structure sub-arrays decreases with the increase of the formation temperature, and the declining rate of the apparent resistivity is related to the formation temperature, the coil structure, and the real resistivity. The target layer and surrounding rock resistivity, temperature and thickness of the target layer in the three-step stratum affect the logging response, thus the resistivity curves of each sub-array show a rising shape from the edge of the target layer to the surrounding formation. Through the analysis and study of these response characteristics, combined with the comparison and verification of the Well G1 in the oilfield, the simulation results clearly illustrated the characteristics of the abnormal response of field array induction logging.