Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition) ›› 2025, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (4): 1176-1187.doi: 10.13229/j.cnki.jdxbgxb.20230762

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Adaptive energy management strategy for trams considering lithi-um battery SoC prediction under semi-independent right-of-way

Feng-yang GAO1(),Zhi-shan GAO1,Yu-ze YANG2,Ya-xin QIANG1,Hao XU1,Zhi-long SHI1,Hao-ran ZHANG3   

  1. 1.Automation and Electrical Engineering，Lanzhou Jiaotong University，Lanzhou 730070，China
    2.CRRC Tangshan Co. ，Ltd. ，Tangshan 063035，China
    3.China Academy of Railway Sciences （Shenzhen） Research and Design Institute Co. ，Ltd. ，Shenzhen 518000，China
  • Received:2023-07-20 Online:2025-04-01 Published:2025-06-19

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Abstract:

In order to improve the poor adaptability of the traditional equivalent consumption minimization strategy （ECMS）， and to further enhance the fuel economy of hybrid energy storage systems， an adaptive energy management strategy considering the prediction of the state of charge （SoC） of Li-ion battery is proposed. Firstly， based on the domestic tram lines and traveling data， a Markov chain is used to construct the typical driving conditions of streetcars under semi-independent right-of-way. Secondly， the SoC of lithium battery is predicted by adaptive Kalman filtering method， the charging and discharging process of lithium battery is optimized， the reliability of lithium battery is enhanced， and the minimum equivalent energy consumption of hybrid energy storage system is taken as the optimization target， meanwhile， the equivalent factor of traditional ECMS is optimized by combining with particle swarm algorithm， so as to realize the reasonable and effective distribution of load power between fuel cells and lithium batteries. Finally， a comparative analysis is carried out in the typical working conditions of the constructed tram under semi-independent right-of-way. The results show that， compared with the fixed-threshold strategy， the proposed strategy reduces hydrogen consumption by 0.63 kg and fuel cell peak current by 57.2 A. Compared with the state machine strategy， the proposed strategy reduces hydrogen consumption by 1.21 kg and fuel cell peak current by 24.6 A， and the fluctuation ranges of bus voltage and Li-ion battery SoC are both improved.

Key words: hybrid energy storage system, construction of driving conditions, energy management, semi-independent right-of-way

CLC Number: 

  • U482.1

Fig.1

Intersection signaling system"

Fig.2

Proactive priority strategy"

Fig.3

Signal light control logic"

Table 1

Train operating characteristics parameters"

序号参数含义
1S/km行驶距离
2Vmax/（km·h-1）最高速度
3V/（km·h-1）运行速度
4Vavg/（km·h-1）平均速度
5amax/（m·s-2）最大加速度
6aavg/（m·s-2）平均加速度
7Ta/s加速时间
8Tv/s匀速时间
9Td/s减速时间
10Pa/%加速比例
11Pv/%匀速比例
12Pd/%减速比例
13astd/（m·s-2）加速度标准差

Table 2

Principal component contribution rate"

主成分名称贡献率/%
运行速度44.83
平均速度26.31
加速度标准差12.28
平均加速度4.81
最大加速度3.09
匀速时间2.61
加速时间2.14
减速时间1.78
匀速比例0.73
加速比例0.45
减速比例0.39
最高速度0.31
行驶距离0.26

Fig.4

Operation status division"

Fig.5

Transfer probability matrix for different operating states"

Fig.6

Comparison of parameter errors under different construction methods"

Fig.7

Hybrid energy storage system topology"

Fig.8

Fuel cell equivalent circuit model"

Fig.9

First-order RC model of supercapacitor"

Fig.10

Lithium battery equivalent circuit model"

Fig.11

Kalman filtering estimation of Li-ion battery SoC framework"

Fig.12

Lithium batterySoC comparison"

Fig.13

Algorithm error"

Table 3

Lithium battery discharge condition test procedure"

增量时间/s累计时间/s电流ΔSoC/%
558Ib-1.111
5100-0.111
5158Ib-2.222
5200-2.222
2040-1.5Ib-1.389
242-4Ib-1.167
8500-1.167

Table 4

Lithium battery charging condition test procedure"

增量时间/s累计时间/s电流ΔSoC/%
55-4Ib0.556
1520-1.5Ib1.181
42401.181
5298Ib0.069
1342-1.5Ib0.611
547-4Ib1.167
35001.167

Fig.14

Lithium battery discharge condition"

Fig.15

Lithium battery charging condition"

Fig.16

Particle swarm optimization process"

Fig.17

Equivalence factor MAP"

Fig.18

Adaptive equivalence factor ECMS energy management strategy"

Table 5

Tram parameter table"

参 数取 值
母线电压（直流）/V750
负载功率/kW280
续航里程/km>40
最高行驶速度/（km·h-1）60
燃料电池单体数量/个735
锂电池组串并联数144串2并
超级电容组串并联数12串3并

Fig.19

Comparison of demand power"

Fig.20

Fuel cell current under different control strategies"

Fig.21

Busbar voltage comparison under different strategies"

Fig.22

Comparison of lithium battery SoC under different strategies"

Fig.23

Comparison of hydrogen consumption under different strategies"

Table 6

Comparison of simulation results"

对比性能状态机策略固定阈值策略

本文

策略

母线电压波动范围/V18.212.311.1
燃料电池峰值电流/A186.7219.3162.1
锂电池SoC始末状态差值/%6.42.21.9
系统氢耗量/kg3.192.611.98
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