Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition) ›› 2025, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (11): 3715-3726.doi: 10.13229/j.cnki.jdxbgxb.20240248

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Chinese text watermarking algorithm based on chaotic AES and synonym expansion

Shu-ming LI1(),Bing-nan LI1,Chao YANG2,3   

  1. 1.College of Computer and Information Engineering，Hubei Normal University，Huangshi 435002，China
    2.College of Computer，Hubei University，Wuhan 430062，China
    3.Hubei Key Laboratory of Big Data Intelligent Analysis and Industry Applications，Hubei University，Wuhan 430062，China
  • Received:2024-03-11 Online:2025-11-01 Published:2026-02-03

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Abstract:

At present， the text watermarking algorithms based on modification and generation generally have the problems of large semantic ambiguity， limited embedding capacity and insufficient security. In view of the above problems， this paper proposes an improved algorithm based on chaotic AES and synonym expansion. By designing a context matching mechanism based on Sentence-Bert， the algorithm can not only ensure that the context after synonym replacement is highly similar to the semantics of the original text， but also distinguish the semantic ambiguity caused by synonym tampering. The variant characters are extended as synonyms， and more synonyms are replaced without causing semantic ambiguity， thereby improving the embedding capacity. By using chaotic mapping mechanism， the traditional MD5 algorithm is upgraded， and the chaotic AES algorithm is constructed to realize the encryption protection of hidden information， thereby increasing the difficulty of cracking. The research results show that compared with similar algorithms， the algorithm has good performance in semantic ambiguity， embedding capacity and security.

Key words: text watermarking algorithm, chaotic MD5, chaotic AES, chaotic mapping mechanism, context matching mechanism, synonym expansion

CLC Number: 

  • TP391

Fig.1

Embedding process"

Fig.2

Extraction process"

Fig.3

Chaotic mapping mechanism"

Fig.4

Context matching mechanism"

Fig.5

Comparison of text semantic ambiguity effects before and after watermark embedding"

Fig.6

Comparison of text semantic ambiguity effects before and after synonym replacement"

Fig.7

Semantic similarity of text before and after synonym replacement"

Table 1

Extraction results of synonym expansion decoding"

同义词

提取结果

异体字

提取结果

认为-以为：1，可以-能够：1，进行-开展：1外-外：0，并—并：0
总结-总结：0，几个-多个：1，根据-基于：1晚-晚：0，业—?：1
完成-完成：0，有关-相关：1，比如-例如：1内-內：1，任—仼：1
几天-几天：0，可以-能够：1，认为-认为：0值-値：1，并—幷：1
不在-不在：0，由此-由此：0，判断-判断：0出-出：0，晚—晩：1
产生-生成：1，阈值-阙值：1，根据-根据：0出-出：0，并—并：0
规则-规则：0，准确-正确：1，住校-住校：0出-出：0，别—別：1
识别-识别：0，结合-结合：0，杜绝-杜绝：0内-内：0，出—出：0
随意-随便：1，通过-借助：1，形成-建立：1外-：1，出—岀：1
当天-当日：1，通过-通过：0，及时-实时：1晚-晩：1，并—并：0
相应-对应：1，及时-及时：0，了解-洞悉：1

Fig.8

Comparison of semantic ambiguity effects between synonym tampering text and original word alignment text"

Fig.9

Semantic similarity between synonym tampering text and original word alignment text"

Table 2

Comparison of output results of chaotic mapping mechanism under different r values"

输入输出

第1组： ①r=1

②X=｛0，1，2，3，…，65 534，65 535｝

Y=｛346，1 056，1 766，2 476，…，60 348，61 058｝

第2组： ①r=2

②X=｛0，1，2，3，…，65 534，65 535｝

Y=｛173，528，883，1 238，…，

30 174，30 529｝

…………

第100组： ①r=100

②X=｛0，1，2，3，…，65 534，65 535｝

Y=｛60 362，29 086，8 259，

39 535，…，46 474，15 198｝

第101组： ①r=101

②X=｛0，1，2，3，…，65 534，65 535｝

Y=｛46 351，3 015，14 348，

57 684，…，39 822，7 819｝

…………

第500组： ①r=500

②X=｛0，1，2，3，…，65 534，65 535｝

Y=｛22 493，60 010，45 424，

7 907，…，53 067，30 136｝

第501组： ①r=501

②X=｛0，1，2，3，…，65 534，65 535｝

Y=｛27 026，56 562，14 333，

39 719，…，50 048，7 713｝

…………

第999组： ①r=999

②X=｛0，1，2，3，…，65 534，65 535｝

Y=｛18 978，39 634，60 290，

50 793，…，37 826，17 170｝

第1 000组： ①r=1 000

②X=｛0，1，2，3，…，65 534，65 535｝

Y=｛60 229，30 005，22 712，

52 936，…，45 292，15 068｝

Table 3

Comparison of anti-cracking ability between chaotic MD5 and traditional MD5"

攻击主体攻击对象攻击次数破解次数
CMD5网站传统MD5加密密钥1 000613
混沌MD5增强密钥1 0000

MD5Crack

工具

传统MD5加密密钥1 000968
混沌MD5增强密钥1 0000

Table 4

Comparison of anti-cracking ability between chaotic AES and traditional AES"

攻击主体攻击对象

攻击

次数

破解

次数

BurpCrypto工具传统AES加密结果1 000991
混沌AES加密结果1 0000

Table 5

Comprehensive comparison of algorithm capabilities"

算法性能

文献［3］

文献［6］

本文

抗语义歧义

中

高

较高

嵌入容量

中

较低

高

同义词篡改判别

不支持

较高

高

混沌算法抗破解

中

不支持

较高

加密算法抗破解

不支持

较高

高

时间复杂度

中

高

略高于中等

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