草地切根施肥补播复式改良机设计与试验

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草地切根施肥补播复式改良机设计与试验

Design and experiment of root-cutter with fertilization and reseeding compound remediation machine for grassland

草地切根施肥补播复式改良机设计与试验

Design and experiment of root-cutter with fertilization and reseeding compound remediation machine for grassland

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doi:10.13229/j.cnki.jdxbgxb20210051

吉林大学学报(工学版) ›› 2022, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (1): 231-241.doi: 10.13229/j.cnki.jdxbgxb20210051

• 农业工程·仿生工程 • 上一篇

梁方^1,^2,³(),王德成^2,⁴(),尤泳^2,⁴,王光辉^2,⁴,王宇兵¹,张晓明²,冯金奎²

^1.华中农业大学工学院，武汉 430070
^2.中国农业大学工学院，北京 100083
^3.农业农村部长江中下游农业装备重点实验室，武汉 430070
^4.中国农业大学农业部土壤?机器?植物系统技术重点实验室，北京 100083

收稿日期:2021-01-19 出版日期:2022-01-01 发布日期:2022-01-14
通讯作者: 王德成 E-mail:liangfang101@sina.com;wdc@cau.edu.cn
作者简介:梁方（1985—），男，博士，副教授.研究方向：智能农机装备设计与试验.E-mail：liangfang101@sina.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(52175233);湖北省自然科学基金项目(2021CFB433)

Fang LIANG^1,^2,³(),De-cheng WANG^2,⁴(),Yong YOU^2,⁴,Guang-hui WANG^2,⁴,Yu-bing WANG¹,Xiao-ming ZHANG²,Jin-kui FENG²

^1.College of Engineering，Huazhong Agricultural University，Wuhan 430070，China
^2.College of Engineering，China Agricultural University，Beijing 100083，China
^3.Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid?lower Yangtze River，Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs，Wuhan 430070，China
^4.Key Laboratory of Soil?machine?plant System of Chinese Agriculture Ministry，China Agricultural University，Beijing 100083，China

Received:2021-01-19 Online:2022-01-01 Published:2022-01-14
Contact: De-cheng WANG E-mail:liangfang101@sina.com;wdc@cau.edu.cn

摘要：

为改良退化草地，设计了一种多功能草地切根施肥补播复式作业机，可实现切根施肥、切根补播、切根施肥补播不同方式作业，解决了草地土壤坚实度高、残茬根系量大带来的切根阻力大、开沟入土难以及地表起伏不平、多坑洞石砾造成地轮滑移架空带来的播量不均问题，并进行了切根刀具刃口曲线优化和分层交错式覆土开沟装置及基于槽轮长度与转速同步控制的播量控制系统设计。优化得到，初始静态滑切角取40°，静态滑切角与极角的比例系数取—0.1时的正弦指数曲线为切根刀具最优刃口曲线；设计的分层交错式覆土开沟装置，采用破土刀齿破茬-种沟双圆盘开沟器开沟覆土-肥沟双圆盘开沟器压土成沟并覆盖种沟的工艺，实现草地低扰动开沟，田间试验结果表明，该方法能够实现稳定开沟，形成深47.3 mm、宽29.5 mm的肥床与深44.7 mm、宽19.9 mm的种床，且地表破坏率均值为14.2%，利于草地植被保护；设计的基于槽轮长度与转速同步控制的播量控制系统，通过采集机组左、右地轮转速频率信号进行比较，采用较大者控制槽轮转速与槽轮长度，实现播量与机组前进速度同步匹配与调节，Protues电路仿真结果表明，设计系统具备地轮转速频率信号比较、电机转速与地轮转速同步控制和传动比调节功能，有助于提高播量均匀性。本研究可为草地切根施肥补播复式改良机具设计提供参考与理论依据。

关键词: 农业工程, 草地改良, 切根施肥补播, 刀具, 开沟装置, 播量控制系统, 性能试验

Abstract:

To remediate the degraded grassland， the root-cutter with fertilization and reseeding compound machine was designed， which could realize the multi-functions of root-cutting with fertilizing， root-cutting with reseeding and root-cutting with fertilizing and reseeding. This machine can be used to solve the problems in furrowing and cutting process， such as the high firmness and great amount of the stubble of the grassland soil， the unevenness of seeding rate caused by the sliding of the wheel on the uneven grassland with many holes and gravel. The edge curves of the root-cutting blades were optimized， showing that the exponential sine curve was the best suitable edge curve when the value of the beginning static sliding cut angle was 40° and the proportional coefficient between the increment of the static sliding cutting angle and the polar angle was -0.1. The layered- staggered- covering furrowing device was innovated. the working process includes the following steps， after the soil surface was broken by the stubble-cutting blade， seed bed was formed with seeding double disc furrow opener， fertilizer bed was formed with fertilization double disc furrow opener pressing down the soil to the specify depth in the root-cutting opening and pushing the soil to cover the seed. The results show that the device can furrow stably and form suitable fertilizer bed and seed bed. The depth and width of the fertilizer bed were 47.3 mm and 29.5 mm， the depth and width of the seed bed were 44.7 mm and 19.9 mm， while the soil broken rate was just 14.2%， which benefits for the protection of the grassland degradation. The seeding control system of the groove wheel was designed by controlling the rotation speed and the working length of the groove wheel seeder. In the system， the two signals of the two ground wheels speed were collected and compared， the higher one was used for the control unit to control the speed of motors to change the rotation speed length of the groove wheel seeder to keep the seeding amount consistent by synchronizing the speed of the above two motors with the speed of the tractor. The simulation through the Protues software showed that the system could compare the two signals of the ground wheels and keep the rotation speed of the groove wheel seeder and the ground wheel synchrony and change the transmission ratio. It was helpful to improve the uniformity of seeding rate.

Key words: agricultural engineering, grassland remediation, root-cuter with fertilization and reseeding, blade, ditching device, seeding rate control system, performance test

中图分类号:

S222.3

梁方,王德成,尤泳,王光辉,王宇兵,张晓明,冯金奎. 草地切根施肥补播复式改良机设计与试验[J]. 吉林大学学报(工学版), 2022, 52(1): 231-241.

Fang LIANG,De-cheng WANG,Yong YOU,Guang-hui WANG,Yu-bing WANG,Xiao-ming ZHANG,Jin-kui FENG. Design and experiment of root-cutter with fertilization and reseeding compound remediation machine for grassland[J]. Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition), 2022, 52(1): 231-241.

图1

表1

刀具刃线优化结果"

刃线种类	曲线特征	数学表达式	比功耗与特征参数关系	取值条件	比功耗最小值/（kJ·m^-3）
对数螺线	静态滑切角为定值	$r = r 0 e θ a r c t a n τ 0$	$E v = - 16.8 τ 02 + 1603 τ 0 - 30681$	τ₀=60°	5031
阿基米德螺线	静态滑切角的正切与极径成正比	$r = r 0 (1 + K 1 θ)$	影响不显著	/	5513
正弦指数曲线	静态滑切角增量与极角呈线性关系	$r = r 0 (s i n (τ 0 + K 2 θ) s i n τ 0) 1 K 2$	$E v = - 16.8 τ 02 - 750 k 22 - 164.2 τ 0 k 2 + 60.8 τ 0 - 1215 k 2 + 403 ρ + 12092 e$	k₂=-0.1 τ₀=40°	3345
偏心圆弧线	刃口曲线为偏心圆弧线一部分	$r = ρ c o s ? ± ρ (R' / ρ) 2 - s i n 2 ?$	$E v = 1.34 ρ 2 + 42100 e 2 - 885 ρ e$	ρ=170 e=1.4	3930

表1

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图5

图6

图7

表2

表 3

表4

表5

图8

表6

表7

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参数	单位	数值
长×宽×高	mm mm mm mm mm	1420×2600×1020
工作幅宽		2400
切根行距		400
施肥行距		400
播种行距		400
切根行数	行行行	6
施肥行数		6
播种行数		6
电机最大转速	r/min	42.7
电机最大扭矩	N·m	22.7
电机最大功率	W	100
播种量调整范围	kg/ha	15~60
排种槽轮转速	r/min	17.5
施肥量调整范围	kg/ha	50~125
排肥槽轮转速	r/min	26
切根转速	r/min	250
机器行进速度	km/h	4.3
配套动力	kW	60

序号	切根沟缝宽度/mm						种沟开沟器开沟宽度/mm						肥沟开沟器开沟宽度/mm						地表破坏率/%
序号	1	2	3	4	5	6	1	2	3	4	5	6	1	2	3	4	5	6	地表破坏率/%
1	5.6	6.1	6.8	10.5	6.2	6.8	15.3	16.2	20.2	22.6	26.8	19.9	26.8	25.5	27.4	24.1	28.2	29.0	13.5
2	6.0	5.8	6.4	10.5	6.5	6.2	18.3	17.7	16.8	19.8	22.3	23.4	30.9	31.4	29.6	28.6	30.3	28.6	14.1
3	5.5	5.6	6.5	12.1	6.3	6.8	16.6	17.0	15.3	18.1	19.6	24.0	28.3	30.7	31.9	30.7	29.6	28.7	13.9
4	6.1	5.9	6.7	11.9	6.8	8.0	17.4	15.6	19.4	20.6	20.7	21.3	26.4	29.0	30.7	32.6	34.4	31.0	14.6
5	5.3	6.1	6.0	10.8	6.5	9.6	19.8	18.4	21.0	23.5	24.2	26.1	29.5	31.0	30.2	30.4	32.3	28.2	15.0
均值	7.2						19.9						29.5						14.2
变异系数/% 7.7							10.7						7.2						3.7

序号	切根深度/mm						种沟开沟深度/mm						肥沟开沟深度/mm
序号	1	2	3	4	5	6	1	2	3	4	5	6	1	2	3	4	5	6
1	178	176	177	180	178	171	44.0	45.2	44.6	43.8	43.5	46.0	46.2	47.5	47	47.6	47.8	48.0
2	180	184	182	183	186	170	45.2	44.8	45.8	45.6	44.3	45.2	45.8	46.5	47.8	47.5	45.6	46.6
3	181	184	186	187	183	185	43.8	43.6	44.0	44.2	44.5	46.8	47.2	48.0	47.6	45.9	48.5	45.7
4	170	171	174	175	175	177	44.8	44.6	45.2	48.3	49.0	47.8	47.5	48.3	49.0	46.5	48.1	48.2
5	168	170	177	170	175	179	45.0	45.2	44.8	45.9	48.0	48.5	46.8	47.9	47.3	46.9	48.5	48.8
均值	177.7						44.7						47.3
变异系数/% 3.3							2.6						1.9

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左地轮频率信号/Hz

右地轮频率信号/HZ

地轮转速/（r·min^-1）

电机转速/（r·min^-1）

项目	数值
左右地轮频率信号/Hz	10	14	18	20	24	30
地轮转速/（r·min^-1）	30	42	54	60	72	90
电机转速/（r·min^-1）	15	21	27	30	36	45

项目	数值
传动比	2	3	4	5	6	7
地轮转速/（r·min^-1）	30	30	30	30	30	30
电机转速/（r·min^-1）	15	10	7	6	5	4