A hybrid 3D spatial data model based on multiDEMs and quasi triprism volume (QTPV) is proposed. The model is composed of six primitive and six objects. The primitive elements are vertex, segment (edge, triangle side), triangle, secund quadrilateral, QTPV and DEM, respectively. And the objects are point, line, surface, volume, complex and spatial object, respectively. Data structures and topological relationship of the six primitives and two geological objects are designed in detail. Two modelling methods, based on sample points and interpolated points, are devised, separately. Two sets of simulation data and real borehole sample data are used to verify the prototype system developed in VC++. The results show that the proposed model has better abilities of describing the surface and the inner structure of spatial objects, which is suitable for 3D modeling in geological exploration field.

The composition of REE in ore bearing rocks of Nanchuan-Wulong area indicates that the total amount of REE is high, and the partition modes in the bauxite-bearing horizons and in the underlying Silurian Hanjiadian Formation are quite consistent. This implies a genetic relationship between the bauxite source and Hanjiadian Formation. The values of LREE /HREE are great in the majority samples. It is obvious that the light rare earth elements are strongly enriched; while the heavy rare earth elements are depleted to varied degrees with Eu middle negative anomaly.The content of REE in the ore bearing rocks changed only slightly after deposition. Based on the characteristics of rare earth elements and the related parameters, the environment of bauxite ore bearing rock series and their material sources are deduced as followings: ore bearing rocks were formed mainly in continental facies with some marine sediments; based on Ce, Eu anomalies, acidity of paleo water media was weak; ore bearing rock series were mainly formed in an oxidation environment, which was profitable for the formation of bauxite. Material sources of the ore bearing rock series are diversified; both silty shale of Silurian Hanjiadian Formation and Carboniferous limestone of Huanglong Formation might be the source of material.

The recently discovered Jiama super large copper-polymetallic deposit is located in the middle section of Gangdese metallogenic belt, Tibet. Systematic studies including petrography, microthermometry, laser Raman microprobe and SEM/EDS were carried out on the primary fluid inclusions in metallogentic granite and major ore bodies. The analytical results show that dominant fluid inclusions from skarn ore related to metallogensis include liquid-rich, gas-rich two-phase and daughter-minerals bearing polyphase types. Homogenization temperatures of the fluid inclusions range from 225 ℃ to 500 ℃. The average of the salinities of ore-forming fluid is 36.2% NaCleq and the densities vary from 0.89 to 0.98 g/cm³. The ore-forming fluids belong to NaCl-H2O type characterized by high-moderate temperature, high salinity, low density and strong reduction. Besides H₂O, the gas compositions are immiscible system rich in CH₄, H₂S, CO₂ and N₂ etc. The occurrence of organic matter, such as CH₄, C₂H₄ and C₃H₆, suggests that the ore-forming materials were formed in a reduced environment. Based on estimation of mineralization pressure and the relationship between pressure and depth in fracture zones, the mineralization depth is considered to be at 2.2-8.3 km. The analytical results of hydrogen and oxygen isotopic elements show that ore-forming fluids are mainly derived from magmatic water mixed with meteoric water later. The coexistence of daughter-minerals bearing multi-phase inclusions and those liquid-and gas-rich inclusions with different filling degrees, together with their similar homogenization temperatures and much different salinities, indicates that ore-forming fluids had experienced boiling.

Defining the hydrocarbon migration period and the path is a key to the analysis of oil and gas reservoir．The time and space distribution characteristics of hydrocarbon migration and the accumulation kinetics of the western slope of Yuanyanggou sub-sag are determined, through homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions，simulation and paleo-geothermal history and petroleum inclusions particles index GOI statistics. The results show that the Hydrocarbon migration times of the western slope of the Yuanyanggou sub-sag are Ed₂，Ed₁ and Nm，of which the Ed₂ and Ed₁ are two main stages．A basin modeling study further shows that the Shahejie Group began to produce oil at the end of Es₁， but large-scale oil and gas expulsion and accumulation started during the Ed period．The statistical and analysis indicate that the high-value areas of GOI (GOI>5%) is favorable areas for hydrocarbon accumulation, and Huanxiling and Shuangnan oilfields are in the GOI>5% region．A perfect time and space distribution characteristics of hydrocarbon migration may be determined by the information from enclosure and basin modelling.

The age and tectonic setting of the Shadegai pluton are discussed based on field investigation and the detailed petrological, mineralogical, geochemical and isotopic geochronological studies. Zircon U-Pb dating gives a weighted mean of  ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U apparent age of 198.5 Ma, which is interpreted to represent the emplacement age of the Shadegai pluton. The pluton was sited at the frontal compressive area of an Indosinian thrust nappe. The pluton is also concluded to be high-k calc-alkaline, postorogenic A-type granite based on petrological, mineralogical and geochemical studies and on tectonic setting analysis. The thrusting-related thicken crust resulted in the melting and emplacement of the magmas responsible for the formation of the Shadegai pluton. Magmatic activity made up an important part of the Indosinian movement in the area.

Based on the 1-D water quality model of stream, which taking into account the continuous discharge of groundwater along the stream way, a new analytical solution is proposed by superposition theorem. According to this new analytical solution, parameters estimation of stream water quality model response to groundwater discharge is analyzed quantitatively. The solute concentration decays when the groundwater discharge, a spot of pollution source, enters to streams and moves to lower reaches. The influence of seriate line-source to the decay of solute concentration in streams is not simply equal to the addition influence of several point-sources. It refers to line-source when describing the water exchange between aquifers and streams. Taking Yinghe River, Anhui Province as an example, the study of the deviation degree of parameters estimation of stream water quality model due to groundwater discharge shows that, the influence of the groundwater discharge to the variation rule of solute long streams, which affects the comprehensive attenuation coefficient k greatly, cannot be described simply by k in theory.

The time-domain airborne electromagnetic (AEM) method is an efficient geophysical exploration technique. Yet, due to the presence of the induced polarization (IP) effect, electromagnetic (EM) data from late-time channels often exhibit a phenomenon known as sign reversal. The traditional imaging and inversion methods without considering the IP effect cannot recover the real electrical structure of the underground, so it is necessary to develop the EM forward and reverse modeling technology with IP effect. This study introduces a three-dimensional (3D) forward algorithm for AEM with IP effect in the time-domain built upon the unstructured finite-element method. To capture the IP effect within the medium, we use the Debye model, transforming it into a derivative form in the time-domain through frequency-time conversion. For temporal discretization, an unconditionally stable second-order backward Euler's scheme is applied. Maxwell’s equations are discretized in space using a vector finite element method based on an unstructured tetrahedral mesh. The algorithm's accuracy is verified through a comparison with the 1D semi-analytical solution of the uniform half-space model. We compute EM responses for both a half-space and 3D geological formations under various polarization conditions. We observe that the polarization characteristics of surrounding rocks and anomalous bodies can be effectively identified according to the attenuation characteristics of the AEM response curves. In addition, by studying the characteristics of the influence of IP parameters on the time-domain AEM system, we show that the larger the resistivity of the geological body or the larger the chargeability, the stronger the IP effect.

The recognition and classification of lithological information hold significant importance for categorizing oil and gas reservoirs and evaluating the compressibility of reservoir rocks. This study presents enhancements to the deep learning  network U-Net and conducts a comparative validation using experimental data from  central depression  of  Songliao Basin. We propose a more suitable feature attention fusion Unet (FAF-Unet) designed for well logging data. The selection of logging data primarily involves sensitivity analysis to identify characteristic parameters, including natural potential, acoustic time difference, photoelectric absorption cross-section index, wellbore diameter, density, natural gamma, and deep and shallow lateral resistivity. These parameters are analyzed to understand reservoir rock lithology. FAF-Unet is a network that amalgamates residual blocks and channel attention mechanisms. Residual blocks can better retain the data with lower-level features of the depth direction, and channel attention mechanisms can make up for the problem of ignoring the connection between  horizontal channels during vertical convolution. Comparing the accuracy and recall of six recognition methods, including support vector machine, decision tree, U-Net, U-Net with effective channel attention (ECA) mechanism, U-Net with residual block (Res-Unet), and FAF-Unet with both ECA and residual block, experimental results demonstrate that FAF-Unet achieves an accuracy and recall rate exceeding 89.00%. FAF-Unet outperforms the other five methods in terms of recognition performance and exhibits a narrower fluctuation range between accuracy and recall.

Due to surface obstacles or economic constraints, seismic data recorded is often incomplete. Consequently, seismic data reconstruction is an important topic in seismic research. This study presents a seismic data reconstruction approach based on joint accelerated proximal gradient and log-weighted nuclear norm minimization. The process begins by subjecting the original seismic data to low-rank preprocessing through texture-patch operators. Subsequently, the accelerated proximal gradient algorithm is employed for an initial reconstruction of the low-rank seismic data. Finally, an algorithm based on the log-weighted nuclear norm is presented to tackle the optimization problem and reconstruct the missing data. For synthetic seismic data and real seismic data, the reconstruction results of the joint accelerated proximal gradient and log-weighted nuclear norm method have improved both in quantitative and qualitative analysis: The signal-to-noise ratio of the synthetic data set with a 40% missing rate is 26.135 7 dB and the reconstruction error is 6.789 4; The signal-to-noise ratio of the Mobil Avo Viking Graben Line 12 data set with a 30% missing rate is 17.247 8 dB and the reconstruction error is 4.762 5; The signal-to-noise ratio of the Netherlands F3 data set with a 60% missing rate is 26.058 1 dB and the reconstruction error is 7.464 1.

Reverse-time migration (RTM) is widely employed for its ability to produce high-resolution imaging results. Nevertheless, wavefield extrapolation based on the two-way wave equation often leads to pronounced low-frequency noise under cross-correlation imaging condition. This issue significantly impacts the quality of the resulting images. In this study, we introduce a convolution-deconvolution neural network (DeCNN) built upon the U-Net architecture to mitigate the presence of low-frequency noise in RTM. We utilize source-normalized imaging results with  low-frequency noise as training data， and the Laplace filtering results   as labels to abtain  the neural network model, grounded in a data-driven approach. The comparison results of   model trials and transfer learning demonstrations highlight the superior denoising proficiency of  DeCNN. It outperforms  U-Net, effectively suppressing noise in scenarios such as the transfer  SEG/EAGE standard salt dome model and  Marmousi model. In contrast to conventional techniques aimed at mitigating low-frequency noise through up and down traveling wave decomposition, DeCNN  can input the source-normalized imaging results into the network after training, and the network can output high resolution imaging results in seconds. The efficiency is much higher than that of conventional low-frequency noise suppression methods using wavefield decomposition, and it has certain advantages in noise suppression effect.

Kuhai gold-bearing mercury deposit is located in the southern orogenic belt of Eastern Kunlun. Its wall rocks are a suit of shore to shallow sea facies carbonaceous carbonate and quartz sandstone formations. Ore bodies are jointly controlled by both strata and structures, and usually they are distributed in folded layers’ fissures, structural fissures and joints or in the broken belts of fold flanks. Metallogenic fluids are mainly rock formation water and meteoric water as well as possible addition of magmatic hydrothermal solutions. The ore-forming fluids contain NaCl of 1.90%-5.70% and the density is in the range of 0.78-0.97 g/cm³. The fluid inclusions show homogenized temperature at 118.8-291.6℃. The metallogenic pressure is about 43.24 MPa, correspondent to a depth of 4.56 km. Studies indicate that the Low Permian carbon-bearing strata in the area has provided the main ore-forming materials which were further mobilized by magmatic hydrothermal fluids during the Late Triassic tectonic activities and finally formed as mineral deposit at the broken folded belts. Overall, Kuhai mercury deposit is a middle to low temperature hydrothermal mineral deposit and is considered as an epizonal deposit in terms of orogenic gold deposit series.

Aiming at the problems of underwater distributary channel sand body, such as thin single layer thickness, serious superimposition and crossing, strong lateral heterogeneity, and poor consistency of well seismic relationship, this study presents a prediction method of CV-XGBoost reservoir thickness based on cross validation. Firstly, correlation analysis and multicollinearity evaluation are used to remove redundant attributes, then the model training and parameter set optimization are carried out, and finally thickness prediction is carried out with verification set. The results show that: 1) For reservoir prediction with few samples, it is necessary to do cross validation to improve the accuracy of reservoir prediction; 2) XGBoost uses a regular term with the second order partial derivative to control the convergence progress of the model, and its prediction accuracy is better than that of conventional LASSO (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) regression, GBDT (gradient boosting decision tree) and SVM (support vector machine) methods; 3) The reservoir prediction results with low verification set ratio can be used to understand the macro distribution of sand body, and the higher verification set ratio is helpful to improve the accuracy of sand body description; 4) The average amplitude, average energy, arc length and dominant frequency in this study area are the attributes that contribute greatly to thickness prediction.

This study focuses on measuring the physical parameters of rock samples sourced from diverse geological units within the geological corridor of western Liaoning Province. For igneous and sedimentary rocks, we establish both qualitative and semi-quantitative relationships between density, elastic wave velocity, magnetic susceptibility, resistivity and spectral data, and study the correlation between petrophysical properties and rock characteristics, so as to study the diagenetic environment of rocks. Through statistical analysis of correlation coefficient curves specific to different rock types, we present a comprehensive summary of the interplay between rock types and strength of correlation coefficient between spectral reflectance and the intensity of correlations with density, elastic wave velocity, magnetic susceptibility, and resistivity. According to the characteristics of strength of correlation, it is analyzed that the difference of diagenetic environment leads to different physical properties of different rocks. The physical sedimentary environment of sedimentary rocks fosters a robust correlation between its spectral reflectance and both density and elastic wave velocity. The stable diagenetic setting of igneous rock yields a strong connection between its spectral reflectance and magnetic susceptibility. The spectral reflectance of both sedimentary and igneous rocks exhibits a positive correlation with density and elastic wave velocity.

Understanding the characteristics of urban land expansion is essential for managing the uncontrolled growth of construction areas during the urbanization process. Four representative cities, namely Shenyang, Dalian, Chaoyang, and Dandong, located in various directions within Liaoning Province, were chosen for this study. Employing remote sensing image data from 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020, the research employed metrics such as the proportion of construction land, expansion intensity index, expansion intensity difference index, and the public edge measurement method to investigate the distinctive attributes of urban construction land within the designated area. The findings reveal significant variations in the spatial expansion of construction land across the four cities. Between 1990 and 2020, the overall share of construction land expanded considerably from 4.74% to 11.58%. During this period, the order of expansion intensity shifted from high to low as follows: Shenyang, Dalian, Dandong, and Chaoyang. Notably, Dalian exhibited rapid expansion, Shenyang and Dandong initially underwent slow expansion, transitioning to higher rates during the second and third phases, Chaoyang expanded from low speed to high speed, and then to medium speed. Over the same period, the divergence in urban expansion trends of  Shenyang, Chaoyang, and Dandong diminished gradually, while Dalian experienced an increasing discrepancy in its expansion pattern. The four cities employed a combination of three expansion modes, with predominant reliance on sprawl development, followed by enclave development, infill development was relatively minimal. The overarching urban growth trend revolved around outward development. However, distinct development needs led to variations among the cities.

There are two types of diabaseprophyrite dikes in the third member of the Cretaceous Yingcheng Formation at the Shanghewan area in the southeastern uplift of the Songliao Basin. One type of diabaseprophyrite was emplaced in the NE30°-35° trending trackingexpansion joints, and contained dikes of 1-5 m in width, 75°-88° in dip angle and showed indented contact between the dikes and the county rocks. Another type of dikes was emplaced in the 40°-45° direction shear joints, with the dikes being 2-10 m in width, 75°-88° in dip angle and showing lowangle lineation or striation in the slippery boundary between the dikes and the county rocks. There are strong to weak schistosity from rim to centre in all the dikes. The chemical compositions of the dikes are similar to that of the basalts. However, the dikes show secondary changes, including hypo-calcspar and crystallite biotite, indicating fluid-rock metasomatism. The diabaseprophyrite dikes recorded some important events happened in the area when the terminal deposition of the Cretaceous Yingcheng Formation took place in this area-NE-SW compressive tectonic stress and basic magmation. The research for the incursion and deformation of the dikes indicates that they were controlled by the Jiamusi-Yitong faulting and was under compression after intrusion of dikes. The study on the geological characteristics of the diabaseprophyrite provides some important information to the relations between the original fracture-cracks in dikes and their reservoir significance.

China's continental shale oil resource has great potential, and is an important alternative energy source for the petroleum industry. The First Member of Qingshankou Formation in the South of Songliao basin is rich in shale oil resources, and industrial and high-yield oil flows have been found in many wells through oil testing. Taking the Lower Part of the First Member of Qingshankou Formation as the research object, and the occurrence state of shale oil as the pointcut, this paper focuses on the quantitative evaluation of the amount of swelling oil, adsorbed oil, and free oil in shale oil enriched in high-quality lithofacies such as high organic matter lamellar shale and medium organic matter laminar shale, so as to reveal the occurrence characteristics of shale oil in underground shale reservoirs, and to provide guidance for further exploitation of shale oil in the South of Songliao basin. The shale oil is mainly stored in shale reservoirs in five states: Kerogen swelling state, kerogen adsorption state, organic pore free state, inorganic mineral adsorption state, and inorganic pore free state; Among them, the occurrence state of shale oil in high organic matter lamellar shale is mainly organic occurrence oil such as kerogen swelling oil, kerogen adsorption oil and organic pore free oil, and the organic occurrence oil amount can be as high as 253.0 mg/g TOC. The shale oil amount of well TY1 is the largest, followed by well CY8, and the amount of well H238 is the lowest; The occurrence state of shale oil in medium organic laminar shale is mainly inorganic occurrence oil such as inorganic adsorbed oil and inorganic pore free oil, up to 167.0 mg/g TOC. Well CY8 has the largest amount of shale oil, followed by well H258, and well H238 has the lowest amount of shale oil. Well TY1 and well CY8 are located in the semi deep-deep lake, where a large set of mud shale is developed, while well H238 is located in the outer front of the delta and closed to the source area, resulting in significantly lower shale oil accumulation than the wells in semi deep-deep lake. Therefore, the sedimentary environment is the main reason for the difference of shale oil accumulation in different areas.

The subaerial and subaqueous volcanic rocks have significant differences in lithology, texture and structure, alteration, occurence, contact with underlying strata, pore and fissure development. Subaerial volcanic rocks mainly comprise lavas, clastic lava, pyroclastic rocks and sedimentary pyroclastic rocks. Subaerial lava has rhyolitic structure. Bedding structure and few reverse hummocky structure formed in pyroclastic rocks. The subaerial volcanic rocks underwent weak alteration and unconformity with underling strata. Ancient weathering crusts and continental plant can be found. Main reservoir spaces in subaerial volcanic rocks are primary pore, condensing shrinkage joint, secondary dissolution pore, cleavage fissure in mineral and structural fracture. Subaqueous volcanic rocks mainly comprise glassy lava, crystal-vitric bedded/sedimentary tuff, bentonite/illite/montmorillonite/zeolite. Subaqueous volcanic rocks have pillow or orbicular structure, horizontal bedding, graded bedding, strong alteration. Subaqueous lava appears domed, lenticular shape, tuff appears stratiform shape, bentonite/illite/montmorillonite/zeolite near crater appears loose conglomeration with volcanic bombs. Contact relation of subaqueous volcanic rocks and underlying strata is conformity, disconformity or erosion. Main reservoir spaces of subaqueous volcanic rocks are primary pore, dissolution holes in amygdaloid body, explosive fracture, intergranular pores, erosion pore and fracture in matrix and phenocrysts and structural fracture. Both subaerial and subaqueous volcanic rocks can be found in Yingcheng Formation of Songliao Basin. Typical characteristics of subaerial volcanic rocks include rhyolitic structure, columnar joint, carbonized wood/silicified wood, angular unconformity contact with underlying strata. Typical features of subaqueous volcanic rocks include perlite with glassy structure and pillow structure, lamellar tuff, bentonite. Most of volcanic reservoirs in Yingcheng Formation of Songliao Basin are subaerial volcanic reservoirs. The inner subfacies of extrusive facies of subaqueous volcanic rocks are good reservoirs.

Deyang, situated in Sichuan Province, is rich in groundwater resources，which serves as the most important source of drinking water for the local people. However, high concentration of iron in groundwater has been found in many places. Laboratory leaching experiments were carried out to examine the factors that may increase the concentration of iron in groundwater, including pH, microorganisms, ammonium nitrogen, redox conditions and organic matter content. The results showed: (1) the leaching solution had higher concentration of ferrous iron in acidic conditions; (2) ferrous iron concentration increased with organic matter content in soil; (3) the ferrous iron concentration in solution decreased when microorganism activities were inhibited; (4) in reducing environment, ammonium content had little influence on ferrous iron concentration; (5) in reducing environment, it was easier for iron in soil to be leached comparing to oxidizing environment. Together with the hydrogeological and geochemical condition in the area, the causes of high concentration of iron in groundwater were the weak acid of shallow groundwater in Deyang, high organic matter content in soil as well as the reducing environment.

Representative samples are selected from Chang 8 reservoir of Xifeng oil field of Ordos basin to develop water displacing oil of in-situ sandstone microscopic model and water displacing oil of CT scanning for analyzing the impact of microscopic pore structure on flow mechanism of ultra-low permeability reservoir. The experimental results of water displacing oil indicate the water displacement efficiency always presents direct ratio with permeability for the core samples without microcrack. However, the existence of microcrack increases the heterogeneity of microscopic pore structure，then the flow mechanism changes completely, and the water displacement efficiency differs. The laboratory findings of water displacing oil of CT scanning also demonstrate microcrack increases the microscopic heterogeneity of pore structure to some great extent, makes the water displacement effect worse. Casing pressure has major affection on water displacement efficiency of dual porous medium reservoir. It is obvious that the microscopic pore structure heterogeneity is the main reason to cause low sweep efficiency and worse water displacement effects for ultra low permeability reservoirs.

Karstic rocks of the Huanglong Formation exposed at the margin of the southern Daba Mountain can be divided into four types: slightly-corroded, moderately-corroded porous，intensely-corroded brecciated and intensely corroded and altered secondary calcic karstic rocks. The strontium isotope compositions of various karstic rocks are analyzed systematically and are compared with the rocks without karst corrosion. It is indicated that during the karst formation process, a positive deviation of  ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio can be seen from infiltrating fluid belt to active underflow belt while an intense negative deviation appears gradually in the inactive underflow belt. Under the water-rock interaction system of the same karst fluid regime, the matrix are more enriched in  ⁸⁷Sr compared to breccias. However, the secondary calcic karstic rocks are poorly enriched in ⁸⁷Sr when compared with those of dolomitic karstic rocks. The high ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of the varied genetic and differently corroded karstic rocks are caused by the injection of high ⁸⁷Sr groundwater involved in the water-rock interaction and the intense ⁸⁷Sr enrichment of the matrix dolomite. The strontium isotope of different karstic reservoirs can provide meaningful geochemical information for forecasting and evaluating the development and distribution rules of the Huanglong Formation at the margin of southern Daba Mountain in time and space.

The Beishan perlite in the Santai area belongs to the first member of the Yingcheng Formation and is exposed in an area of 0.62 km², and its thickness is over 30 m. The perlite is associated with bentonite, hydrothermal breccia, rhyolite in typical geological sections. The perlite can be divided into pillow and orbicular, fluidal massive，breccia perlites and perlitic agglomerate. The perlite contains phenocrysts of amphibole and pyroxene, and its groundmass is of clear spherulitic and microlitic textures, indicating intensive devitrificaltion. In ascending order, the rock sequence is perlite→bentonite→hydrothermal breccia→rhyolite, and the facies sequence is volcanic conduit facies→effusive facies. The perlite is formed by fast under water cooling. The petrogenesis of perlite consists of the fellowing three stages: the first stage is a collapse volcanic lake-explosive phase. A collapse volcanic lake was formed during the early Cretaceous in the Santai area and tuff with developed horizontal beddings were formed in the stage. The second stage includes three substages. Substage of extrusion under water was featured by the volcanic eruption happened in the collapse volcanic lake, and large amount of perlite (volcanic glassy lava ) and some rhyolite lavas were formed because of quick cooling of magma under water of the basin in the substage. The hydrothermal substage was featured by the formation of rhyolitic hydrothermal breccia while the explosive-effusive substage is characterized by volcanic agglomerate, tuff and rhyolite. The third stage is called partial bentonitie stage. The perlite was hydrated by the groundwater of atmospheric origin under alkaline condition during inter-volcanic eruption stage. Only partial perlite (surface or fractures) was altered into bentonite because there was not enough water medium under relatively closed condition for the perlite.

The Maoming Basin belongs to a half grabenlike faulting basin of extension regime. The oil shales are found both in the Palaeogene Youganwo Formation and in the Neocene Shangcun Formation. The Youganwo Formation is the main mining horizon where the oil shale lies on the top of coal beds. The sedimentary environment of the oil shale belongs to a moderate deep lake system. The Jintang mine in the Maoming Basin is located in the richest center of the basin. A fault trending northwest controlled the buried depth, distribution and oreforming process of the oil shale. Affected by the sedimentary environment and their provenances, the oil yield of the Youganwo Formation is commonly within a range of 5％ and 9％, up to 13％; the oil yield of the Shangcun Formation changes in a range of 3.5％ and 6.5％, averaged at 4.5％.

The carbonate reservoir evaluation based on well logging data of Russian logging series is done in Yurubcheno oil field in Siberian platform. On the basis of the conversional log characteristic analysis, evaluation parameters from the logging data are given for identification of the reservoir types, fractures, shale intervals of the formation and tight reservoirs in the carbonate reservoir with dual porosity. The reservoirs are classified into matrix type, micro fracture type and macro fracture type. The preferential directions of fractured reservoir distribution are NE-SW and NW-SE which are consistent with the distribution of carbonate and the structural high of the buried hill. It generally locates 0-100 m under unconformity which corresponds to the distribution direction of the dolomite corrosion zone, which controls the distribution of the high production wells. But the distribution of the fractured reservoir is heterogeneous and anisotropic in this field. Factors controlling the distribution of oil and gas in this field are the lithology of the reservoir and its structural location in the buried hill. The reservoir in Yurubcheno Formation, which is pure dolomite and has good location in the structure, has high oil and gas yield. There is poor oil and gas production in the reservoirs in Dolgoktinskaya Formation, where the lithology is not pure dolomite, and the Kuyumbinskaya Formation which located at a lower structural location.

Arsenic contamination of groundwater is one of the most important reasons to endemic arseniasis in the world. The sources of arsenic, the processes of arsenic migration and enrichment in groundwater were analyzed, which showed that the environmental conditions are the key factors to arsenic enrichment in groundwater like in the arid or semi-arid area, closed terrain and physiognomy and block-faulted depressions. Also the characteristics of water-bearing media, groundwater velocity, pH, Eh, organic contents in groundwater play great important role in arsenic migration and enrichment. A model was proposed to describe arsenic contamination of groundwater and its influencing factors controlling the processes of arsenic migration and enrichment, which can be used for the strategies making of arsenic contamination control in arseniasis areas.

The analyses of the sedimentary facies, rock geochemistry and reformation after the sedimentation from the Upper Cretaceous Quantou Formation to Nenjiang Formation indicate that the beneficial sandbodies of the uranium deposit are mainly Quantou Formation’s braided channel and Qingshankou Formation’s delta sandstone types. By summarizing and analyzing the geological setting, uranium source, paleoclimate, hydrology, lithologiclithofacies conditions in the region, it is indicated that the Quantou Formation in Fanjiatun-Jiutai area and the Qingshankou Formation in Yangdachenzi area are potential metallogenic prospective areas for insitu leachable sandstone type uranium deposit in the region, which develop braided channel or delta marginal sandstones, and possess favorable forming conditions of interlayer oxidation zone, and constituting supply-passage-discharge system of abundant uranium source.

The oil and gas exploration potential of the Jurassic-Cretaceous reservoirs in  eastern part of the southern margin of Junggar basin is huge, but the limited understanding of its provenance conditions and sedimentary background evolution seriously restricts the subsequent oil and gas exploration and development. In this study, the source characteristics of the Jurassic-Cretaceous sediments in eastern part of the  southern margin of Junggar basin are determined and the evolution process is restored through the analyses of sandstone clastic composition, conglomerate gravel composition, heavy mineral type and combination, paleocurrent characteristics, and stratigraphic lithology proportion, and the evolution process is restored combined with the regional tectonic evolution background: Olutio the Bogda Mountains did not uplift in the Early Jurassic, and the provenance system of the quasi-southeast segment was controlled by the northern Kelamey Mountains and the southern Tianshan Mountains；The original sedimentary boundary in the southern part of the study area is far away from the current basin boundary. In the Middle Jurassic, due to the uplift of the surrounding mountains and the influence of Yanshan movement, the Bogda Mountains began to uplift and gradually exposed to the surface, which had a certain impact on the provenance system of the southeast section, however, from the Late Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous, the Bogda Mountains continued to uplift and eventually became the dominant source area in the southeast；At the same time, the uplift of Kelamey Mountains increased from the Late Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous, which enhanced its supply capacity. On the whole, from the Early Jurassic to the Middle Jurassic, the quasi-southeast segment was jointly affected by the southern Tianshan provenance system and the northern Kelamey provenance system. During these dimentary period of the Middle Jurassic-Early Cretaceous, the southern Tianshan provenance system, the northern Kelamey provenance system and the Bogda provenance system coexisted, however， their influence on the Jurassic-Cretaceous system in the southeast segment is different.  

The Ordovician carbonate rock of Yingshan Formation in Tahe area is an important exploration and development target in Tarim basin, and the analysis on the reservoir characteristics is  important for deep oil and gas exploration. Based on the core, thin section, logging and seismic data, in this paper the authors discuss the rock types, reservoir space types, physical properties, and reservoir types of Yingshan Formation, comprehensively analyze the main controlling factors affecting the development of Yingshan Formation carbonate reservoir, and summarize the development rules and models. The research shows that the carbonate rocks of Yingshan Formation are mainly bright crystal grain limestone, wackestone and micrite, and the reservoir space is composed mainly of inter-granular pores, inter-crystalline pores, fractures, dissolution pores， and karst caves. The reservoir types can be divided into four types, including fracture, cavity, fracture-porosity, and fracture-karst cavity. The reservoir of Yingshan Formation is the combined result of paleo-topography, sedimentary environment, diagenesis, etc. The paleo-topography is the background of reservoir development, and the paleo-topography of sedimentary period and supergene period has different functions. Sedimentary environment is the basis of reservoir development, and the rock porosity and permeability in different sedimentary facies are obviously different. Diagenesis controls the formation of reservoirs, among which the most critical ones are dissolution and fracturing: Multi-stage and multi-type dissolution is the key to the formation of reservoirs, and fracturing promotes the formation of reservoirs.

Based on the interpretation of 15s deeper seismic profiles and the anatomy of typical CO₂ gas reservoirs, the distribution law of CO₂ gas reservoirs and its controlling factors have been deeply analyzed in the Songliao basin. Vertically, CO₂ is mainly rich in volcanic rocks of the Yingcheng Formation, and sandstone reservoirs in 3th and 4th Members of Quantou Formation. The beaded distribution feature of CO₂ is mainly dominated by lystric basement faults which are in direct contact with deep thermal fluid: heat-flow diapirs and intrusions, and are depression-controlling and volcanic vent-controlling. Meanwhile, outlet points of CO₂ are controlled by strike infection-points, endpoints and overlap zones of these faults. And CO₂ mainly comes from the deep thermal fluid. The activity of basement faults connected with thermal fluid led to the basin filling by mantle-derived magma, at the same time, the carried CO₂ was released into volcanic rocks erupted earlier and then developed into volcanic CO₂ gas reservoirs of Yingcheng Formation. Considering that faults controlling gas pool are usually basement faults which were active during fault-depression phase and the Late Quantou Formation to the Early Qingshankou Formation, it was speculated that CO₂ reservoirs of Yingcheng Formation were mainly formed between the Late Quantou Formation and the Early Qingshankou Formation. In Songliao basin, the stronge tectonic inversion occurred in the Late Mingshui Formation, and during the declining of compressive force from the SSE to the NNW, the reactivation of basement faults formed positive inversion faults; released from thermal fluid diapirs, CO₂  was migrated upward and then accumulated in inversion structural belts; as the development of fault-style inversion tectonics in the southern part is better than the northern part, and the western is better than the eastern part, CO₂ is richer in the south than in the north, richer in the west than in the east in Songliao basin.

The analysis of basin subsidence history and buried history are important part of hydrocarbon appraisement.According to the well logging data of south Songliao basin,on the basis of formation denude, the authors evolved the research on deposition rate, subsidence rate and buried history. The simulation of deposition rate and the subsidence rate indicate that the deposition rate and the subsidence rate of the Shahezi Formation,the Yingcheng Formation is the rapidest, the Quantou Formation,the Mingshui Formation is high,and the Denglouku Formation,the Qingsankou Formation,the Yaojia Formation,the Sifangtai Formation is low;the finding of the buried history make known the significance that fast deposition,fast subsidence and fast burial  from the Shahezi Formation to the Yingceng Formation.The strata is denuded in the Late Yingcheng  Formation, stratigraphic break and denudation present increasingly tendency from west to east; the significance of buried history is the more fast deposition,subsidence and interment. From the Denglouku Formation to the Mingshui Formation, the subsidence stay entire from the Yaojia Formation,the strata from upper the Nenjiang Formation to the Mingshui Formation denudation acutely. The strata basically absent in the southeast uplift of the basin from The NengjiangⅢ Formation to the Mingshui Formation.From the Paleogene to the Neogene,the overall significient present that strata uplift slowly,then fall slowly, deposition slowly, bury slowly.

There are welldeveloped alkalirich porphyry polymetallic deposits in the eastern Jinshajiang-Ailaoshan fault, western Yunnan. The alkalirich porphyries in the region have been discovered containing deep xenoliths.The studies on the geochronology for deep xenoliths, their host alkalic porphyries and mineralizing quartz viens show that the diagenetic age of the deep xenoliths are older than that of their host alkalic porphyry, and the alkalic porphyry’s diagenesis and associated mineralization are almost same in age. Combined with the studies of Pb-Si-Sr-Nd isotopic geochemistry， it is indicated that during the period of alkalic magma diagenisis the alkalic porphyry and its country rocks were suffered metasomatic alteration by the siliconrich mineralizing fluids which were contaminated with crustal rocks, meanwhile, the ore deposits were formed. The mineralizing process of the siliconrich fluids is essentially a continuation of the mantle fluid metasomatism during mineralizing processes in the crust. The mineral crystalline age (116.0 Ma) of the mantle fluid metasomatism and the age (51.2 Ma) of the siliconrich mineralizing fluid suggest that the mantle fluid had been active through the whole processe of the alkalic magma diagenism and associated mineralization. The mantle fluid resulted in the concentrations of Si, Al, Na, K, Siincompatible elements and ore elements, and the transition of Sr-Nd isotopic geochemistry from depleted mantle to enriched mantle,and the high temperature mineralization in the porphyry and the low temperature mineralization in the country rocks. The action of the mantle fluid is not only an internal constraint to wide spread Cenozoic mineralization but also an important geochemical background for the formation of large and superlarge deposits in the western Yunnan, China.

Dongsheng kaolin deposits lie in Jurassic Yan’an Formation in northeast of the Ordos Basin. Genesis of the kaolinites is disputed. Based on thin section observation, scanning electro microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction, major elements component (XRF) and REE analysis (ICP-MS), the characteristics of kaolin sandstone deposits in the studied area were determined. By contrasting with country rocks, the orebearing sandstone is white sandstone cemented by kaolinite with coarse and fine fraction in the same sample, and the original rock is red sandstone with clastic kaolinite and illite. The distribution of the ore beds are well correspondent to the oil seepage in northern basin. Field characteristics, petrography, bulk chemistry and natural gas migration and leakage suggest that the kaolin sandstone deposits experienced chemical reduction from the Neopaleozoic gas seepage in field south of the studied area where fluids reduced some Fe³⁺ of iron to Fe²⁺ within the red sandstone, and then the red beds were bleached. At the same time, acid fluid dissolved feldspar grains and transformed feldspar into kaolinite. Kaolin deposits experience later weathering and leaching and improve present scale.

For the safe and continuous operation，further development and construction of Jintan gas storage, based on the observations of core and thin sections, the analysis of well logging and seismic and testing data, the sedimentary facies characteristics, development characteristics, controlling factors and sedimentary pattern of salt-bearing sequence in the study area were studied. The results showed that the salt-bearing sequence rocks can be divided into five categories: salt rocks, sulphate rocks, carbonated rocks,  and silt rocks, six types of bedding structures, and two types of chemical genesis structures，and their sedimentation was in arid， hot and high salinized water. The salt-bearing sequence has the characteristics of box-shaped, bell-shaped, tooth-shaped, funnel-shaped and flat-shaped on logging curves, and there are three types of seismic reflection characteristics in the seismic profile of the salt-bearing sequences: parallel, irregular hummocky, and lobate isolation. The salt-bearing sequences in the study area are salt lake sediments, which can be divided into three sub-facies, including depocenter of gypsum-halite, transitional zone of carbonatite and edge zone of sand shale, and seven micro-facies are identified. The salt-bearing sequences have different sedimentary characteristics and distribution pattern in each sequence. The highstand system tract is characterized by the biggest salt thickness  in the middle stage of depositional progress. The paleogeomorphology controls the type and distribution of the sedimentary microfaces, the openness of water body controls the sedimentary sequence evolution and lithological combination, and the alternation of lake level controls the rock type and distribution law of the salt-bearing sequences. A salt-forming model of localization and superposition is established in the study area, and the low-lying area in the lake-basin center is favorable for further development and construction.

Quite a few gold deposits have been found recently in the southern Sonid Zuoqi, Inner Mongolia, such as the Bayan Bold, Bayan Har and others. The Bayan Bold gold deposit is located to the north of the Sonid Zuoqi ophiolitic melange belt, and the Bayan Har gold deposit is in the west of the belt, which is thought to be a part of the Sonid Zuoqi-Hegenshan suture zone between the southern margin of the Siberian plate and the northern margin of the North China plate. Based on a comprehensive study, the authors hold that there are two genetic types of gold deposits in Sonid Zuoqi. The Bayan Bold gold deposit, which is related to granite-porphyry formed in Early Paleozoic island arc environment, is of a mesothermal type. And the Bayan Har gold deposit, which is related to the granite-porphyry intruded in Sonid Zuoqi ophiolitic melange belt in the middle-late stage of the Late Paleozoic, is of an epithermal type.

Stratigraphical correlation is performed on 20 cross and drilling sections at the southeastern margin of the Songliao Basin and in the Xujiaweizi faulted depression. The Yingcheng Formation could be divided into five lithologic members and considering that member 1- member 4 have been in usage in the Xujiaweizi faulted depression, the author have termed the five lithologic members as: lower member (K₁y^low), member 1 (K₁y¹), member 2 (K₁y²), member 3 (K₁y³) and member 4 (K₁y⁴), in order not to cause more confusion. The lower member consists mostly of andesite basalt, andesite, andesite tuffaceous with conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone and mudstone as interlayers, with Yingcheng 343 drilling hole profile as its standard section. Rhyolite, perlite and rhyolite volcaniclastic rocks dominate in member 1. Member 2 is mostly of clastic rocks, including conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, mudstone with tuff as interlayers in the lower part and rhyolitic volcaniclastic rocks at the top of the member. Member 3 is composed of basalt, basaltic tuffaceous rocks at the lower and middle parts while at the top of the member of intebedding of the intermediate with acidic volcanic rocks. Xieweibagou-Guanmashan-Tuanjie crosssection can be selected as the standard section of member 1, member 2 and member 3. Member 4 consists mostly of conglomerate, samdwiched in sandstone and mudstone, with the Xushen 1 drilling hole profile as its standard section. Member 4 only exists in the Xujiaweizi faulted depression.

Through analyzing of the water chemistry data of groundwater in Jilin city in the years of 1988~2004, the distribution and variations of ammonia-nitrite-nitrates in groundwater with time showed to have very closed relationships with their origins. The content of ammonia-nitrite-nitrates in ground-water in the area of agricultural irrigation distributed uniformly in space, while varied with rainfalls, high in precipitation seasons low in dry seasons; industrial pollution makes the content of ammonia-nitrite-nitrates in groundwater vary apparently, while annual variations is not explicit; ammonia-nitrite-nitrate concentrations in groundwater increased with time. The reason could be the increase of pollution sources from soil and surface water and infiltration. Different pollution sources, hydrogeological conditions, soil and water loss, high content of Fe²⁺ in groundwater have some influences on the transportation and spatial distribution of ammonia-nitrite-nitrates.

Based on comprehensive analysis of the biomarkers such as isoprenoid paraffin, steranes, terpenoid and carbon isotope composition of oil samples from the Kongdian Formation in the southern slope of the Dongying sag, the typical geochemical characteristics of oils of the Kongdian Formation are recognized. The oils from the Kongdian Formation are featured by steranes composed mainly of regular steranes with low isomerasation, by C₂₉ regular steranes enrichment and high content of tricyclic terpenoid, by ∑tricyclic terpenoid /∑terpenoid ratios ranging from 0.15 to 0.53 and by δ¹³Ｃ of less than -29‰. Because no genetic links to the three known types of source rocks have been found for the oils from the Kongdian Formation, there must be a set of undiscovered source rocks in the studying area. Judged from the typical biomarkers of the oils, it is concluded that the undiscovered source rocks should be in the deep zone of the Eogene rocks and contain high content of humus and low content of clay.

The deep water area of southeast Hainan basin has become one of the most important natural gas exploration areas in the northern continental shelf of the South China Sea. A total of 108 samples were collected from the depth of 3 261.25-5 079.00 m in  Well WN-A for spores and pollen analyses in order to determine the stratigraphic age and reconstruct the paleoclimate conditions. The results show that the fossils are rich in species and distributed continuously, and can be divided into four sporopollen zones including Pinuspollenites-Polypodiaceoisporites-Juglanspollenites-Quercoidites E -Quercoidites D, Pinuspollenites-Juglanspollenites-Polypodiaceoisporites-Dicolpopollis kockelii, Quercoidites E-Polypodiaceoisporites-Pinuspollenites-Polypodiisporites, and Pinuspollenites-Polypodiaceoisporites-Randiapollis reticulatus-Quercoidites E from the bottom to the top of  WN-A well. The sporopollen at 4 425.00-5 079.00 m is dominated by Pinuspollenites, Juglanspollenites and pollen from deciduous Quercus, indicating tropic-subtropical cool conditions, and developing evergreen broadleaved, deciduous broadleaved, and coniferous mixed forest; however, the sporopollen at 3 261.25-4 425.00 m, is dominated by pollen from evergreen Quercus, suggesting tropic-subtropical warm climate conditions，and developing evergreen broadleaved and deciduous broadleaved mixed forest.  This  big climate change from relatively cool to relatively warm is comparable  to the global climate change of Oligocene to Miocene. The depth of recorded climate change, i.e. 4 425.00 m should be the boundary between Oligocene and Miocene.  

The dynamic tri-axial instrument of DTC-306 made in Japan is used to make cyclic triaxial test of silty clay under dynamical loading by load control. On the basis of various parameters and data offered from the test, utilizing common finite element procedure ABAQUS to set up the three-dimensional finite element model of the dynamic tri-axial sample, the dynamical deformation behavior of silty clay under cyclic load is simulated.Through a lot of contrast analysis to the dynamic tri-axial test relation data, the reliability of the model is validated. Then based on the finished three-dimensional finite element model, the relationship between dynamic deformation and the influence factors is researched, and the results are as follows: the first important influential factors of soil plastic deformation are initial elastic modulus, damping factor and type of cyclic load，then the magnitude of cyclic load, surrounding stress, frequency and the number of cyclic times，and the minimum influential factor is type of load wave. The numerical simulation method of finite element can substitute the dynamic tri-axial test to a certain extent.

In order to understand the pressure sensitivity of porosity of volcanic rocks with different lithology,the representative rock samples of andesite, breccia tuff and tuff in Changling fault depression were collected to measure porosity by gas method under the overburden pressures of 3.4, 8.3, 13.1, 17.9, 22.8, 27.6, 32.4 and 37.2 MPa respectively. The results show that with the increase of pressure, the porosity of the three lithological types of  samples decreases in different ranges, and the decreasing level is tuff, breccia tuff and andesite from large to small，whichindicates that the pore stress sensitivity of tuff is the strongest, breccia tuff is in the middle, and andesite is the weakest. The analyses of whole rock X-ray diffraction, rock slice identification under polarizing microscope, high-pressure mercury porosimeter experiment and nuclear magnetic resonance experiment based on CPMG pulse sequence show that rock composition, particle sorting and pore type are the key factors affecting pore pressure sensitivity; The larger the volume fraction of plastic minerals, the smaller the particles and the smaller the pore size, the stronger the pressure sensitivity of the corresponding porosity.

Closely hydraulic connection and frequent conversion relationship exist between river and groundwater. In recent decades, due to natural causes and human beings activity, the relationship drives to complexity, water cycle is varied, and series of negative effect of ecological environment are induced, which make the water resource and ecological problems sharp. The relationship and its evolution are one of the most important problems of the interaction between river and groundwater, and are parts of the basic research contents of maintaining mechanics of river and reproducible capability of groundwater. Based on types division about conversion relationship between river and groundwater, according to indoor test and field experiment data, incorporating geological and hydrogeological condition, the authors analyse the seepage characteristic of each type and the factors which affect the evolution of the relationship. On the basis of current study situation, the authors analyse the shortage existing in current field and related scientific problems needed to be resolved which provide scientific basis for quantitative simulation and evaluation of the evolutional relationship between river and groundwater.

Deep-water turbidite fans are widely developed in the upper part of the fourth member of Shahejie Formation at Yong-55 block in the north steep slope of Dongying sag.They are among the best reservoirs in the area.The characteristics of sedimentary sequence are studied on the conglomerate body in Yong-55 block with drilling core discription，thin-section and grain size analysis，seismogram and logging. It is showed that the conglomerate body had low compositional maturity and textural maturity. Results of grain size analysis showed that graded suspending was the main transportation way of the clasts. Most of the sedimentary structures were generated by gravity flow. Bouma sequence is recognized from the core observing. The turbidite fan’s depositional models are summarized. According to the characteristics of sandstone and conglomerate bodies，the turbidite fan can be subdived into three subfacies，including inner fan，middle fan and outer fan.The sandy conglomerate bodies of brained channel in middle fan are the good reservoirs. Dark mudstone of lake facies containes hybrocarbon source rocks and good cover rock. It was proved that the deep-water turbidite fan deposits have good potentials for oil and gas accumulation.

The whole coring Ying-3 D1 well was drilled in the standard section for investigating of the upper two members of Yingcheng Formation. The overall thickness of the third member is 205.70 m and the drilled thickness of the second member is 48.75 m (unpenetrated). There are mainly five types of volcanic rocks including lava，pyroclastic lava，pyroclastic rock，sedimentary pyroclastic rock and sedimentary rock. Volcano eruptions in this well have been divided into three cycles and ten periods. The reservoir spaces have been divided into four types and eleven subclasses. Further more, there are four combination patterns of reservoir spaces. The most favorable is pores directly connect to the fissures. Four types of pore distribution and seven types of pore structures have been recognized with core observation, microscope image analysis and mercury intrusion method. The single-bias with coarse-kurtosis and double kurtosis type have the best pore distribution. The best pore structure is of the low displacement pressure-coarse pore throat.

A total of 59 topsoil samples and 2 profile samples were collected in Panzhihua mining area, geochemical distribution, mobility and potential ecological risk of vanadium were analyzed to show that: (1) the average content of vanadium in topsoil was 2.79 times higher than China soil background value, most vicinities around mining area was polluted; (2) the concentration of vanadium was reduced along with the depth increasing in soil profile, which indicated that the source of vanadium in topsoil was little influenced by parental rocks; (3) the anthropogenic contamination of vanadium in topsoil was light and moderate through the analysis of enrichment factor; (4) vanadium pollution was caused by the dry deposition of dusts from mining activities; （5） the chemical speciation of vanadium were: insoluble residue > oxidizable =reducible > soluble component, while the ecological risk was potential because of vanadium bioavailability was high.

Oil shale resources are abundant in the world. The inplace shale oil resources, accounted from the world proven oil shale reserves, are much larger than the world crude oil proven reserves. US has the most abundant oil shale reserves in the world, the followings are: Russia, Zaire, Brazil, Canada, Jordan, Australia and China. The oil shale retorting for producing shale oil started since the first half of the nineteenth century in Western European countries. First retorting built in France, then England, Germany, Spain, etc. Hereafter, due to the development of cheaper crude oil, the shale oil production decreased. However, shale oil industry became active again due to the world oil crisis. During the history of more than one hundred years, oil shale industry waved several times. Today, China, Estonia and Brazil have their shale oil commercial production. Estonia, Germany, China and Israel have the oil shale combustion enterprises for producing steam and power. Since the recent higher world crude oil price, the shale oil production in many countries becomes profitable. China, Estonia and some other countries are planning to enlarge the shale oil production; Mongolia, Jordan, etc., are considering to build up shale oil plant; US intended to utilize his plentiful oil shale resources.

Based on experimental data on phreatic evaporation from the bare soil at the Wudaogou hydrology test station in Anhui Province, the representations of different empirical formulas have been compared for calculations of groundwater evaporation of fluvo-aquic soil and lime concretion black soil with the shallow groundwater table. The evaporation capacity calculated by Penman-Monteith formula is suggested to replace the water surface evaporation observed for an improved regression. It shows that A-Verianov formula, the hyperbola type formula, the exponential type formula and the power type formula are better fitting the phreatic evaporation of fluvo-aquic soil, while A-Verianov formula, the hyperbola type formula, the exponential type formula and the inverse-logistic formula are better fitting the phreatic evaporation of lime concretion black soil. The Tsinghua formula is not suitable for the calculation of the phreatic evaporation in the Huaibei plain. The coefficients of each empirical formula are also listed.

The Wufeng-Wuxingshan gold (silver) deposit in Yanbian area, Jilin Province is a large epithermal gold deposit of low-sulphidation type. The deposit is composed mainly of quartz-calcite veins, quartz veins and veinlet-dissemination sulfide breccias in altered rocks. The mineralization can be divided into four metallogenic stages: pyrite-bearing bulk quartz，chalcedony quartz vein， calcite-quartz vein and calcite-quartz, with the second and third stages being the main ones. The study of the fluid inclusions from the deposit reveals that:(1) most of them are two-phase isolated primary inclusions and chained secondary inclusions along fractures in minerals；(2)homogeneous temperature is mostly 180-280 ℃；(3)the salinity is 4.8 to 7.02 NaCl% and the density is 0.75-0.92 g/cm³；(4)the depth of the mineralization is at 0.15-0.32 km；(5)Laser Raman Spectroscopy analysis of the fluid inclusions reveals their predominant H₂O constitute. These features of the fluid inclusions, combined with hydrogen and oxygen isotope studies (δD is －66‰-－98‰，averaged at －87‰；δ¹⁸O is 3.18‰-－7.2‰ and averaged at －5.1‰), suggest that the ore-forming fluids of the deposit came from the circulating atmospheric waters heated by the deep thermal flow. Under tensile tectonic regime, these hydrothermal fluids migrated through fault zones. Quartz-calcite veins and quartz veins were formed at the upper portion of the Wufeng deposit by filling while the veinlet-dissemination sulfides and breccias were formed at the lower portion of the deposit by fluid boiling. This opinion is different from the previous one that suggested the deposit was formed solely by fluid boiling.

The Mesozoic volcanic rocks are the most important gas reservoir in the northern Songliao Basin. 5 lithofacies and 15 subfacies have been recognized in the volcanics. The best reservoirs were generally found in three of the fifteen subfacies including pyroclastic bearing lava flow（Ⅱ₃）, upper effusive（Ⅲ₃） and inner extrusive（Ⅳ₁）subfacies. The corresponding logging characteristics are as follows: the Ⅱ₃ is characterized by high value of Gama Ray (GR) with low amplitude dentiform outline, and by mediahigh value of Dual Lateral Logging of Resistivity (DLL) with low frequency and low amplitude dentiform outline; the Ⅲ₃ is high in GR with low amplitude dentiform shape, DLL value of the Ⅲ₃ is mediamedia high and with shapes of finger or hill figure; the Ⅳ₁ shows high value of GR with media amplitude dentiform shape, its DLL is media highhigh value with media amplitude dentiform shape. Besides, undergroundexplosive breccia facies（Ⅰ₃）and outer extrusive facies（Ⅳ₃）can also be good reservoirs. Gas can cause DLL of the reservoir volcanics increasing markedly but water does the contrary. The DLL of dry volcanic rocks indicates facies and rock type dependent, in the sequence of volcanogenitic sedimentary facies＜extrusive facies＜explosive facies＜volcanic vent facies＜effusive facies; tuff＜lava.

Sulfur plays an important role in the formation of magmatic sulfide deposits. Based on the drill core data of the Voisey’s Bay nickel-copper sulfide deposit in Labrador, Canada, the correlation between nickel and copper mass fraction and sulfur mass fraction was analyzed by support vector machine (support vector machine, SVM) and kernel function based on radial basis function (radial basis function, RBF), and the prediction model of sulfur was established based on     sulfur mass fraction. In the prediction model, nickel and copper mass fractions are used as independent variables, sulfur mass fraction is used as the dependent variable, the predicted value of sulfur mass fraction is calculated by SVM to fit the original value. According to the calculation results of the fitting curve, the sulfur evolution can be divided into three stages: In the sulfur saturation stage, the mass fraction of sulfur element is 3.12×10-6-20.80×10-6, the variance is less than 1.44×10-7, the fractal dimension is 0.35, λ>0, and the stage is chaotic; In the mineralization stage, the mass fraction of sulfur element is 6.60×10-7-17.80×10-7, the variance is less than 1.37×10-9, the fractal dimension is 0.60, λ>0, and the stage is chaotic; In the sulfur loss stage, the sulfur mass fraction is 2.00×10-8-38.0.×10-8, the variance is less than 1.56×10-10, the fractal dimension is 0.94, λ=0, and the stage is stable. The results show that the mass fraction of nickel, copper and sulfur in the immiscible sulfur-saturated magma is not linearly or simply nonlinearly correlated, but staged nonlinearly.

The fate and transport of Strontium are controlled by groundwater agent in geological environment. Since Sr enrichment is of hydro-geochemical significance and also closely related to human and eco-environmental health, the distribution features and enrichment mechanism deserve studying. Based on physical setting of the study area,the groundwater was sampled and Sr concentration in groundwater was analyzed to characterize the Sr enrichment extent,the spatial distribution features in the shallow/deep groundwater at different locations and the relationship among several water bodies. Based upon the hydro-geochemical environmental condition, Rfactor analysis method was coupled with soil sample analysis to determine the characteristics of the specific hydro-geochemical environment and fate/transport of Sr.The results indicate that the local hydro-geochemical environment in the study area was consistent with the regional arid-semiarid area in the Songnen Low Plain, and notable Sr enrichment in groundwater was revealed with a high level of 1.17 mg/L. In addition, Sr enrichment was controlled by both water-rock interaction and non-point pollution.

The Erdaokan Ag-Pb-Zn deposit is a large Triassic Ag-Pb-Zn deposit newly discovered in the Duobaoshan metallogenic belt, Heilongjiang Province. Till now, little research has been conducted on  its formation mechanism, and its genesis is not clear yet. We selected the hydrothermal rhodochrosite as the research object, and systematically studied its mineralogical properties and geochemical characteristics by using optical microscope and LA-ICP-MS dating. The results show that the rhodochrosite is characterized by strong negative Eu anomaly and positive Ce anomaly, enrichment of light rare earth elements, and depletion of heavy rare Earth elements. In addition, the fractionation degree of light rare Earth elements  is significantly higher than that of the heavy rare earth elements, showing an overall right REE  distribution curve. On this basis，it is considered that the rhodochrosite in the Erdaokan Ag-Pb-Zn deposit was formed in a reducing environment, and the ore-forming materials  came from mixed sources. The deep ore-forming materials from the mantle, the carbonaceous shale and limestone near the ore all have important contributions to the formation of rhodochrosite.

The formation of the fracture is a complex process, so it must through many data to comprehensively analysis and determine genetic mechanism and terms of the fracture. First, in order to research the fracture of western Mahuangshan block in Ordos basin, the field investigations aiming at the fracture of analogous outcrop zone were done，the results show that the fracture systems are unstable, and the fractures are controlled by the structural deformation intensity and shape, structural deformation is the stronger the density of crack growth is larger. According to the core’s observation and the description of 23 wells, it shows the fractures are mainly vertical fractures and large angle-extensional fractures. From the segmentation, limitation and combination relationship, it indicates that the fractures formation have two stages. At last, based on the characteristics, genetic mechanism and forming stages of the fractures, experiments of acoustic emission experiment of rocks and carbon and oxygen isotope analyses of fracture fillings, and the background analysis of structural evolution in this study area indicated that the fractures are divided into two stages which are corresponding to the second and the third episodes of Yanshanian Movements, respectively.

The large area nitrate pollution in unconfined water is very serious in Guanzhong basin,and “three nitrogen”  is main contaminant, the concept of groundwater special vulnerability and its influence factors such as groundwater intrinsic factor, artificial factor, and specific factor about contaminant were analyzed. From these factors, 13 parameters were chosen to assess groundwater special vulnerability. The simulating results of “three nitrogen” transport and transformation were coupled to the special vulnerability evaluation model so that the process models were cupled with evaluation model, together with GIS technology, the special vulnerability of groundwater was evaluated. It is shown that the areas in which groundwater is polluted by “three nitrogen” easily are the alluvial plain which located at middle and lower Weihe River, low loess tableland, and the loess tableland that the thickness is less than 20 m near Xi’an at the south bank of Weihe River. The assessment results are accorded with the actual groundwater nitrogen pollution distribution in the year 2001, the concentration of nitrate in groundwater in these areas have exceed criterion in a large region.

In order to understand deposit characteristics, grade quality and exploration prospects of the Chang 7 oil shale mineral deposit in Yanchang Formation and provide a reference for further investigating oil shale in the Hejiafang area, Shannxi Province, the author has studied metallogentic background of the Triassic oil shale in the Hejiafang area and analyzed the data of the oil shale samples. The author has also compared the variations of parameters of oil shale between surface and underground and concluded that the oil shale is high in thickness, concentrated and stable in distribution, and high in oil production rate, and therefore is considered as medium-grade sulfer-rich oil shale. The oil shale on the surface show opening foliation, abundant pore volume and low density because of less overburden pressure. The utilization values of oil shale are reflected by their oil and gas contents, and therefore comprehensive utilization of gas must be considered during the mining of oil shale. The studied area is abundant with Triassic oil shale and shows good exploration potential.

Based on radiative transfer equation and geometric spatial model, the mechanism of the microwave radiation transfer in the inhomogeneous lunar regolith is simulated. The results indicate that low frequencies are good for the simulation on passive microwave radiative transfer in the lunar regolith. The differences of the microwave radiation brightness temperature of lunar regolith in low frequency is much bigger, and the corresponding detectable thickness is much deeper than those in high frequency for exanvples in 3 GHz, the maximum detectable thickness is up to 12.4 m. The maximum detectable thickness of lunar regolith declines drastically with the increasing of the frequency. And the detectable lunar regolith thickness in high frequency is falling into the detectable range of that in low frequency. Based on the results, a look-up table between lunar regolith thickness and brightness temperature is established. The lunar regolith thickness can be obtained from the observed single-channel brightness temperature using the look-up table.

Nine kinds of materials, including granular activated carbon (GAC), peat, shale-haydite, mudrock ceramicite with size of 1 mm and 3 mm, kaolin clay, polyvinyl alcohol, fine sand and white sand were comparied for PRB reactive media testing. The results of the experiment showed that the reduction of TPH in groundwater by peat media was optimal. The results of dynamic adsorption experiment showed that it reached adsorption equilibrium after 1 h. The removal effect of TPH was improved by heat-treatment of peat. The removal effect was optimal under the condition of 130 ℃ and 2 h.The particle classification test results showed that the removal effect was significant when the particle size was less than 2 mm. On the basis of above, microstructure of peat was observed and physicochemical property of peat was analized. It had a good application prospects for PRB with the peat as the reactive media in the remedy area of petroleum contaminated groundwater.

The diagenesis of volcanic rocks in Yingcheng Formation was classified as the early diagenesis and late diagenesis based on the observation of outcrop, well core, thin section and the analysis with scanning electric microscope. The early diagenesis includes corrosion, vaporization of volatile matter, isovolumetric condensing crystallization, pene-contemporaneous hydrothermal precipitation and crystallization, fusion, condensing constriction, differentiation condensing crystallization and the early impaction-cementation. The late diagenesis includes filling, devitrification, metasomatism, mechanical impaction and pressure solution, cementation and dissolution. The early diagenesis mainly influences the development of primary pore and the late diagenesis mainly influences the development of secondary pores. The pene-contemporaneous hydrothermal precipitation and crystallization, the early impaction-cementation, the filling, the mechanical impaction and pressure solution and cementation will harm the porosity and permeability of volcanic reservoir. The porosity and permeability will be improved after the vaporization of volatile matter, the isovolumetric condensing crystallization, the condensing constriction and dissolution.

The authors mainly focus on the description of various spaces in the volcanic reservoir and their response to some geophysical detection methods. Eleven types of volcanic rocks are found to be effective gas reservoirs in the Yingcheng Formation of the Songliao Basin. Association of different pores and fractures forms the reservoirs’ space in different rocks. The fracture density and their opening status controll the permeability and throughput of volcanic reservoirs and change along with the variation in lithology and lightfaces. These fractures are of multi-evolution stages. Micro-resistivity scan logging (MRSL) can be used to identify the length and density of fractures in volcanic reservoirs. The apparent porosity is calculated by using the results of MRSL. Fracture detection at pre-stack helps to identify the density and direction of fractures semi-quantitatively. These results are proven to be helpful in making well development arrangement and underground artificial fracturing.

The geological setting，deposit features，metallogenetic fluid and the genesis of the gold deposit hosted in the Wuduoshan granite were systematically discussed. The faults controlled the mineralization mainly and connected the deep with the surface by the upward migration of the deepderived auriferous metallogenetic fluids via the fractured zones and by their later precipitation. The host granite and the gold deposit are not directly, but are indirectly associated. This cognition is of great significance in searching the same type of gold deposits.

Four types of primary fluid inclusions developed in quartz that intergrowth with goldbearing pyrite in the Linglong gold deposit, namely, Ⅰ aqueous two-phase; Ⅱ carbon dioxide-bearing three-phase; Ⅲ carbon dioxide and Ⅳ only liquid aqueous phase, respectively. The laser Roman spectroscopic analysis for composition and the microthermometric study of fluid inclusions indicate that: ①type Ⅰa fluid inclusions, in which the vapor volumes occupy 10%-15%, their homogenization temperature is 162.7-235.6℃, salinity is 4.65%-7.59% NaCl, the average composition of vapor phase is 96.48 mol% H₂O and 2.4 mol% CO₂; ② type Ⅰb fluid inclusions, in which the vapor volumes occupy 30%-45% , their homogenization temperature is 266.9-349.2℃, salinity is 10.8%-13.4% NaCl, the average composition of vapor phase is 69.75 mol% H₂O and 24.74 mol% CO₂; ③ type Ⅱ fluid inclusions, with a wide range of 20%-90% for the carbon dioxide volumes in fluid inclusions, their homogenization temperature is 193.5-321.6℃, salinity is 2.9%-5.3% NaCl, the average composition of the carbon dioxide phase is 27.72 mol% H₂O and 70.60 mol% CO₂. Comprehensive study of compositional and microthermometric analysis of fluid inclusions leads to the conclusion that fluid mixing between meteoric water-derived and mantle-derived hydrothermal solutions existed in the metallogenetic process of Linglong gold deposit. The former are mixed with CO₂-rich fluids separated from mantle-derived solutions and then captured at different ratios formed type Ⅱ fluid inclusions; whereas mixed with CO₂-unsaturated fluids which was the remnants of mantle-derived solutions after CO₂ separation, could be captured to form type Ⅰb fluid inclusions. The changes in physico-chemical conditions of ore-forming solutions resulted from two kinds of fluid mixing have great significances to gold mineralization.

A comparative analysis of paleolatitudes and latitudinal displacements was undertaken for the South China, Cimmerian continent (including Baoshan, Shan-Thai and Qiangtang blocks), the North China and Siberian blocks by using available paleomagnetic data to determine the collisional and amalgamation history of these blocks. The results show that (1)the Baoshan block collided with the South China block in the Late Permian and continued to drift rapidly northwards, together with the South China and Shan-Thai blocks, until the Late Triassic; (2)the paleo-Asian ocean separating North China and Siberian blocks closed in the end-Permian, and North China block collided with Siberian block in the end-Permian（ca. 250 Ma）; (3)the age correlations between the end-Permian mass extinctions, Siberian traps and Emeishan traps large igneous province and the final closure time of paleo-oceans show that the mass extinctions are closely related to the evolution of these ancient oceans, suggesting that the collision of continents are the main tectonic cause of endPermian mass extinctions.

The authors study on the wetland’s change of Sanjiang Plain in the past 20 years, with the TM, ETM and CBERS data, analyzing and quantifying the present distribution and spatial-temporal dynamic variety by RS and GIS technology. The results show that the wetland is now mainly distributed in the counties of Tongjiang, Fuyuan, Fujin, Hulin and etc., the varieties of lake and river are almost stable. During the study period, the mire area reduced 5 356.69 km² greatly and the constructed wetland increased 11 597.68 km². The results also indicate that the natural wetland landscape’s fragmentation is enhanced and the constructed wetland is connecting together gradually affected by human activity.

Quartz porphyry veins and granite porphyry veins are developed in the Dubi area of Zhengxiangbai Banner, Inner Mongolia, and are structurally located in the Bainaimiao island arc belt on the northern margin of the North China craton. Through LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating, the diagenetic ages of the quartz porphyry and granite porphyry are (127.8±2.1) and (128.8±0.7) Ma, respectively, and both are products of the Early Cretaceous magmatism. Petro-geochemically, the quartz porphyry is rich in silica (w(SiO₂) 76.06%-77.20%) and potassium (w(K₂O) 4.66%-6.48%), high TFeO/MgO ratio (10.42-12.55), higher 10000Ga/Al ratio (2.71-3.27), low w(CaO)(0.58%-0.70%). w(Al₂O₃) is 11.63%-12.67%, and the aluminum saturation index(A/CNK) is 1.08-1.15. The granite porphyry is rich in silica (w(SiO₂) 70.67%-71.88%) and potassium (w(K₂O) 5.83%-6.45%), high TFeO/MgO ratio (10.91-12.10), higher 10000Ga/Al ratio (2.64-3.03), and low w(CaO) (0.33%-0.44%). w(Al₂O₃) is 14.47%-15.14%, and the aluminum saturation index is 1.14-1.16. Their REE distribution curves show “seagull” right-leaning  pattern with obvious negative Eu anomalies. They are relatively rich in Rb, Th, K, Zr, Hf etc., and depleted in Sr, Ba, Ti, P, etc., indicating the characteristics of aluminous A-type granite. The zircon εHf(t) values of quartz porphyry and granite porphyry are －1.56-1.85 and －0.87-2.14, respectively, and the two-stage model ages(TDM2) are 1 281-1 067 Ma and 1 240-1 046 Ma, respectively, indicating that the two rocks are the products of  mixed materials from the crust and mantle. Combined with the regional tectonic evolution, it is considered that the quartz porphyry and granite porphyry were formed in the intraplate extensional environment during the thinning of the Early Cretaceous lithosphere on the northern margin of the North China craton.

Located in eastern Gejiu area, the Gejiu tin ore deposit is a superlarge polymetallic deposit dominated by tin and copper mineralization and featured by characteristics of the volcanosedimentary ore deposits. Reworked by granites of the Yanshanian epoch, the basalts of the Gejiu Formation underwent intense metamorphism. The authors deal with the geological and geochemical features of the basalt and related mineralization in the area. The results of the research are: The contents of Sn, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag and Au in the Indosinian basalt in the area are higher than those in average basalt of the world;The sulfur isotopes of sulfides in the deposits are between -1.5‰ and 4.0‰, similar to those of the mantle; Model ages of lead isotopes of the ores can be divided into two groups: The first group ranges from 180 Ma to 240 Ma, which represents basic volcanosedimentary mineralization of the Indosinian epoch, while the second group ranges from 80 Ma to 140 Ma representing the superimposed mineralization of the Yanshanian granite. It’s believed that the Indosinian basalt provided the oreforming materials for the ore deposit and was directly related to the mineralization in the area.

The Chahayan pluton is located in the Eerguna block in the eastern Daxing’anling Mountains, and mainly consists of porphyritic biotitic syenogranite. The zircon grains separated from the syenogranite sample in the Chahayan pluton show generally euhedral form with fine oscillatory zoning on their CL images, and high Th/U ratios (0.32-1.12), which exhibit the features of magmatic zircons. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating reveals that the Chahayan pluton emplaced at (236±1) Ma, belonging to the products of middle Triassic magmatism. Chahayan pluton displays massive structure without obvious deformation, and is characterized by enriched LILEs such as LREEs, Rb and K with negative Nb, Ta, P and Ti anomalies in geochemistry, which is similar to that of post-orogenic I-type granotoids, indicating the pluton probably formed in an extensional tectonic environment. Combined with previous studies in regional tectonics, the petrogenesis of Chahayan pluton is related to the lithosphere extension after the collision orogenic processes between the North China craton (NCC) and the Siberia plate. The Chahayan pluton has ε_Hf(t) values ranging from -3.94 to 2.19 with model ages from 1.1 to 1.5 Ga close to those of Early Paleozoic and Mesozoic granotoids in this region, indicating that the crustal accretion event of Eerguna block occurred mainly in Middle-and Neo-Proterozoic period.

As an important directions of geoscience, high pressure and high temperature experimental research can understand the physical and chemical properties of the materials, the internal structure, and dynamics of the Earth by simulating the temperature and pressure environment in the deep of the Earth. Amphibole is a double chain silicate mineral, which is an important component of mantle lithosphere and widely distributed in oceanic crust, subduction plates, metamorphic rocks, and igneous rocks. As one of the most important hydrous minerals in subduction zones, wide distribution of amphibole  and its dehydration under high temperature and high pressure play an important role in water content and water migration on the occurrence of earthquakes, high conductivity anomalies, seismic anomalies, and magmatic activities in subduction zones. In the past 100 years, scholars have conducted a lot of researchs on the physical and chemical properties of amphibole at high temperature and pressure. The chemical composition and structure of amphibole are very complicated, which results in significant differences in the physical and chemical properties of different amphiboles, including the difference of element migration under the dehydration and dehydrogenation, the influence of alkaline elements (K+Na) and H2O content on thermal stability during the formation and decomposition, high-pressure structural phase transitions in different space groups, conductivity anomalies in different crystallization directions, and the wave velocity anomalies in different crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO). Previous studies have provided a lot of knowledge on the physical and chemical properties of amphibole and its role in subduction zones, however, some issues such as the high-pressure dehydration kinetics , thermophysical properties, and deformation mechanism of amphibole are still unclear and deserve further study.

The key problem is analytical problem in accomplishing international geochemical mapping project. Rather big difference exists between China and Europe in global geochemical mapping. The main differences are that uni-medium sampling in flood plain method is used in China while, in Europe, samples are taken from multi-media. Besides, large equipments are used to analyze 76 elements with the assistance of multiple analytical systems in China while only a few large instruments are used in Europe. Multi-media sampling used in Europe has obtained more information of elemental distribution in more natural materials, but it provided less element information because some key elements are not determined, which include Ag, Au, Ir, Os, Pd, Pt, Rh, Ru, F, Cl, Br, I, Ge, In, Se, Te, K, N, S, B, La, Bi, and Sc etc. These differences may restrict the compilation of the whole global geochemical atlas.

Both lower Cretaceous Yingcheng Formation and upper Jurassic Huoshiling Formation are partially composed of volcanic rocks in southern Songliao Basin. In Dongling area, most volcanic rocks of Yingcheng Formation are acidic and 73% of them belong to explosive facies while most volcanic rocks of Huoshiling Formation are basic. The volcanic rocks in Huoshiling Formation were divided into upper and lower series. 67% volcanic rocks of upper series are explosive facies and 59% volcanic rocks of lower series are explosive facies. Lenticular and mound shape, mid-strong or weak amplitude, low frequency, chaotic-bad continuity and diachronous phenomenon are the characteristics of seismic reflection for acidic rocks. The top boundary of acidic rocks shows a strong reflection. Eyeball and mound shape, weak reflection, worm like, low frequency, chaotic and bad continuity are characteristics of seismic reflection of basic rocks. Volcanic rocks were recognised by using inversion of simulated AC curve. The results showed that fault F₁ controlled the thickness of volcanic rocks and thicker in the west and thinner in the east. The thickest was around well SN109. Cones of volcanic edifices were recognised by using trend surface of structure and 3D slice methods. Two conedeveloped areas have been found in Huoshiling Formation. The cones distributed in 56 km² with structural amplitude of 547 m. Volcanic vent facies and extrusive facies were recognised with dip angle method based on the geophysical model of volcanic edifices. Explosive facies and effusive facies were recognised with waveform classification method. Integration of the dip angle method and waveform classification method recognises volcanic facies. The upper subfacies of effusive facies and volcanic vent facies well developed in the middle area of Huoshiling Formation. The cone-developed area is the first-rank target of volcanic prospect because of the thickest volcanic reservoirs and perfect permeability and porosity.

Two Landsat TM images(obtained in 2000 and 2006 respectively) were interpreted as basic information sources. The basic data of coastal wetland were obtained with the application of remote sensing and GIS-technique. The index reflecting the special structure and the heterogeneity of landscape pattern were selected by the ecological principle of landscape pattern. Those indexes were used to analysis the dynamic change of wetlands in Dalian. The result showed that the average fractal dimension index, fragment index and predominance index increased, but landscape diversity index decreased; and the area of wetlands in Dalian decreased 97.62 km² in the past six years. The change of wetland landscape pattern was a result of the expanding of industrial zone and development of the large-scale feeding. Human activity was the main driving force for the landscape change.

Aimed at the land-subsidence cased by groundwater exploitation in Quaternary loose sediments, based on Biot’s consolidation theory, took the shallow groundwater exploitation in Wujiang as the case study, a three dimensional full coupling numerical model between the hydraulic action of the seepage field and the stress field was established, in which Duncan-Chang non-linear model and the dynamic models of permeability were introduced with considering the non-linear characteristics and the dynamic variation of hydraulic conductivity of soils with stress. Based on identification and verification of the model, with the constraint condition that the groundwater level would not be lower than half of the roof depth of the first confined aquifer and the land-subsidence wound not exceed 50 mm, the allowable exploitable quantity of groundwater in every town was predicted, the exploitable quantity of groundwater is 1 203.59×10⁴m³/a in the whole area.

The authors made a detailed analysis of the diagenesis types，physical property evolution and its influencing factors  of Chang 6 reservoir of the Chuankou oilfield. According to petrography, thin section analysis and scanning electrical microscopy analysis, the diagenesis mainly includes compaction-pressolution, cementation, metasomatic alteration and denudation, and its diagenetic stage is on phase A of the late diagenetic stage. Among these, compaction and chemical bond are the main factors to cause the sandstone porosity reduction and the accumulation capability degradation. The compaction is mainly demonstrated as the plastic deformation of soft debris, and the evolution from the point contact of granular particles to concave-convex contact of granular particles. The cementation is mainly displayed as aedelforsite cementation, chlorite cementation, hydrosyalite cementation, carbonate cementation, quartz secondary enlargement and feldspar secondary enlargement. The denudation, especially the aedelforsite corrosion, enhances the sandstone accumulation capability. The main factors that influence the reservoir physical property are sedimentation and diagenesis.

The large-scale gold mineralization in Jiaodong Peninsula occurred in 125-110 Ma. Coincided with the mineralization period, the Early Cretaceous the Dazeshan and Tianzhushan plutons  are distributed in the eastern margin of the North China craton. Based on the studies of the petrography, geochemistry, zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating, and Lu-Hf isotopic constitution, in this paper, the petrologic classification, forming age, magmatic source, petrogenesis and tectonic dynamic background are discussed. The Dazeshan and Tianzhushan plutons are characterized by w(Na₂O) >3.68, 1.0δEu=0.49-0.64). They are a set of weakly peraluminous high potassium calc-alkaline rocks, showing the characteristics of I-type granites. The LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb ages of the Dazeshan and Tianzhushan plutons are (120±1) and (112±2) Ma, respectively. They are the late Early Cretaceous magmatic rocks of the Mesozoic in Jiaodong, and the products of different evolution stages of the same period. Their zircon εHf(t) values are －15.3-－10.7 and －21.8-－14.1, respectively, and the two-stage Hf model ages (TDM2) vary in the range of 2.15-1.86 Ga and 2.55-2.07 Ga, respectively. According to their petrology, geochemistry and Lu-Hf isotopic constitution, combined with the results of previous studies, the authors believe that the Dazeshan and Tianzhushan granites are the products of lithospheric thinning and intracontinental extension, and the diagenetic materials are mainly derived from the partial melting of the ancient crustal materials with the addition of some mantle materials. In the early stage, the Dazeshan pluton was formed at the same time as a large number of dark dykes in the Jiaodong area, and more mantle materials were added, which led to the decrease of the two-stage Hf model ages of the Dazeshan pluton.

Qijia-Gulong depression is master source area of oil and gas in Songliao Basin, a part of oil and gas from the source is held up in the depression, the other migrates to west clinoform zone. In order to calculate oil and gas reserves and its distribution in the half western depression and the west clinoform zone, on the basis of petroleum geological feature, gray GM(1,1) model about distance array is established. The assemble reserves of oil and gas and its distribution scale in every zone is calculated with this model, and according to this, after calculating discharge hydrocarbons quantity by genetic method, the reserve distribution in each zone on the west of centerline is calculated on different accumulative coefficient. According to conditions of hydrocarbons migration and gathering and preserving in Qijia-Gulong depression and west slope zone, combining exploration experience to Songliao Basin, selecting suitable accumulative coefficient, the final reserves to be possible explored is calculated that there are oil (4.4-6.2)×10⁸ t，natural gas (770-1 078)×10⁸ m³ in the west slope zone, and oil (1.0-1.3)×10⁸ t，natural gas (208.4-291.7)×10⁸ m³ in the half western Qijia-Gulong depression.

One of the key processes of the resource appraisement is to ascertain and evaluate the criterion of evaluation parameters. It is manifested by the first nationwide oil shale resource appraisement that the key parameters for the oil shale quality assessment are mainly concerned with oil yield(ω), desiccationbased ash productivity(A^g）, lower thermal value(Q^g_DW） and whole sulphur percentage(S^g_Q). The key parameters of the oil shale resource appraisement consist of orebed recoverable thickness(H), orebody effective area(S), orebody weight(D) and orebody resource types, etc. Different parameters have various meanings and evaluation criterions. With respect to characterizing the different geological features of the single project control point, massive oil shale rock or single layer oil shale, etc., there are certain discrepancies in the methods of evaluating various parameters and calculating formulas as well. Different parameters and calculating methods should be selected according to the various purposes during the estimation of the oil shale resources.

Field geological investigation, petrology and geochemistry study showed that three oil shale groups in Kazuo basin were developed in Member 1,2,3 of the Jiufotang Formation of Lower Cretaceous, the third oil shale group located in 3rd member have the greatest industrial significance. Oil shale always has the accompanying relationship with overlying sedimentary tuff or other tuffaceous strata.The oil shale(ore) of this area have four types, including mudstone, calcareous mudstone containing silty band, marlite and shale, and the former two are main types. The recoverable oil shale composed of 50% low-grade, 42% middle-grade and 8% highgrade oil shale. All of them are high-ash oil shale. Based on this, the authors discussed that the organic matter type of oil shale is humic-sapropel, and originated from the lower plants. The type of oil shale (ore) which formed in shallow-semi-deep lake environment is calcareous mudstone, and that in deep lake is mudstone. Mother rock types of provenance controlled the characteristics of chemical composition and types of ash component of oil shale. The volcanic eruption of the catastrophic event terminated the mineralization of the oil shale.

The reservoir in Tongbomiao-Nantun Formation in Beier depression is characterized by low to medium porosity and low permeability. There are two anomalously high porosity zones in Beier depression; one is in the depth of 1 300[CD*2]1 800 m, and the other is at 2 400-2 700 m. The controlling factors for these two zones are as follows:①pyroclastic materials can be dissolved and form secondary pores;②the coating of detrital grains is suitable for conservation of primary porosity;③leaching of meteoric water has led to the formation of secondary porosity;④corrosion of organic acid has resulted in the generation of secondary porosity.Among them, leaching of meteoric water has contributed less to the formation of anomalously high porosity zones compared to other factors. As pyroclastic rocks are the main objects dissolved by organic acid and the newly generated cations are the major components forming chlorite and illite, the major controlling factors for the formation of anomalously high porosity in Beier depression are the physical properties of those special reservoir rocks.

Using the remote sensing and geographic data respectively collected in 1985 and 1999, we extract the landscape pattern information TuPu of Changbai Mountain for the recent 20 years, and build a model for the simulation and prediction of the landscape pattern information based on the geo-info-spectrum, landscape ecology theory and Geo-CA model. We perform a point-to-point comparison of the simulated 1985 and 1999 landscape pattern information TuPu of Changbai Mountain with that from the corresponding remote sensed image, and get a general precision of 84% in 1985 and 82% in 1999. The Moran I index is used to get the quantitative evaluation result,0.56,0.53 and 0.72,0.70 are individually the genuine and simulative Moran I index of 1985 and 1999.We can conclude that the simulation result is close to the actual situation.

The regional structural geology，igneous rocks and spatial relationships among the springs, as well as the springs’ hydrochemistry and isotope datum were analyzed. The characteristics of thermal springs in Hainan Island could well be concluded by this study, and formation of thermal underground water can be detected. The thermal springs distribute over northwest and southeast areas which are located at lower altitude. The type of water is mainly HCO^-₃ dominant, and slightly alkaline, high fluorine and silica. However, those from Quaternary beachfront region are the type of NaCl dominant because of seawater influence. Data on hydrogen, oxygen, helium isotopes and gas chemical composition showed that the underground thermal water was originated from local precipitation, then this precipitation was heated by the surrounding rocks when it cycled in earth’s upper crust and warmed to hot underground water finally. Geothermal source belongs to a low-medium temperature convectional geothermal system, and equilibrium temperature of the geothermal reserve in the range of 59.5-161.2℃ with the average temperature of 128.5℃. The heat energy is not influenced by magmatic activities but related to the higher regional geothermal flow in deeper region. The out-crops of thermal underground water are controlled by the regional NE, EW trending faults.

Rhyolite is the main reservoir volcanic rocks of the Songliao Basin, belonging to calc-alkaline type of subalkaline series, also with medium-high-K. Reservoir space can be classified as primary pore, secondary pore and fissure, and furthermore, as thirteen basic genetic sub-types. The average porosity of volcanic reservoir is in range 3-15 percent, permeability (0.1-5)×10^-3μm², and pore radius ranges 0.05-1 μm. Pore structures can be classified as wide form, less wide form, rather narrow form, narrow form and extremely narrow form. Tectonic movements, weathering erosions and fluid activities are the main geologic factors that influence and control the development and evolution of reservoir space.

The Erdene granite in Southern Mongolia is located on the western margin of the massive Cretaceous magmatic granite in the whole Northeast Asia. The zircon U-Pb geochronology, rock geochemistry and zircon Hf isotopes in the Erdene region were studied to determine the formation age, petrogenesis, and tectonic setting.The main rock type is biotite granite. The zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating yields  a weighted mean age of (123.4±1.4) Ma, indicating that it formed in the Early Cretaceous. The granite has high silicon(w(SiO₂）=71.01%-72.66%), high alkali(w(Na₂O+K₂O)=8.52%-8.90%), poor phosphorus(w(P₂O₅)=0.06%-0.11%), low magnesium and calcium（w(MgO)=0.27%-0.39%, w(CaO)=1.10%-1.27%)，and A/CNK=(1.05-1.07），indicating that it belongs to the metaluminous-peraluminous rock. It is characterized by enrichment of LILE(such as Rb, U,Th), depletion of HFSE(such as Ta, Zr, Hf) and depletion of Nb,Sr,Ba elements, with obvious negative Eu anomalies(δEu=0.11-0.15).The average magmatic temperature is 816  ℃. It belongs to A1 type granite. The εHf(t) of the rocks ranges from 2.54-7.92, and the TDM2 varies from 1 016-673 Ma, indicating that a little young materials might have been  added in the source region. Based on the regional extensional tectonics, it is believed that the large Erdene granite formed in an extensional thinning environment, which is related  to the decompression and melting of the middle and lower crust.

The presence of episode compaction/fracturing phenomena of mud rocks and the discovery of boiling fluid inclusions in the sand lens show that the episodic charge mechanism of the overpressure fluids is a predominating cause for the reservoir formation. Based on the migration/accumulation dynamics and mode, on the type of conduit framework and mode of fluid flow and on the formation characteristics, migration/accumulation mechanism and the reservoir formation model, the dynamic types of sand lens reservoirs formation are classified into capillaryoverpressure control and single overpressure control types. The mode of fluid flow is discussed. It is believed that there may be both lateral and vertical flows in the sand lens under the overpressure condition.

Compositions of major，trace and rare earth elements of the Neogene sandstones and siltstones in Guantao Formation of Nanpu sag are analyzed．The results reveal that most contents of major elements are moderate，SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ contents and their ratios show that most of sandstone samples are arkose or lithic arkose as well as other major elements,with only a few graywackes existing．Contents of mafic elements (Co，Cr，Ni，Sc，V) and large-ion lithophile elements ( LILE) like Rb，Cs，Ba，Sr are similar to that in the upper crust．The unanimous chondrite-normalized REE distribution patterns suggest that sandstones have similar provenance and be formed in the same tectonic settings．Most discrimination diagrams of tectonic settings，such as diagrams of log(K₂O/Na₂O) versus SiO₂，double variants distinction diagrams of major elements，diagrams of Th-Sc-Zr/10 and Th-Co-Zr/10 etc.，show that the provenance of Guantao Formation in Nanpu sag belongs to active continental margin tectonic setting．According to the diagrams of provenance discrimination (such as Th-Hf-Co plot and La/Th-La/Yb plot) and (Gd/Yb)_N ratios，it can be known that the primary materials of sedimentary rocks of Guantao Formation came from the upper continental crust of post-Archaean that were mainly composed of felsic rocks．Compared with REE distribution patterns of intermediate-acidic volcanic rocks and granites from Yanshan orogeny during different times，the results show that source rocks were mainly from intermediate-acidic volcanic rocks and/or granites which were formed during Yanshan movement period inYan-shan orogeny．

The types of sandstone from Nantun and Tongbomiao Formation of Wuerxun depression in Hailaer basin are mainly debris-feldspar sandstone, sightly feldspar sandstone and feldspar-debris sandstone. The diageneses include compaction, cementation, metasomatism and dissolution, etc. With depth increasing, the porosity and permeability decrease. There are four relatively high porosity arears in about 1 500 m,1 850-2 050 m,2 300 m and 2 600-2 800 m. The reasons of relatively high porosity areas appearance are the preservation of primary porosity and the development of secondary porosity.The weakness of compaction and cementation, existence of clay coating and microcrystalline quartz are favor to the preservation of primary porosity；in the processing of thermal evolution of organic content and the conversion of clays, secondary porosity forming occurs.

The measured porosity data and the observations of the thin sections and blue epoxy resinimpregnated thin sections show that there exist three anomalously high porosity zones vertically in the Cenozoic reservoirs in the Yuanyanggou area, Liaohe Depression, Bohaiwan Basin. To predict the lateral distribution of anomalously high porosity zones, the diagenetic stages and diagenetic facies has been predicted by digital modeling of the diagenetic parameters, e.g. paleotemperature, vitrinite reflectance, sterane isomerization rate, smectite and authigenetic quartz concentrations in spacetime, respectively. The chosen diagenetic parameters are sensitive to diagenesis and applied to divide diagenetic stages commonly. The anomalously high porosity zones are dominantly formed in the channel mouth bar, braided channel and channel bar deposits in the early diagenetic stage B period to late diagenetic stage A₁ period, and developed dissolution diagenetic facieses. Therefore, the anomalously high porosity zones in the reservoirs could be blocked out by superposing the diagenetic facies maps on the microfacies maps. The anomalously high porosity zone of the Shasan member is mainly located in the middle slope part of the Yuanyanggou area, and extends along the western slope of the Liaohe Depression.

Based on the theory of sequence stratigraphy, sequence stratigraphy framework in Cretaceous in Huhehu depression was established by comprehensively research of seismic data, cores and well logging data. Cretaceous in Huhehu depression was divided into 3 first-order sequences(TSq1-TSq3), 5 secondorder sequences(Ⅰ-Ⅴ) and 8 third-order sequences(Sq1-Sq8). Sedimentary facies were classified, and sedimentary system was studied in sequence framework. Study area mainly developed alluvial fan, fan delta, braided delta, subaqueous fan, lacustrine sediment and so on. Alluvial fan sedimentary system mainly distributed in Sq1 sequence；Fan delta sedimentary system mainly distributed in the south of Sq2 sequence and the north of Sq5 sequence; Braided delta sedimentary system mainly distributed in Sq3 sequence and Sq4 sequence, and it was developed in the north of Sq2 sequence; subaqueous fan sedimentary system mainly distributed in the depression belt of Sq2 and Sq4 sequence; The lateral and vertical evolution of sedimentary system was controlled by palaeostructure and palaeogeomorphology, and sedimentary sand bodies in the south of Huhehu depression were the favorable exploring area.

Here reservoir geologic model refers to the spatial distribution characteristics of lithology, lithofacies and porosity & permeability for reservoir volcanic rocks. Field sections and two drilling wells are studied in detail here, reservoir units are divided and compared, and thus the volcanic reservoirs of the area are finally quantified and characterized. Volcanic facies sequence in the area under study is mainly effusive facies→ explosive facies→ effusive facies & extrusive facies→ volcanic sedimentary facies→ explosive facies→ volcanic conduit facies & effusive facies. Explosive facies and effusive facies are of the largest scales, with lateral ranging of some subfacies from 400 m to 4 000 m and thickness of a single layer ranging from 2 m to 130 m. Volcanic conduit facies, extrusive facies and volcanic sedimentary facies are smaller, lateral range is from 110 m to 1 500 m and thickness of single layer is from 3m to 85 m. According to volcanic reservoir classifying standards, the lower member of the Yingcheng Formation is the first and third grade, the 1st member is the first and second grade, with the fourth grade, the 2nd member is the first grade, and the 3rd member is interbedded by the first, second and third grades with thin layers of the fourth grade. The upper subfacies, volcanic neck subfacies and inner subfacies are the best volcanic reservoirs. The lower subfacies and hydrothermal breccias subfacies are better volcanic reservoirs, the explosive facies is middle, and the middle subfacies and volcanic sedimentary facies are bad volcanic reservoirs. Porosity and permeability of volcanic lavas would be slightly affected by their buried depth, while pyroclastic rocks would be getting worse with increasing buried depth. Volcanic rocks with low porosity and low permeability would be affected little by their buried depth.

Lindian fault depression of the Songliao Basin is composite in basin structure, which can be divided into slope-fault terrace zone, depression zone and fault uplift zone. Those sub-structural units controlled the contributions of provenances, stream systems and depositional areas, and also controlled the development of depositional systems and their types. The fault terrace zone controlled the occurrence and distribution of sand deposits, developing alluvial fan-fan delta system on the steep slope fault terrace and alluvial fan-fluvial-delta on the gentle slope fault terrace. The fault uplift zone was a drainage divide within the fault depression, developing fluvial-delta systems on its two sides. The hanging wall area of fault can be used not only as depositional area, but also as bypass for the sediments to the center area of deposition. The depression zone was controlled by a single fault or a couple faults, developing fine sediments of shore swamp and shallow lake, being a kind of source rock.

As the west boundary fault of Songliao basin and the eastern margin of the Greater Hing’an Mountains, Nenjiang-Balihan fault belt is located in the central part of Northeastern China. Nenjiang-Balihan fault belt is considered traditionally to be a huge deep-seated fault with NNE-striking, and it is characterized by a normal fault or detachment fault. During  field work, the authors found a ductile shear zone in Lingxia area, the middle of the fault belt. By the measurement of structural elements, the micro-structure studies, the finite strain measurement, the studying of crystal preferred orientations of quartz determined by EBSD (electron back scatter diffraction) and the measurement of the dynamically recrystallized quartz grain size，the authors calculated the paleo-stresses for the deformation rocks in the ductile shear zone, it shows that the feature of Lingxia ductile shear zone is sinistral strike-slip, develops protomylonite-mylonite with ca. 400℃ deformation temperature, and quartz fabrics is mainly low temperature bottom surface fabrics with slip system of {0001}. Based on the previous achievements about the features and formation date, Neijiang-Balihan fault belt have experienced a sinistral strikeslip ductile shearing fault in middle Early Cretaceous (134-113 Ma), and the dynamic tectonic setting of the Nenjiang-Balihan are related to moving direction changing from NWW to NNW of the Western Pacific Izanagi plate obliquely subducting under the Eurasia plate.

In this study a novel alternative synthesis methodology is presented, employing inexpensive multi-spectral Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) data to delineate vegetation ano-malies potentially related to a hydrothermal alteration zone. Therefore, the authors employed ETM+ data of the Zhaoyuan gold deposits in summer to analyze and to determine if anomalies could be mapped using this assumption. To accomplish this, the process includes (1)data preparation, (2)vegetation indices (Veg. Index,TNDVI,SQRT(IR/R),NDVI,IR/R etc. ) and band ratios indices, (3)principal component analysis(PCA), (4)unsupervised classification and (5)supervised classification. The results clearly delineated several areas of vegetation anomalies related to the Zhaoyuan gold deposits, Shandong Province. Field checking of other areas, mapped as vegetation anomalies, also revealed several hydrothermal alteration zones. The results showed that extracting vegetation anomalies information using alternative synthesis methodology from ETM+ data is useful.

Carbonate cementation is the main type of cementation of sandstone reservoir of Dongying depression. Studies suggest that content of carbonate cementation gradually increases with the burial depth in Dongying depression. The relatively thick sand layer with carbonate cements is mainly distributed in Es³, followed by Es¹ and Es². Calcareous sandstones in Es⁴ are only seen in the small depression surrounding areas. Within Dongying depression, carbonate contents at the north steep slope belt, central rise belt, and south gentle slope belt are significantly different with the north belt contain more carbonate cements than the south belt. Under the same burial depth, the carbonate contents in the south and north are higher than that in central rise belt in Dongying depression. In faulting areas, carbonate contents are variable and dispersedly distributed, whereas in small depression areas, carbonate contents are of minor change and distributed in a roughly similar depth. The favorable facies belts for the deve-lopment of sandstone layers with carbonate cements include near-bank subaqueous fan, underwater alluvial fans and deep-water turbidite fans, and generally high carbonate contents in coarse grained sandstones. Under the same burial depth, the smaller thickness of the sandstone layer is, the stronger carbonate cementation is. When the sandstones are surrounded by carbonates or thick mudstones, then high carbonate contents will be found in the sandstones.

The basic physicochemical characteristics of the Huadian oil shales were investigated in detail by a variety of experimental methods. The surface structure of the oil shales was measured with SEM. The properties of the oil shales such as density, grindability, ash characteristics, specific heat capacity, oil yield and so on were also investigated. In addition, the pyrolysis and combustion characteristics of the oil shales were also measured using the thermal gravitational analysis apparatus. The results show that the Huadian oil shale is a kind of lowgrade fuel with high ash, high volatile and low calorific value. Oil shale quality differs in different mine areas. By comparison, the Dachengzi’s were better than the Gonglangtou’s. Based on experimental results, pyrolysis and combustion kinetic models related were proposed. The results show the oil shale pyrolysis reaction is to be described by the first order kinetics. And different reaction orders at different temperature is required to describe the combustion reaction of the oil shales.

Located at easternmost part of the Early Paleozoic tectono-magmatic belt of the Chaganobo-Aououte-Chaobuleng along the southern edge of the Siberian plate, the newly discovered Arehada deposit is a largescale Pb-Zn deposit occurring in the centraleastern Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region.We present 20 new sulfur and lead isotope data of wall rock and orebodies. The sulfur isotope compositions of wall rock are similar to those of orebodies. The δ³⁴S values vary from 1.2‰ to 8.6‰. The sulfur isotope compositions show different sources. The temperatures calculated from sulfideparas show high temperature stage and medium low temperatrue stage. The ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb,²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios of 17 sulfide samples of orebodies vary in ranges of 18.153-18.431, 15.370-15.602 and 37.653-38.213,with the average values of 18.271,15.464 and 37.873,respectivly. The ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb,²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios of 3 sulfide samples of wall rock vary in ranges of 18.281-18.293,15.470-15.484 and 37.874-37.909,with the average values of 18.288,15.477 and 37.893, respectively. The lead isotope compositions are similar to those of biotite granite and metasandstone from Chaobuleng skarn ironpolymetallic deposit. It indicates that the sources of lead is wall rock and Indosinian granite.

The main types of volcanic rocks of the Yingcheng Formation in Santai area, southeastern uplift of the Songliao Basin are perlite, rhyolite, hydrothermal breccia, breccia conglomerate, tuff and so on. The devitrification of perlite and rhylolite is obvious. It can be found under microscope that the devitrification of perlite is of three phenomena: crystallite, skeletal crystal (microlite) and spherulitic while the devitrification of rhyolite is mainly of spherulitic. The development process of the devitrification is featured by a gradual increasing trend from crystallite to skeletal crystal (microlite) and finally to spherulitic. The formation and intensity of devitrification are related not only to the rock composition, but also to the formation and development of cracks. Laboratory tests indicate that the density of perlite, in the range of 3.13%-8.65%, is lighter after intense devitrification and is heavier with slight devitrification. Assuming a closed system, the decreasing density of rocks is corresponding to an increase in porosity of the rocks. Devitrification processes in the area can improve the reservoir properties of the glassy volcanic rocks.

The authors established the water resource economy optimal model in Chaoyang district, Beijing City. By considering four types of water sources, i.e. surface water, groundwater, tap water and reclaimed grey water; the four major water users, viz. domestic (water for urban, rural), industrial (water for electronic and communication manufacturing, general industrial use, petrochemical, production of electricity steam hot use), agricultural (plant industry, fishery, forestry, animal husbandry) and ecological environmental, as well as more than 10 small water users, the multi-objective water resource planning model was developed and solved by using simple linear optimization method. The optimal allocation of water resources for 2010 and 2020 were calculated and presented.

The basin edge slope area of Changling fault depression in Songliao basin is mainly composed of intermediate-basic volcanic rocks. At present，there is a lack of in-depth understanding of the lithology, lithofacies distribution pattern， and high-quality reservoir stratum development law of the intermediate volcanic rocks in the basin edge slope area. By taking Longfengshan area in Changling fault depression as an example, the spatial distribution characteristics of volcanic edifice and volcanic facies were described by making a comprehensive use of well drilling, well logging, and seismic data,the volcanic facies model and eruption model were established, and the development law of the high-quality reservoir stratum was discussed. The research results indicate that the volcanic eruption center is located in the basin edge slope zone near the high place of the basin edge and distributed along the fault. The proximal facies belt of the volcanic edifice is featured with interlayers of effusive facies and explosive facies. The central facies belt of the volcanic edifice is mainly composed of pyroclastic flow of thick explosive facies. The pyroclastic flow is further advanced to the sub-concave center of the basin and then transformed into volcanic deposit facies. The volcanic facies is jointly controlled by  multi-stage Plinian eruptions, the transport and placement of volcanic eruptions, and other factors. High-quality volcanic rock reservoirs are dominated by volcanic tuff and vesicular andesite with strong dissolution, which are located in the medial facies belt of the volcanic edifice on the basin edge slope. The proximal facies belts with lava flow developed are the favorable development parts of the volcanic reservoir stratum in the area. The research has certain directive significance in the oil-gas exploration of intermediate-basic volcanic rocks in the slope belt of the basin margin of a fault depression basin.

Nanyishan-Jiandingshan area is in the northwest of Qaidam Basin, and it is adjacent to Aerjin slope zone. A series of NW trending tight anticlines and the gentle synclines in the between constitute the structural framework of the area. Research shows the study area underwent mainly two stages of deformation since Mesozoic: (1)during Early to Middle Jurassic, the area was mainly dominated by extension and featured by the formation of the dustpan-like faults; and (2)during Shizigou Period to present, the area has been controlled by the SW-NE trending compression. The formation of Jiandingshan anticline started in Shizigou Period, and the underlying early depression-controlling normal fault was inverted because of compression, forming large scale fault-propagation folds. The formation of Nanyishan anticline started in Qigequan Period, which was formed by a shallow anticline superimposed on a deep one, the deep anticline was a large scale fault-propagation fold, while the shallow one was a box anticline similar to detachment fold which was formed above the fault by the opposite thrust of two step thrust faults which forming Type-I triangle zone. The forms of Nanyishan anticline and Jiandingshan anticline are relatively integrated, the formation time of structure matches the time of maturity and migration of oil and gas well, indicating very favorable oil and gas exploration prospect.

The basic dykes in Xiaomiao area of Eastern Kunlun intrude into Jinshuikou group. Their geochemistry is characterized by low contents of TiO₂, MgO, P₂O₅ and Na₂O＞K₂O，meanwhile, they have high contents rare earth elements and enriched in light rare earth elements. Comparing with the primitive mantle, they are distinctly enriched in the large-iron-lithophile elements(such as Rb, Ba, Th, U and Sr) and Th and depletion of high-field-strength element(such as Nb and Ta). Geochemical features of basic dykes indicate that the magma was influenced by the crustal source and related to continental extensional zone (incipient rift). LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating indicates that the age of (1996-2428)Ma represent the ages of captured zircon，which formed in regional tectonic thermal event during Archean to Palaeoproterozoic period. The age of (733.6±6.6) Ma (MSWD=0.038) may be the crystallized age of the basic dykes, which can be listed as the age of the Rodinia continent spliting. The basic dykes formed in continental rift environment of the Eastern Kunlun.

In order to clarify the strata and sedimentary filling characteristics of the Lower Jurassic Lianggaoshan Formation in eastern Sichuan basin, for effectively guiding the hydrocarbon exploration, this study comprehensively utilizes the research tools of outcrop survey, core observation and analysis of sedimentary petrology and petroleum geology. On the basis of systematically sorting out the stratigraphic structure and sedimentary facies in the study area, we further discuss the synergistic reservoir-forming rule between shale oil and gas and tight oil and gas under the constraints of sedimentary sequence. The results show that typical dichotomy sequence stratigraphic structure is developed in the study area. In the early lake transgression stage, the Lower Lianggaoshan Formation formed a landward stepping parasequence set, which was composed of delta front, prodelta, semi-deep lake and deep lake. In the late lake regression stage, a seaward stepping parasequence set is developed in the Upper Lianggaoshan Formation, which can be subdivided into three parasequences or subsections, showing the evolution from semi-deep lake to delta front, shore and shallow lake. The mudstones and shales of semi-deep lake, deep lake and prodelta facies are vertically superimposed with the sandstone bodies of underwater distributary channel in the delta front subfacies, forming various source-reservoir contact relationships, such as “self-generation and self-storage, lower generation and upper storage, side generation and side storage”. This provides a geological basis for the coordinated accumulation of shale oil and gas in the Lower Lianggaoshan Formation and tight oil and gas in the Upper Lianggaoshan Formation.

The characters of fluid inclusions in calcite and waterrock reaction of the ore deposits was systematical studied. It is suggested that the ore deposit under study was relative to the mixing of the lowtemperature and hightemperature hydrothermal solutions. δ¹⁸O and δD values of oreforming fluid of different ore bodies are unanimous, thus indicating that fluid homogenisation once happened before the formation of oreforming fluid. The oreforming fluid in fluid reservoir is of multiple derivation of the mixed circular waters in the strata, metamorphic fluids and magmatic waters.

Dezhou City is in a typical Yellow River downstream alluvial plain pore water hydrogeology area where the distinct characteristics of water environment is comprised of salt water and fresh water,so that the natural aquatic environment condition of underground fresh water is rather sensitive and fragile. The continuous exploitation of the groundwater brings great changes in the hydrodynamic force field and hydrochemical field in this area. Based on the monitoring data of groundwater quality in Dezhou City from 1996 to 2007, the authors discuss water quality characteristic and analyze the water quality evolution of shallow groundwater. Results indicate that the water quality of shallow groundwater evolves constantly, in which the water quality index of total hardness, degree of mineralization and Cl^- changes obviously. As diminished mineralization of groundwater caused by the change of the hydraulic force field, the total hardness and degree of mineralization decrease to some extent and the water quality has a tendency of desalinization in the area of Qihe County and Suliuzhuang Town of Xiajin County. Because of strengthening mineralization of groundwater caused by the change of the hydraulic force field, the total hardness and degree of mineralization increase to some extent and the water quality has a tendency of salinization in Ningjin County and Zhangzhuang Town of Yucheng City. According to the groundwater quality evolution tendency in study area, water adjustment measures have been put forward which may make the brackish water evolve into fresh water.

The authors have carried out on faults with near EW-trending, controlling gold ores, by recent field work at Qiaoshangzhai, Linghu, Dahu and Qinnan-Taiyanggou gold deposits from the northern metallogenic belt in Xiaoqinling gold (molybdenum) province, Henan Province. Felsic mylonite and tectonic cataclastic rocks are predominated in this fault. The S-C fabric in felsic mylonite and angle of cleavage with fault plane are an indicative of reversal fault. This fault is offset and intercepted with each other in plan. The field evidence suggests that the fault system with near EW-trending, which is composed of, from north to south, F₁, F₈, F_{7, F35, F5, and F6, is an overtrust fault system in northern metallogenic belt in the area. These faults are controlling the formation of gold deposits, in part which auriferous quartz vein is deformed as banded texture, suggesting that this fault is formed before the time 123 Ma. Later faults corresponding to hill fault are normal fault, and destroyed the gold ores in the area.}

Aiming at clarifying the strongly heterogeneous Archean metamorphic rock buried hill reservoir in    Jinzhou   south,   the main controlling factors of the buried hill reservoirs are studied, and the development model of the buried hill reservoir in this area was established. Based on the data of drilling, coring, thin section, logging, and seismic, the characteristics of metamorphic buried hill reservoir are defined, the key factors controlling the reservoir development are discussed and the reservoir development model is established. The results show that: 1) Plagioclase gneiss, monzonite gneiss, cataclastic rock and diabase are developed in the study area, among which gneiss and cataclastic rock are the main lithology for reservoir development; Tectonic fractures, fractured intergranular pores and dissolution pores constitute a variety of reservoir spaces, among them tectonic fractures are the dominant. 2) Tectonic movement, lithology and weathering have an important control action on the high quality reservoirs distribution: reservoirs development degree of granite gneiss with high brittleness mineral content is superior to the basic intrusion; the reservoir thickness is large in the multi-stage fault superposition position; high position of the Paleo-geomorphology suffered strong weathering to further enhance the quality of the reservoir. Based on the above analysis, a reservoir development model considering tectonic position was established. Stably distributed reservoirs are developed in the platform area, thicker reservoirs are developed in the high slope area, the reservoir thickness changes fastest in the uplift area, the reservoir development in the low slope is relatively thinner, and the reservoir development in the depression area is the worst.

Fan deltas are widely developed in Xin’ancun and Dalianhe Formation of Tangyuan fault depression. According to core observation, well logging, seismic, lithology identification and grain size analysis, three subfacies including fan-delta plain, fan-delta front and pro-fan delta and eight microfacies are identified. From fan-delta plain to fan-delta front, the sedimentary characteristics of different microfacies changes regularly. The sediment textures such as the supporting type change from matrix-support to grain-support, the contact relationships between grains change from points to surfaces, grain separation from bad to good, the maturity from low to high, and the size of sediments from coarse to fine. The sedimentary bedding structures are massive bedding being miscellaneous in gravels that developed in fan-delta plain, and small-scale cross bedding with low angle and wave bedding developed in fan-delta front. The cumulative relative frequency curves are one-step and two-step type with low angle in fan-delta plain, but are two-step with steep slope and three-step type in fan-delta front. In the C-M diagram, the point group of fan-delta plain mostly concentrates in PQ section with large C and M value, and fan-delta front mainly concentrates in QR and RS section. Based on these studies, and combined with core characteristics and grain size analysis, it can be concluded that hydrodynamic mechanism of fan delta in this area is mainly traction current deposit, but gravity flow also plays some action.

The authors carried through the secondary development of GIS by utilizing VB and MapObject control. During the development, interpolation, tracing of iso-points and smoothing isolines were adopted. The program building isolines of hydraulic head automatically was developed. By inputting Shp file this program can be used to build isolines. At the same time isoline data can be outputted and read by some GIS software which regard Shp file as one of input data format. This program has been applied effectively to Songliao Basin groundwater manag ement information system.

In order to improve the detecting capability for soil layer contaminated with oil sewage, the resistivity changes of soil layer, prior to and after the contamination, were analyzed. A geoelectrical resistivity model is established for such resistivity change analysis. The resistivity anomaly sections of Wenner, Schlumbeger, dipoledipole and polepole array were calculated with 2.5-D finite element method (FEM). The forward results show that the detecting capabilities of different arrays are different from each other. Comparatively, Wenner and Schlumbeger array image better the contaminated area. The calculated results also show that the electrical resistivity of the contaminated saturation soil is higher in Wenner array, and the resistivity anomaly area matches the contaminated area. The field study also favors this analysis.

According to the theory of dissipative structure，the greater is the information entropy of system, the lower is its order degree. The groundwater environment is a dynamic ordered system, and it meets the characteristics of dissipative structure. The characteristics of information entropy reduction during the course of groundwater system evolution can be used to distinguish its evolution direction. The groundwater resource quantity was regarded as the sequential parameters, which determined order degree of groundwater system. The order degree of groundwater system can be indicated by concordance degree between groundwater actual withdrawals and allowable withdrawals of the groundwater system. The evaluation model of groundwater environment evolution pattern based on grey correlation entropy was founded, through which the evolution direction can be distinguished by using the change characteristics of information entropy in various timeinterval. The model was applied in the study of groundwater environment evolution in Hengshui, and the results indicated that information entropy of deep groundwater system had been tending to decrease since 1970’s, and the function of the groundwater system had been degenerating. Therefore, the groundwater environment was in the evolution state of rebuilding a new stable state, which was significantly different from the primitive stable state. This assessment result is consistent with the evolution trend reflected from the geological environmental monitoring of groundwater environment.

The recorded 1199~1200 A.D. eruption is the largest among all the Changbaishan volcano eruptions in history. It can be subdivided into two phases of Plinian eruption, the first is named the Chifeng phase and the second the Yuanchi phase. The eruptive pattern of the Chifeng phase is: Plinian column (the Chifeng pumice fall deposits) → pyroclastic flow (the Changbai pyroclastic flow deposits) → lahar (the Erdaobaihe lahar deposits) mainly triggerd by pyroclastic flow. The eruptive pattern of the Yuanchi phase is from Plinian column (the Yuanchi pumice and ash fall deposits) → pyroclastic flow (the Bingchang pyroclastic flow deposits). The total volume of both the first and the second Plinian falls has been estimated at about 120 km³. The bulk volume of the Changbai pyroclastic flow deposits was estimated about 8 km³; that of the Bingchang pyroclastic flow deposits about 0.5 km³ and of the Erdaobaihe lahar deposit about 2 km³. The author deals with mainly the sequence and distribution of the pyroclastic deposits of the 800 a.B.P. eruptions.

The horizontal zonal characteristics of hydrochemical type in groundwater with three circulation depths of shallow, middle and deep level have been studied in the Ordos Cretaceous Artesian Basin on the basis of analyzing 1 125 hydrochemical samples. On the whole, in the north of the basin, the hydrochemical type is mainly HCO₃ with atypical horizontal zonal characteristic in shallow, middle and deep groundwater in east of Anbian-Sishiliang-Dongshengliang beam. While the hydrochemical types have a typical zonal characteristic along flow direction of groundwater in shallow, middle and deep groundwater of Molin River-Yanhaizi groundwater regime and Dusitu River-Yanchi groundwater regime. In the south of the basin, groundwater flows hierachically and the hydrochemical types are complex. The distribution rules are follows: the center rule is Dingbian-Huan town-Heshui-Huachi-Wuqi-Dingbian, while the north rule is from the south to the north, the east rule is from the west to the east, and the south rule is from the southwest to the northeast.

LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating of the Meizuo granite in eastern Heilongjiang Province is carried out in order to determine the age and to discuss the tectonics environment of the Majiajie Group’s contact metamorphism. The present results show that the zircons from the granite have clear oscillatory zones，their Th/U ratio is between 0.12-1.04，and their weighted average ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U age is （259.0±3.6） Ma（n=14，MSWD=5.9）. This shows that the crystalline age of the Meizuo granite is the Middle Permian. This age is also same as the age of the Qingshan, Chushan and Chaihe granites in the southern Jiamusi block, and the common geochemical characteristics(enrichment of light REEs， depletion of heavy REEs，negative Eu anomaly and obvious depletion in Nb, Ta, Sr and Ti) of these granites show that they are volcanic arc granites of crust derivation. They are probably related to the subduction of the Paleo-Asia Oceanic plate, and their intrusion resulted in the contact metamorphism of the Majiajie Group. The determination of the Meizuo granite’s crystallization age not only reveals that the contact metamorphism age of the Majiajie Group is the Later Permian, but also provides new evidence for the Paleozoic tectonic evolution of the Jiamusi block.

Intelligent prospect prediction method is the leading edge of digital geoscience. In this paper, an intelligent prospect prediction method based on two-dimensional convolutional neural network is used. On the basis of 25 elements and aeromagnetic data on geochemical survey of stream sediments and taking known ore occurrences as monitoring samples, the training data set is obtained by step shift data enhancement. After training the convolutional neural network, it is applied to prospect prediction of unknown areas. The intelligent prospecting of copper deposits in the area of Chounidun-Xixiaokouzi, Gaotai County, west Longshoushan, Gansu Province is predicted. From 3 known copper occurrences, 22 934 training data are obtained. After 200 rounds of training, the prediction accuracy reaches 98.1%, and 5 prediction areas are delineated. In consideration with the previous research results and field work, the delineated areas have good prospect for copper mineralization.

Dixu gold deposit is one of the unusual medium-large-scaled gold deposits discovered in Southeast Yunnan Province, in which As and Au are closely associated. Genetically, the deposit belongs to epithermal (mesothermal) super fine-grained contaminated gold deposit. Based on the geological features, the genesis and the controlling factors of the deposit are discussed: (1)Dixu gold deposit is one of the gold deposits occurring as belts along Wenshan-Funing thrust nappe structure, which is the key controlling factor for gold deposits while short-axial anticline is one of the best locations for gold mineralization and short-axial anticlines are the favorite location for ore bodies; (2)Ermeishan basalt with joints, cracks, and pores are the most important ore-hosting rocks; (3)Rather trapped environment with low temperature is the necessary physical environment for the formation of epithermal (mesothermal) fine-grained disseminated gold deposits. The direction of exploration has been discussed and forecast in outer and deeper areas of this deposit.

For the sake of verifying adequately the feasibility of GPR method in the use of measuring near surface water content, based on GPR reflected wave method, according to the relations of dielectric constant, electromagnetic wave velocity and volumetric water content, the corresponding theory and characteristic of GPR reflected wave method was analyzed in detail. A velocity analysis algorithm that applied to high frequency radar signal was introduced, and a local aquifer model was established. The Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method was used to model the GPR response of the local aquifer under different measurement acquisitions. On the combination of the velocity analysis theory and the Topp formula, the water content were obtained by inverse modeling.

Changpo oil shale exploration area, a subunit of south depression in Beibuwan Basin, locates in the north of Hainan Island. Sedimentary strata in this area mainly consist of Neogene continental strata and marine strata. The Changpo Formation is divided into five lithological segments. Oil shale imbedding with lignite was deposited in the fourth segment. The sedimentary characteristics indicate the oil shale deposited in lacustrineswamp environment and turfswamp environment. The oil shale beds are flat and the tectonic structure is simple. The oil shale is subdivided into three layers. Research on depositional characteristics and forming environment indicates that oil shale was formed in warm and wet continental lakeswamp environment.

Based on core observation, thinsection analysis, physical property testing, fracture statistics, fluid inclusions analysis and fracture fractal research, it is concluded that there are four types of metamorphic rocks in the Archean Ciyutuo buried hill. Biotite feldspar gneiss is the main type of reservoir rock with mostlydeveloped fractures; the fractures in biotite potassic feldspar gneiss were less developed while altered lamprophyre and biotie hornblendite granulite could not serve as reservoir rocks. The main reservoir spaces in Archean are mainly tensional, steeply dipped fractures oriented in NE and NW directions and microcracks formed in the middle or the Late Mesozoic. Parts of tension-shear fractures were formed in the Late Paleogene Period. Small and micro fractures are the most developed fractures in the buried hill reservoir, whose width and areal porosity are positively related. The main controlling factors on fracture development in the Archeozoic reservoir of Ciyutuo buried hill involve the lithology, fault, depth, weathering, dissolution, magmatic intrusion, fissure assemblages and so on.

Comparison of petrologic and geochemical characteristics of plumerelated (Panxi area) and non plumerelated (South China, Central Asian Orogenic Belt) A-type granites have been carried out in this study. It is shown that the plume-related A-type granites are characterized by (1) the close temporal and spatial association with maficultramafic rocks; (2) high zircon saturation temperature (860-960℃); (3) high Nb/Th and Ga/Al ratios, and (4) positive ε_Nd（t） (but usually <5) and no significant difference between Nd model age and the formation age of the rocks. All these characteristics, largely relevant to the nature of the plume-generated magma source and/or parental magmas, and magmatic evolution, can be used to identify similar rock types in natural occurrence.

Modern geochemical analysis and biomarker analysis methods, the characteristics of Chang 7 Member and Chang 9 Member source rocks in Zaoyuan exploration area of Ordos basin were studied, and oil source correlation of Chang 4+5 Member Chang 61 Member and Chang 8 Member crude oil samples were carried out. The results show that the organic matter abundance of the source rocks of Chang 7 Member in the study area is higher, the type of organic matter is Ⅱ1-Ⅱ2, and the configuration of regular sterane C27-C28-C29 is V-shaped or partially V-shaped, which is the characteristic of sapropel; The organic matter abundance of Chang 9 Member source rocks is lower, the type of organic matter is Ⅱ2, and the configuration of regular sterane C27-C28-C29 is L-shaped, which is the characteristic of close mixing with terrestrial higher plants. The results show that the crude oil Pr/Ph ratios of Chang 4+5 Member, Chang 61 Member and Chang 8 Member are between 0.78 and 0.85, which indicate that their sedimentary environment belongs to a freshwater reducing environment; The crude oil of Chang 4+5 Member, Chang 61 Member and Chang 8 Member come from the same set of continental freshwater lake source rocks similar to Chang 61 Member, belonging to medium low mature crude oil. The crude oil of Chang 8 Member is more mature than that of Chang 4+5 Member and Chang 61 Member. The crude oil of Chang 4+5 Member, Chang 6 Member and Chang 8 Member in Zaoyuan exploration area is mainly from the dark mudstones, the main contributor is the Zhangjiatan shale of Chang 7 Member, and the dark mudstone of Chang 9 Member also makes a small contribution. 

The volcanic rocks of the Yingcheng Formation in the Songliao Basin were formed by multiple and intermittent eruptions. Triple division was applied in the basin volcanic rocks researches: volcanic cycle, stage and facies. A volcanic stage was defined as volcanic rock assemblages formed by a concentrated volcanic activity at certain eruption center during its regular changes on materials, components, eruption behaviors and intensity. And a volcanic cycle includes one or several stages. Geological and geophysical methods were used to divide volcanic stages, including volcanic lithology and facies analysis from logging and seismic information. Special geological interfaces were identified. The measured section of the Yingcheng Formation has been divided into five volcanic cycles and thirteen stages.

According to field geological section survey and in door thin-section identification, polymictic conglomerate of the 1st member of the Yingcheng Formation contain 4 types of cementation: magma, micrite, tuffaceous and sand and politic. Magma cementation is a main cementation type in the Songliao Basin. The gravels in the polymitictic conglomerate are quite complex. Most of gravels are granite derived from the base of the Songliao Basin and from Permian metamorphic rocks. In-situ volcanic rocks are secondary in abundance. The gravels are poorly sorted. Their psephicity is from moderate to fine, with sub-round and sub-angular shapes being mostly common. From base to active volcanic center, the amount of the mexotic gravels of polymictic conglomerate is decreasing, and the in-situ volcanic gravels are increasing gradually. Matrix composition is also mulriple. At bottom it is argillo arenaceous, changed into trffaceous upwords and became magmatic at the top. Unconsolidated or semi-consolidated sand-gravel deposits accumulated in some sediment environments such as alluvial fan, braided river and so on, were carried by pyroclastic flow or lava flow during volcanic eruption periods to form mixtures with pyroclastic flow, lava flow and waters. After cooling and compaction, the polymitic conglomerates were formed as a result. Since the conglomerates were often found near the bottom of the volcanic sequence at the fault basin brink, it reveals that the origin of conglomerate is relative both to tectonic activity and volcanic activity, and they are special products at the early stage of the volcanic cycle.

A limitation in efficiently applying image classification is often represented by the spatial resolution of the image. By merging the multi resolution remote sensing image, importing the object oriented based idea, it effectively renewed the low resolution problem of multispectral images. This method was made up of a series of image segmentation and classification technique. First, the orthograph revised SPOT image was segmented by applying a regionbased segmentation algorithm. Based this reference map, TM image was classified using the maximum likelihood classifier and additional empirical rules. Finally, the resulting land cover map was tested for accuracy and gained some effects.

The matrix lithology of tight sandstone/gravel reservoirs at the Member 4 of Yingcheng Formation of Xujiaweizi depression in Songliao basin is main target of deep gas prospecting, which includes the upper and the lower of the Member 4 of Yingcheng sequence. During the upper depositional stage, the fault depression is deep and narrow, divided and mutual independent volcanic lake, dominated by the depositional system of alluvial fan facies, fan delta facies (braided delta facies) and flood plain facies; while during the late depositional stage, the fault depression is united and dominated by strongly zonational facies. With the high resolution sequence stratigraphy, the isochronous stratigraphic framework and the depositional evolutional model was built up. The study indicated that structural framework controlled the distribution of various sequence facies in the lake basin.A series of trenches developed in the rim of the fault depression and braided plain, braided delta, fan delta and river delta depositional system developed in the eastern flank to the axial tectonic high.

The Hongqiling magmatic Cu-Ni sulfide deposit represented by No.1 and No.7 intrusions belongs to a typical magmatic liquation deposit in Xing’an-Mongolia orogenic belt. More than 30 mafic-ultramafic intrusions have been found in the Hongqiling mining district. The No.3 intrusion, whose geological occurrence were different from those of other ore-bearing rock bodies, was once thought to be formed during the Yanshanian era. The ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar isotopic dating of amphiboles collected from different depths of core samples in No.3 intrusion gave a （228.2±3.0） Ma plateau age and a （230.1±7.1） Ma isochron age. These isotopic ages consist generally with the ages of No. 1 intrusion published before, all being derived from the Early Indosinian magmatism. Geochemical studies of No.1, No.3, and No.7 ore-bearing intrusions also suggest these intrusions were derived from a common source according to their similar curve patterns of REE and trace elements. This opinion could be significant for guiding further exploration of the magmatic Cu-Ni deposits in the area.

Based on GIS, the information on land use and soil erosion was interpreted from TM Remote Sensed Images. And by overlapping the respective map layers, the analysis was made on the relation between land use and soil erosion in the middle of Jilin Province. Results show the decreasing trend of soil erosion in the middle area of Jilin Province, mainly result from the decrease in erosion area of cultivated land which takes a large proportion in the middle of Jilin. But for other types of land use, the results show the increasing trend in soil erosion is in accordance with the increased intensity of land use. The transformation form water erosion to wind erosion indicates that the trend of climate change towards arid. The unreasonable land utilizeation causes the land in middle of Jilin Province to degradate further, which forms the vicious circle. So, it is imperative to out the optical utilization and reasonable development of water and land resources.

In order to  evaluate the sustainable utilizing ability of the U-shaped well closed cycle geothermal system in the eastern plain of Handan and design a reasonable exploitation scheme of geothermal energy, the numerical simulation method was adopted. Based on the short-term measured data of the test wells in the study area, the multiphase and multicomponent wellbore reservoir coupling flow simulation program T2WELL was used as the tool  to explore the feasibility of using U-shaped well closed cycle geothermal system and to develop geothermal energy for heating in the site, as well as the productivity state of geothermal wells under long-term operation and the  influence of different factors. The results show that when the length of horizontal well section is 400-500 m, and the circulation velocity is set as 80 m3/ h and the injection temperature is set as 20 ℃, the average heating power of 20 a can meet the heating demand, so this method is feasible for heating.

The Tongbomiao Formation consists of pyroclastic, volcanic-sedimentary and terrigenous clastic rocks in Beier sag, Hailaer Basin. Diagenesis is mainly controlled by volcanic clastic materials in pyroclastic rocks, volcanic-sedimentary rocks. The main diagenesis includes compaction, cementation, corrosion and dissolution, etc. which belongs to stage A of middle diagenesis phase. The study of porosity evolution shows the compaction is the main cause resulting in the disappearance of primary porosity, and the next one is cementation. The losing of primary porosity by the early compaction and cementation reach over 83% totally, the later dissolution of rock fragment and feldspar adds to 6.53% porosity which improved reservoir effectively. However, the different types of rock’s diagenesis influence porosity greatly.

The occurrence mode of anthraxolites in the Jinding PbZn deposit can be divided into vein, schistositic, disseminated, eyeball and cystiformshaped and cementlike based on field observation and into integrain, fractureand disolved porefillings and shistositic under microscopy. These anthraxolites had played different roles during the formation processes of the Jinding PbZn deposit. Of all these anthraxolites, the cementlike, the vein and part of the squamashaped anthraxolite are most important for the roles they played during the formation of the deposit: dissolving, transportation and precipitation of the oreforming elements. The eyeballshaped and cystiform anthraxolites were formed later and they reworked the deposit. Most disseminated anthraxolite was primary and is characterized by reducing.

Based on the trace element analysis of different rock(ore) types in the Xiaoshiren gold deposit in Jilin Province and viewed from data structures, the authors discuss the geochemical characteristics of these trace elements. Statistical parameters showed that the trace elements studied are of apparent concentration and enrichment features in deposit area. Different rock(ore) types have the different trace element distribution characteristics, and based on which the authors classify the rocks(ores) in the deposit into three types-normal, weak-altered and strong-altered(or mineralized). The multivariate statistical analysis results indicate that all the trace elements studied had taken part in the gold mineralization processes. However, their behavior was quite different. Based on the multivariate statistics characteristics, the authors divided the trace elements into three assemblages: namely Au, As, Sb, Bi, Hg, Mn; Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag and Co, Ni, V. The first assemblage is oreforming and halo-forming elements, the second assemblage polymetallic mineralized elements and the third assemblage is the elements related to pyritization. These assemblages are also related to different mineralization stages, revealing gold metallogenic processes and corresponding features. The trace element profiles of soil and rock show that their spatial correlation except Mn that is negatively related to Au and was abnormally enriched in the outer zone of the Au mineralization.

In the groundwater flow-land subsidence model based on MODFLOW-SUB, the vertical hydraulic conductivity of clay interbed is set as a constant. However, during the compression process of clay interbed, its vertical hydraulic conductivity will change accordingly, so the prediction of long-term land subsidence by using this model may be not realistically suitable. In this study, a variable hydraulic conductivity model was established through improving the source code of SUB combined with the change law of vertical hydraulic conductivity and the head of clay interbed during subsidence. Taking the typical structure of Antelope Valley in California established by the USGS （U.S. Geological Survey）as an example, the constant hydraulic conductivity model and the variable hydraulic conductivity model were used to simulate the process respectively. The results show that the two models have good consistency in the first 20 years of mining. With the continuous development of mining, the accumulated subsidence calculated by the variable system model is gradually smaller than that calculated by the constant model, and the accumulated subsidence in 80 years decreases by 15.6%. With the increase of mining amount, the time at which the two models differed is advanced and the final subsidence difference value is increased. With the increase of the interbed thickness, the time the two models differed gradually delays but the final subsidence difference value increases. The results indicate that both the constant model and the variable model have good applicability in the early stage of mining with desirable accuracy, but with the extension of mining time, the variable model can better reflect the actual compressive subsidence process.

Major, rare earth and trace elements and mineral composition of the oil shale and the oil shale residue from the Huadian area, Jilin Province were determined by XRD,XFS and ICP-MS methods. The results show that the REE contents in the oil shale is poorer than the average of North Americia shales (NASC).The chondritenormalized REE patterns show a negative gradient and the average(La/Yb)_N ration of the oil shale is highter than 1, reflecting higher LREE contents. The REE curve normalized by NASC is horizontal and the average (La/Yb)_S ration of the oil shale is close to 1. REE fractionation is not clear. Normalized by chondrites and NASC, remarkable positive Eu anomalies are found. The average contents of trace elements in the oil shale samples, when compared with those in NASC and the average of the earth's crust, are richer in Sb,Nb,Cs,Zn,Bi and W. The contents of both REE and trace elements in the oil shale residue are higher than those in oil shale.

Yuqi block is an important oil & gas exploration target of Tahe oilfield in Akekule arch, Tarim Basin. The research results indicate that the oil & gas in Yuqi block are from Cambrian to lower Ordovician source rocks in the south of the Akekule arch. Halahatang Formation in Yuqi block has definite exploration potential. The crude oil density of Halahatang Formation is low, the content of sulfur is also low, and the content of wax is high, the gas in Halahatang Formation belong to typical mixed gas. The trap types are mostly tectonicly controlled, which are low scope, the oil & gas distribution is mostly faultbounded. There are at least three episodes of oil/gas charges, i.e., Jurassic-Cretaceous, late Palaeocene-Eocene and early Oligocene-Miocene. The oil & gas accumulation model in Yuqi block is outward source-bidirectional expulsion of hydrocarbon-multistage accumulation or hydrocarbon sourced from the old rocks and preserved in the young rocks-bidirectional expulsion of hydrocarbon-multistage accumulation. and its evolution has two stages.

Facies sequence of volcanic rocks is predominantly controlled by lithotypes in the Songliao Basin. Acidic eruption cycles generally begin with explosive facies and end with extrusive facies. Andesitic/basaltic eruption cycles usually begin with effusive facies and end with volcanogenitic sedimentary facies. Interbeded acidic-intermediate-basic volcanic eruption cycles have complex facies sequence ge-nerally from effusive facies through explosive facies to volcanogenitic sedimentary facies. Weathered crust and sedimentary intercalation are indicative of volcanic intervals. Extrusive and volcanogenitic sedimentary facies are the end-members of an eruption cycle. Facies model described here has been effectively used in seismo-reservoir interpretation in the gas field of volcanic rocks of the Songliao Basin. Only four of the 15 volcanic sub-facies can form high-quality volcanic reservoirs, which include volcanic neck, pyroclastic-bearing lava flow, upper effusive and inner extrusive sub-facies. Well understanding about volcanic facies can make gas exploration easier and more effective: volcanic reservoir exploration → effective reservoir finding → focusing on seismic analytic interpretation of the best four types of volcanic sub-facies which can become potential good reservoirs.

Sanjiazi deposit is one of the scheelite deposits in Northeastern China found in recent years. In order to discuss the metallogenesis, their geological and geochemical characteristics of the deposit is studied, including the composition of REE and trace elements in metallogenic granitic rocks, marble wall rock as well as in skarn ores. These granitic rocks containing scheelite mineralization, has similar geochemical features with those of the I-type granites, such as aluminium super-saturation, variable alkaline composition, K₂O>Na₂O and low ratio of Rb/Sr.  Moreover, the facts of low content of REE, negative δEu anomalies, unobvious δCe anomalies and right-declining chondrite-normalized REE patters demonstrate that tungsten-bearing granitic rocks was derived from deep crust or upper mantle. Together with geological features of the deposit, contents of trace elements and sulfur isotope in different rocks and ores, a conclusion can be drawn that the ore-forming materials, including W element, may come from the Mengjialing intrusion. The Sanjiazi scheelite deposit belongs to the skarn deposit and is related to the NW subduction of the Pacific plate underneath Eurasia plate in the Early Yanshanian period.

The volcanic rocks of the Shuangxiwu Group of Mesoproterozoic in Zhangcun, Zhejiang Province are the important part of the Jiangnan orogen. The Beiwu Group in the bottom mainly consists of intermediate-basic to intermediate-acid tuff, the Yanshan Group in the middle is made of sedimentary tuff, and the Zhangcun Group in the top consists mainly of the intermediate-acid and acid ignimbrites, which together compose a complete evolvement sequences from intermediate-basic to acid volcanic rocks. It is proved that they were formed in an island-arc environment by the evidence of petrochemistry and geochemistry of trace and rare elements, and the arc shows growing and maturing gradually from bottom to top. According to the analysis and survey results, it is concluded that the volcanic rock series of the Shuangxiwu Group maybe undergo the 3 processes. The first was Beiwu period of volcanic arc continental eruption, and the second was Yanshan period of the intermittent intra-arc basin sedimentation, and the third was Zhangcun period of continental volcanic arc extrusion and explosion. After the continuing volcanic activities, the Longmenshan island arc was undergone the compaction and folding orogeny, related to the Rodinia supercontinental assemblage orogeny.

It is because different types of soft rocks have different erosion and weathering levels that the categorization of soft rock samples becomes important in the study of the erosion resistance of soft rocks.The paper implements the algorithms of fuzzy cluster analysis via Matlab and applied to the classification of the soft rocks in Inner Mongolia. The results show that the soft rocks in the study area can be categorized into nine types, namely purple sandstone with celadon mudstone interbeds，purple sandstone，purple sandstone interbedded with offwhite sandstone，purple sandstone with purple mudstone interbeds，offwhite sandstone with purple sandstone，offwhite sandstone，purple mudstone，offwhite sandstone with celadon sandstone and pink sandstone interbeds.

Taken Houzhai karstic water system as an example, the precipitation and spring discharge ideal model of karstic region was developed by applying the conduit flow process (CFP) in order to characterize the recharge and transport mechanism of the kartstic system. Different sinkhole recharge positions, different conductivities and specific yields were considered to characterize the cross-correlation of precipitation and spring discharge. The results show that the change degree of the cross-correlation is higher under different recharge positions than that under different aquifer properties. The peak value of the cross correlation coefficient with the short distance discharge can reach 1 under different hydraulic conductivity and specific yield combinations. However, it can only reach 0.4 with the long distance discharge. Analysis results of the field investigation  also indicate that the peak value of the cross correlation can reach 0.7 under the short distance discharge situation,while it only reaches 0.4 under long distance discharge situation. The cross correlation curves of precipitation and spring discharge can be used to study karstic hydrodynamic characteristic, such as the karstic conduit flow paths supplemented by necessary hydrogeology survey.

The development and utilization of oil shale in Fushun has lasted for more than 70 years. Fushun possesses a dominant position during the development of national oil shale industry. The authors briefly discuss the geological formation conditions of Fushun oil shale based on a lot of oil shale basic parameters. All the oil shale samples were measured by volumeweight measurement, industrial analysis, lowtemperature resorting, calorific capacity measurement, ash fusing point measurement, ash composition analysis and element analysis. The test results show that volumeweight is 1.4～2.7 t/m³, oil yield is 1.17％～20.70% and calorific capacity is 0.45～11.18 MJ/kg. The color of most of oil shale ranges from light brown to deep brown. The deeper the color of oil shale is, the higher the oil yield is. During low temperature resorting, there is the highest tar/shale ratio at 510℃. The organic substance of oil shale mainly consists of C, H, O, N. The inorganic material mainly contains Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg. The associated elements mainly include Ti, Zr, Ge, Ga. The ash of oil shale is mainly made up of SiO₂, Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃, CaO, MgO and SO₃. Among them, the content of SiO₂ is the highest, then Al₂O₃ and Fe₂O₃.

As we know, man can not subsist without water. This is a great turn in human civil history from mankind moving from place to place in search of water to digging well for groundwater utilization. Groundwater is an ideal water supply source because of its extensive distribution, good quality, steady regime, convenient for use and not easy for suffering from contamination etc. as compared with surface water. Groundwater is also a geological motive power, information carrier and factors of ecoenvironment and disasters. Study on hydrogeology, including the law of groundwater formation, occurrence, engineering technique of groundwater exploitation and utilization, is the major contents of the discipline. Therefore, “Groundwater Science and Engineering” is an essential discipline that has a direct bearing on national economy and people’s livelihood. The author explicates emphatically that the history of the discipline growth has a close relation with the birth, procreation and development of human society. With the national economy development and scientific progress, the discipline has been developing from basic course into applied basic course and applied course. The applied research for satisfying national economy demand and market requirement must be strengthened while the basic hydrogeology is further studying. Finally, the author confirms that the “Groundwater Science and Engineering” subject has vast vistas because of the facts of water deficiency and contamination in the world, inevitable trend of science development and the imperative need of qualified hydrogeologists from employment market of China.

Carbon and oxygen stable isotope analyses on Eocene to Holocene carbonates from the Qaidam Basin at the northeastern edge of the Tibetan plateau in Western China show several distinct events related to regional climate and tectonism involving in the formation and uplift of the Tibetan plateau. The stable isotope record of the thick Cenozoic lacustrine-terrestrial sedimentary sequence indicates that the climates of Miocene were dominated by arid conditions. Carbon isotope data of the Hongsanhan section reveal two small and short cycles of 1 Ma to 3 Ma duration. Based on the results of stable isotope data, four distinct tectonic events can be detected: (1) An increase of the δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values in Late stage of Shangganchaigou Formation should corespond to the surrounding mountain uplifting; (2) A sharp decrease both δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values around the boundary between the Shangganchaigou Formation and Xiayoushashan Formation reveal a height increase of the whole basin and the uplifting event of Himalaya at ca. 24 Ma; (3) Positive isotopic ratios at 19 Ma to 18 Ma coincide with the strongest uplifting of the Altyn Mountains and the subsidence of the basin, resulting in drought climate; (4) Another height increase of the whole basin is documented by highly negative ratios at 12 Ma with the pronounced basin subsidence and relative mountain uplifting.

The petrologic characteristics, diagenesis and pore types in Chang 4+5 reservoir of the Jiyuan oilfield in Ordos Basin are studied by varied methods, including examination of the normal physical properties, thin-section & casting thin-section, heavy minerals, X-ray diffraction and SEM analysis. The dominating pore type of Chang 4+5 reservoirs is intergranular pore and feldspar-dissolved pore, the subordinate is the dissolved intergranular pore. Assembly of the pore types is usually intergranular pore and dissolved pore-granular pore. The constructive diagenesis in Chang 4+5 reservoir is compaction, secondary enlargement of quartz and feldspar, cementation of carbonate mineral, etc. It is the compaction that reduces the primary pore space in Chang 4+5 reservoirs. The destructive diagenesis that keeps or enlarges pore space is dissolution, clay membrane of chlorite. It is insufficient for dissolution to improve the pore space.

By characteristic analysis of strontium and sulfur isotopes in the studied area, it was discussed whether the transgression has happened in Paleogene in the Jiyang depression. The results show that the content ratio of ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ranges from 0.707 6 to 0.709 9 in the upper fourth sub-member and the lower third sub-member of the Shahejie Formation, and the content ratio of δ³⁴S ranges from 15‰ to 24‰ in the upper fourth sub-member. All of these isotopic ratios are within the range of the marine isotopes. Referring to other previous research, it is concluded that the transgressions have happened in the upper fourth sub-member and the lower third sub-member of the Shahejie Formation.

Aiming at suppressing the strong stochastic noise in seismic prospecting data, support vector regression(SVR) is introduced. A new permitted support vector kernel function-Ricker wavelet kernel function is proposed and demonstrated. Based on the elementary idea of kernel mapping and the principle of structural risk minimization, SVR transforms the regression problem into a quadratic programming problem. The results of simulation experiments for single channel data or arbitrary channel of multi-channel data show the clearer event, the better wave shape and the higher SNR compared with the conventional convolution filter and common SVR based on RBF. So it is possible that SVR based on Ricker wavelet kernel function is applied to suppressing noise in seismic prospecting data.

The 3rd member of Yingcheng Formation was detailed studied by large scale mapping of lithology and lithofacies, 2D surveying of small lithology and lithofacies section and identifying rocks.The 3rd member of Yingcheng Formation contains 2 cycles which changed from intermediate-basic rocks to intermediate-acidic rocks: Cycle①changed upward from quartz-andesite, andesite, andesitic agglomeratic lava, andesitic agglomerate, andesitic breccia and andesitic breccia tuff, to sandy tuff, dacitic tuff lava. Cycle ② changed from basaltic andesite, basaltic agglomeratic lava to dacite, dacitic tuff lava, dacitic tuff. The upward vertical lithofacies succession of cycle ①is: lower subfacies of effusive facies, diatreme subfacies of volcanic conduit facies, airfall subfacies of explosive facies , reworked volcanogenic sediments sub-facies of volcanogenic sedimentary facies , pyroclastic flow subfacies of explosive face. The upward vertical lithofacies succession for cycle ②is: lower and upper subfacies of effusive facies, diatreme subfacies of volcanic conduit facies, lower subfacies of effusive facies, inner sufacies of intrusive facies, lower subfacies of effusive facies, pyroclastic flow subfacies of explosive facies, reworked volcanogenic sediment subfacies of volcanogenic sediment facies, lower subfacies of effusive facies. The lava in 3rd part of Yingcheng Formation erupted in the late period of fault subsidence and it is the important lithology record of the Songliao Basin’s transform from a fault subsidence basin to a sag basin.

Groundwater system study is an important base to assess regional groundwater resources and to set up the rational groundwater development patterns. Based on lithopaleogeography of the waterbearing media and its spatial distribution of Ordos Cretaceous artisan basin（CAB） and the features of regional groundwater flow regime,hydrogeochemistry regime and monitoring data about the groundwater level and isotopic analysis at different depth sampled by Packer sampling system in the deep drilling holes, the authors have explored the main characteristics of the groundwater systems in CAB. The groundwater flow system in CAB can be classified into three types: local flow system, medium flow system and regional system. Bordered by the surface divide of Baiyushan Mountain, the CAB can be divided into two groundwater subsystems and five groundwater branchsystems. Among them, the groundwater subsystem in loess playa in south CAB is characterized by typical artisan basin and the groundwater subsystem in desert playa in north CAB is typical of phreatic basin.

The selection of the economical and feasible reactive media was studied on in-situ remediation of Cr(Ⅵ) contaminated groundwater in Permeable Reactive Barrier technology through experiment. Four kinds of matrials, viz. the modified bentonite (MB), Fe⁰, the fly ash and the activated carbon were selected for PRB media testing. The effective and economical modified bentonite was carried on the dynamic experiment as the PRB media. The experimental results indicate that the Cr(Ⅵ) concentration decreases from 0.50 mg/L to 0.05 mg/L which is less than the national groundwater quality Ⅲ standard. Simultaneously, the MB shows the large adsorption quantity, easier liquid-solid separation，no desorption and secondary pollution. It is feasible that the modified bentonite as the PRB media is to remedy the Cr(Ⅵ) contaminated groundwater.

The changes of lakes and wetlands in the Three River Sources have received many concerns all the time, climate changes is considered as the main factor of the changes of lakes and wetlands. Comparing with the temperature and precipitation, the evaporation data was difficult to acquire from the weather stations, but the RS technology provides a new approach to estimate the regional surface evaporation. Based on the principle of surface energy balance, combining with MODIS data and the meteorological data of the study region, the evaporation estimation model of Three River Sources is established, the distributing rules of evaporation is analyzed, and the correlation relationships among the temperature, precipitation, wind speed and evaporation of the study area are explored, and at the last the response between evaporation and the changes of lakes and wetlands is analyzed. The results show that evaporation of the Three River Sources Presents increasing trend, and it’s varied with the difference among conditions of hydrothermal, vegetation cover and altitude; the evaporation of study area was greatly affected by the temperature and precipitation; and the increasing evaporation induces the lake shrinking and wetland degradation.

The D,¹⁸O isotopes peak displacement method is used to estimate the precipitation infiltration quantity in the study area. By comparing the result of the field lysimeter method and precipitation infiltration coefficient method, the isotopes method is a good method and its results are accurate. The isotope results give a proof that the application of D,¹⁸O isotopes peak displacement method on calculation of the precipitation infiltration are accurate and reliable. The method is convenient, efficient, and economic for researching on the precipitation infiltration recharge. It has a considerably application potentiality and important use in the research of precipitation infiltration recharge in humid and semi-humid areas.

Based on analyzing the shortages of current methods considering runoff distribution through a year when partitioning runoff into abundant and low state, a new method, weighting method based on factor analysis, for obtaining weight values of each month in a yearI was presented. This method was applied to partition yearly average flow of Wuzhou hydrological station on the main branch of Xijiang River into abundant and low state, and then Markov process method was applied to study the probability characteristic of state series. The results showed that self-conservative characteristics weakened orderly as low, normal and abundant state; no matter what initial state runoff was, the transition probabilities decreased orderly as low, normal and abundant state; during long evolvement of runoff, the emergence probabilities reduced orderly as low, normal and abundant state.

Environmental isotopic composition of natural water in Ordos Cretaceous groundwater basin(CGB) indicates that the δ¹⁸O and δD of all the surfaces water lies in the evaporation line with the slope lower than the local meteoric water line (LMWL), which signifies the effect of evaporation on the surface water. The groundwater is of meteoric origin resulted from the fact that the groundwater in CGB is mainly distributed along LMWL. It is interesting that the δ¹⁸O and δD of groundwater in southern CGB and northern CGB has different distribution features, which signifies that the differences of hydrological cycle in southern CGB and northern CGB. In southern CGB, there exists no or weak hydraulic links between different aquifers and the groundwater flow is dominated by lateral inflow with the depth of up to 160 m involved in modern actively hydrological cycle. But in northern CGB, there is a close hydraulic links between different aquifers and the groundwater flow is characterized by vertical inflow with the depth of up to 200 m involved in modern actively hydrological cycle. The shallow groundwater is characterized by rich tritium concentration and high ¹⁴C activity, which implies that the shallow groundwater is recharged in modern time, but the deep groundwater is characterized by poor tritium concentration and low ¹⁴C activity, which implies that the deep groundwater is recharged in geologic time.

The EM field of arbitrary point in an irregular loop can be considered as the sum of the EM field of many circle loops in the irregular loop at the point. Therefore the authors may obtain the EM field of the irregular loop as long as the authors work out the EM field of each of the circle loops. The key to the success of this method is how the circle loop in the irregular loop is divided. The authors make a circle with the center of the circle located at the measuring point so that the irregular loop is divided into two parts, i.e. inside and outside the circle. Then the authors divide the outside of the circle further into many small circles. By doing so, the authors transform the irregular loop EM field solving problem into the circle loop EM field problem.

The induced voltage of surface nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) based on conduction model is a nonlinear function of water content distribution. A model constrained linear iteration inversion method was introduced to dissolve the nonlinear problem. And during the inversion, two constrained models, flattest and smoothest model, were incorporated into the sensitivity matrix calculated by theoretical formula. The inversion simulation was taken for the homogeneous half space, layered conductive model data and field data. And the results showed that the model constrained iteration inversion methods can get more veliable water contents and distribution from the indued volotage of surface NMR, and these results can be inverted by model constrained inversion from an initial homogeneous water content model. For noise free surface NMR signals, both flattest and smoothest model constrained inversions can infer correct water content distributions. However, to noisy data, by smoothest model constrained inversion, the inferred water content became lower and distributed in a larger range than real model, which can be inverted by flattest model constrained inversion correctly.

Situated in Northeast of Songpan-Ganzi terrain, the Zoige Basin is a significant sedimentary area of this terrain from Middle to Late Triassic. 37 greywacke samples of Middle and Late Triassic collected from Hongcan well in Zoige were analyzed by ICP-MS for REE and trace elements. The result shows that these samples were originated continental crust because they enriched in Cs,Rb,Th and high REE contents and depleted in Sr,Nb and Ta. Negative Eu anomalies and strong differentiation between heavy and light REE are significant. Both the contents and ratios of the inactive trace elements and the results based on discriminant diagrams indicated that the sedimentary tectonic setting of Zoige Basin was dominated by continental island arc and the sediment in this basin was strongly affected by continental island arc between Middle and Late Triassic. The change of REE composition between the upper and lower samples from Hongcan well implied the tectonic setting and property of the sediment provenance in Zoige Basin were altered obviously between late-period of Middle Triassic and mid-period or late-period of Late Triassic. This change was probably due to elevation and erosion of the matured continental crust on the east of Zoige Basin, and lots of clastic materials transported into the basin in late-period of Late Triassic.

According to regional structural geological characteristics and aeromagnetic, gravity， CEMP and seismic data, the No.2 fault in Yitong graben was part of Xilamulun River fault extending eastwards in Jilin Province. The left-strike faulting of Jiamusi-Yitong graben causes the activities of Xilamulun River fault to form No.2 fault. As the differential subsidence of its hanging wall and footwall, the present configuration of No.2 fault evolves. As an important synsedimentary fault in Yitong graben, No.2 fault controls the hanging wall and footwall deposition and petroleum accumulation. No.2 fault and hanging wall formed a steep fractured slope-break belt, which controls sedimentary distribution of the hanging wall. Incising to basement, No.2 fault connects petroleum source rock of both Shuangyang and Sheling Formation. The formerly opening of No.2 fault is favorable for petroleum migration, and later sealed when the basin reversed. The No.2 fault plays an important role in the process of petroleum accumulation at Liangjia structural area.

Groundwater nitrate pollution, as a global problem, is not only an environmental issue but also an economic and human health problem. The DRASTIC method can provide groundwater vulnerability to pollution but does not contain risk concept and ignore hazard’s dynamic nature of water movement. The obtained results may baffle the implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive in groundwater quality management field. We developed a dynamic risk assessment method based on DRASTIC and applied it in a watershed of the Upper Bann Catchments, Northern Ireland, for the purpose of groundwater nitrate pollution risk assessment. The framework will support decision makers efficiently and effectively carry out groundwater diffuse pollution prevention practices at watershed scale. “Very high” and “high” ranked areas for groundwater nitrate pollution occupy 51% and 105% of the study area respectively. The results are helpful for local government’s policies making by focusing on “very high” and “high” groundwater pollution risk zones in a watershed. The dynamic risk assessment method is applicable for any soluble groundwater pollutants from diffuse sources.

Yingyi-D1 well, an exploratory well, was drilled to reveal the insider of standard section of Yingcheng Formation in 2006. Volcanic lavas, pyroclastic lavas, pyroclastic rocks and sedimentary pyroclastic rocks have been found in this well. The volcanic lavas include rhyolite, pitchstone, perlite and basalt. Pyroclastic lavas are consisted of breccia lava, tuff lava and ignimbrite. Pyroclastic rocks are mainly composed of volcanic breccia and tuff. Sedimentary pyroclastic rocks are mainly sedimentary tuff and sedimentary volcanic breccia. They mainly belong to effusive facies, explosive facies and volcanogenic sedimentary facies. The average porosity is 15.17％ and the average permeability is 1.51×10^-3μm². The porosity is linearly correlated to permeability. Based on the mercury injection capillary pressure data, the pore structures could be classified into six types. Synthetical evaluation of porosity & permeability and pore structure, the reservoirs were classified into four types. Type I is a perfect reservoir with high to super-high porosity and super-high permeability, coarse throat dominating. Type Ⅱ is good reservoir with high porosity & permeability, fine throat dominating. Type Ⅲ is a medium reservoir with medium porosity, medium permeability and fine throat. Type Ⅳ is a poor reservoir with medium to low porosity, low permeability and fine throat.

The authors discuss the geochemical characteristics and genesis of the Dalianhe oil shale in both the coal and the oil shale members. The oil shale in the two members are quite similar in geochemistry in that both are of high percentage of SiO₂, Al₂O₃ and Fe₂O₃ (middle to difficult lava silicon ash ), ratios of Mn/Ti less than 0.1, Sr/Ba between 0.1 and 0.5 and V/Ni between 2.6 and 7.0. The organic styles are mainly composed of sapropel humus. OEP values of nalkanes are between 1.55 and 3.67, showing outstanding odd carbon number distribution, with nC₂₃ and nC₂₉ as the highest peaks. Average Pr/Ph ratio is up to 2.30, indicating pristine dominance. Pr/nC₁₇ ratios are between 1.18 and 3.20. All these characteristics reflect the oil shale in the two members are deposited in a fresh water, lakeswamp, alongshore and lower oxygen and anoxic environment condition. The parent material styles from the coal member are richer in hydrogenous component related to wetnesslike flora, which is the main reason for the quality difference of the oil shale in the two members.

Geotectonically, Tectonic setting in NE China during the Late Palaeozoic is traditionally referred to as a Variscan fold belt or orogenic belt. Therefore Late Palaeozoic rocks as a basement of Mesozoic-Cenozoic basins are regarded to be impossible for hydrocarbon exploration. Our recent studies indicate that a crust consolidating event occurred in the individual massifs in NE China in 500 Ma(±). The consolidated massifs amalgamated along the east margin of Daxing’anling Mountain, forming a composite massif as an independent evolution unit (we re-named Jiamusi-Xingmeng massif).The Late Palaeozoic Group is the first regional sedimentary cover on the composite massifs, which consists of marine sediments with abundant of well-preserved fossils. It is noteworthy that the Late Palaeozoic group is not subjected to the regional metamorphism and associated granites with large areas are not formed in Variscan, but Mesozoic time (220-180 Ma). Palaeogeographic features show that sediment setting of Late Carboniferous-Permian was a huge marine basin facing Paleo-Asian Ocean in south. The Mesozoic-Cenozoic lift basins represented by Songliao and Erlian basins are developed on the base of the Late Paleozoic marine sedimentary basin. Thus we suggest that the Late Palaeozoic sediments are not the metamorphosed basement in the Mesozoic-Cenozoic basins, they are superimposed basins. So the Late Palaeozoic group in NE China has tremendous potential for oil and gas resources, and should be an important new area for deep hydrocarbon exploration.

The authors present hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, sulfur and lead isotope compositions of the Xiaoxinancha goldbearing porphyry copper deposits, Yanbian. The concentrations of δ¹⁸Oquartzwater,δD andδ¹³CCO₂ trapped in quartz and fluid inclusions of the ores are -0.1‰ to +5.6‰, -77‰ to -38‰ and -5.6‰ to -3.5‰, respectively. And the δ¹⁸Ocalcitewaterand δD of calcite are -4.3‰ and -62‰. In addition, concentrations of δ¹⁸OCc,δ¹³CPDB,δ³⁴S trapped in calcites and sulphides are -4.3‰ to +11.39‰, -8.8‰ to -5.3‰, and +2.1‰ to +4.8‰, respectively.²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb,²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb,²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios are 18.103 to 18.388, 15.405 to 15.590, 37.888 to 38.184 respectively with μ value varying from 8.52 to 8.79. The sulfur isotopic characteristics indicate that the oreforming fluids are similar to those of subcontinental island arc magmas, the oxygencarbon and the lead isotopic data reveal a primitive mantle source,and the hydrogenoxygen isotopic features show a complex fluid of the primary mantle,magmatic and metamorphic water, and with an evolutionary trendency towards meteoric and sea waters. So the authors suggest that the thermodynamic sources were derived from the primitive mantle, the oreforming fluids had been contaminated by meteoric hydrothermal system on the upper crust or near the surface during ascending, and the oreforming materials (such as Cu and Au) were from IMORB mantle.

Water pressure of groundwater can be separated into hydrostatic pressure and hydrodynamic pressure in evaluation model of slope stability and the mechanical analytic model of slope stability is developed by using residual thrust method when considering water pressure of groundwater. Formulas are also induced to calculate the thickness of aquifer and water head in any point between the two points in which groundwater table is given. Taking groundwater table and shear strength index as stochastic variables and the distribution features of these two variables can be obtained basd on the monitored and tested data, the analytical method of slope reliability based on Monte-Carlo method and residual thrust method has been put forward to analyze the slope reliability of a highway slope. Analytical results show that there is a positive correlation between the change of groundwater table and the change of failure probability of slope. Failure probability of slope is approximately 60% when taking groundwater table as stochastic variable, but is 10%-30% when taking groundwater table as determinable variable during the periods of July, August and September when groundwater table changes dramatically.In other months, groundwater table varies slightly and failure probability of slope also varies slightly, but the failure probability of slope when taking groundwater table as stochastic variable is always higher than that when taking groundwater table as determined variable.

An geophysical profile has been collected from Dangbi Town to Baoqing County(DB02) in the east part of Heilongjiang Province. After the analysis of the geophysical characteristics in the study area, and according to gravity Euler deconvolution calculation results, DB02 geophysical profile could be divided into sections within 9 fractures and 7 structure regions. Sedimentary basement and oil-gas prospect areas were calculated and forecasted. The results show that the low-resistivity area in the eastern Boli basin is not a conducive area of oil, but a favorable area for coalbed methane; Baoqing depression have nappe structure in the upper, while the low resistance reservoir area in lower are suitable for oil and gas accumulation.

Taking into consideration of the information of vegetation zoning, reflectance spectral signatures of land cover and field investigations, the estuarine and coastal wetland distribution information of Shanghai region is extracted from multiple Landsat-5 TM images on the basis of the determination of pixel threshold for land cover classification. With ArcGIS, spatial data of the wetlands both of tidal flat and terrain beneath water are integrated. Therefore the wetlands distribution in the past and present and changes are analyzed. Results show that the reclamation of the wetlands kept an increased trend for the past 15 years. Although the tidal flat still grows, the deposition speed obviously decreases and it does not catch up with the reclamation activities. Thus the size of wetlands of middle to high elevation has a decreasing tendency.

He and Ar isotopic components of the fluid inclusions in pyrites from the main tin deposits in the central Nanling region are studied to discuss the genesis and material sources of these deposits. The results indicate that the ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar ratio varies between 288 and 371 and ³He/⁴He 0.09~28.58 Ra. He and Ar concentrations change greatly in different area while ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar and ³He/⁴He ratios are more consistent in the same area.⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar ratios are between that of the atmosphere saturation water(including meteoric precipitation and seawater)（⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar≈295.5）and that of Hawaii hotspot（⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar=350～360）; Their ³He/⁴He ratios are apparently above those of the continental crust（³He/⁴He≈0.03Ra） and are within the range of the averaged crust, of the primitive mantle（³He/⁴He≈8.57 Ra） and of the characteristic Hawaii hotspot（³He/⁴He≈27.14 Ra）. Above features indicate that the metallogenic fluids are related to the activation of the mantle plume, and they probably are the mixing product of the mantle-and crust-derived fluids and of the meteoric water. The results provide new evidences that the tin deposits are product of the crust-mantle interaction and that the mantle plumes had existed in the Nanling region.

Seismic traces obtained from crosswell reflection imaging and well log data are used in the multi well log restriction random inverse acoustic impedance inversion. First the crosswell reflection imaged data was inverted to obtain an acoustic impedance profile. Then some acoustic impedance traces extracted from the inversion profile were used as virtual log and combined with well log data to implement the crosswell and surface seismic joint inversion. The modeling and filed data inversion results shown that crosswell and surface seismic joint inversion can provide more restriction in the surface seismic inversion and can improve accuracy of inversion.

The characters and its primary times of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion of source rocks are analysed, evolution of structure and sedimentation in the Bogeda mountain block, upheaval of the Bogeda mountain block and its significance to oil and gas exploration is studied using the techniques of structure movement, sedimentary prototype resume, effective source rock evaluation, and reformed basin modeling. It is demonstrated that the present Bogeda mountain block was deep to halfdeep lake at Late Permian and two sets of good to intermediate source rocks for hydrocarbons, that is, the Upper Permian Lucaogou and Hongyanci Formations, were developped in the Bogeda mountain block then. The primary time of hydrocarbon expulsion of the source rocks is at Late Jurassic to Cenozoic when upheaval of the Bogeda mountain block took place. At upheaval times of the Bogeda mountain, the amount of hydrocarbon expulsion of the source rocks from the Bogeda mountain block to the Chaiwopu depression and Miquan block were be reduced. However, the areas adjacent to the Bogeda mountain have thick source rocks themselves, thus their resources potential is still larger. Hence, the Chaiwopu depression and Miquan block adjacent to the Bogeda mountain are also favorable prospecting areas for oil and gas.

Large scale planar geological mapping, profiling survey and microfabric analyses proved that lithophysa structure was developed in rhyolite in Yingcheng coal mine area, Jiutai City. According to the genesis, occurrence,macro shape and microscopical characteristics，lithophysa was divided into three types：the independent lithophysa in bentonite，surface mounted lithophysa on stratiform rhyolite and interior lithophysa in the massive rhyolite．The diameter range of independent lithophysa is from a few centimeters to tens centimeters. Independent lithophysa is grape-like. Independent lithophysa distributed within the bentonite which altered from perlite. The crystallization differentiation of spheres which were formed by magma quenching into water generated the independent lithophysa. The diameter range of surface mounted lithophysa is from a few millimeters to a few centimeters. Surface mounted lithophysa is grape-like too. The surface mounted lithophysa distributed around the outer layer of the independent lithophysa in plane. Genesis mechanism of surface mounted lithophysa is the same as independent lithophysa. The diameter range of interior lithophysa is from a few millimeters to a few centimeters. Multi-rings structure was developed in the interior lithophysa. The mineral crystallization fractionation of gas-enriched magma from surface to inner releasing gas generated the interior lithophysa. These three types of lithophysa distribute in upper subfacies of effusive facies. The forming condition is condensing shrinkage in fixed volume.

The He 8 (Member 8 of the Upper Permian Shihezi Formation) and Shan1 gas reservoir in the Sulige field of Ordos basin is an inefficient fluvial facies gas reservoir drived by elasticity. The reservoir has strong heterogeneity and produces water widely during fracture testing.From the tested and explored data, the authors divide the water bearing gas zone into three types: irreducible water, interlayer water and retained water, and analysis the characters of them. According to the well logging response mechanism of gas, the recognition methods for gas-water layers, such as cross plot method, gas logging comprehensive distinguishing method, induction and laterolog joint interpretation method, are proposed. Based on these procedures, the logging interpretation coincidence rate of low resistivity oil reservoir was raised from 70% to 80%.

The Mesozoic strata outcropped in the central-east part of Guangdong Province may divided into 15 of Ⅲ rank sedimentary sequences, while there are 12 of Ⅲ rank sequences of Mesozoic identified in the seismic profiles and well LF35-1-1 in offshore Chaoshan depression in the north margin of South China Sea. The sequences including 6 of Ⅱ rank and 2 of Ⅰrank, reflect the environmental changing processes from sea to land. The lithography, sedimentary facies and sequence of the Mesozoic both outcropped in land and occurred offshore may correlate well. The characteristics of stratigraphy and sedimentation and its model based on the outcropped strata are helpful to study the related subjects of the Mesozoic offshore and can be a guide to petroleum exploration.

Fan delta sediments are widely developed in the upper part of the fourth member of Shahejie Formation at Yong 921 area in the north steep slope of Dongying depression. They are among the best reservoirs in the area. Based on the theory of sedimentology and reservoir geology, combined with outcrop, drilling data, well logging and analytical data, fan delta’s depositional characteristics, sedimentary model and reservoir characteristics are studied and summarized. According to characteristics of the deposits, fan deltas there can be subdivided into three subfacies and six microfacies. With analysis of lithological properties, diagenesis, sedimentary microfacies, structural features and sedimentary structure factors controlling the physical of reservoirs. The authors believed that channel fill sands are the most favorable reservoirs in the subject area,and can have the best combination of oil source bed, reservoir and caprocks.

Take the Yangjiaba polymetallic ore field in Lueyang County, Shaanxi Province as an example, systematic research of fluid inclusions from the ores indicates that they can be divided into two distinct areas in space: Areas A and B. Area A is featured by single liquid phase while Area B by larger voluminous, primary two-phases inclusions with large gas: liquid ratios. In Area A, the primary gaseous-liquid phase inclusions consist of H₂O and their homogeneous temperatures are measured at 184℃. The fluid inclusions in Area B are mainly composed of H₂O and C₆H₆ and their homogeneous temperature are concentrated around 260℃ and 330℃. The homogeneous temperature of the Area B is apparently higher than those measured previously, indicating the involvement of higher temperature, reductive fluids in mineralization. Combined with the consideration of the tectonic settings of the Qinling orogenic belt, and of the analysis of trace and REE elements, it is suggested at the present preliminary stage of study that the H₂O-C₆H₆ fluids might belong to mantle fluid moved upwards via large deep-cut faults by rapid surge during intense tectonic movement.  These fluids resulted in crust-mantle superimposed mineralization, being the prelude of intense mineralization in the Qinling orogenic belt.

Yield of groundwater and its decline process are key issues for the exploitation time of the open-cast coal. Groundwater numerical model including three aquifers and two aquitards is built using GMS in the Baoqing open-cast coal in the Eastern Heilongjiang Province. The model is calibrated and validated according to measured data. Considering both economic benefits and dewatering effect，the flow field of different schemes are predicted by the model. Based on the result the best scheme of dewatering well design (86 dewatering wells) and the corresponding yield of abstraction(95 718.84 m³/d) are determined. The process of groundwater level decline in the first exploiting region is presented too, the average decline speed in 0.17 m/d. The result provides technical support for solving practical key problems in dewatering projects such as number of dewatering wells and their location design, yield of single well, and the prediction of decline speed of groundwater level.

The mineral composition and the contents of the oreforming and rare earth elements in different spherical layers of Co-rich nodules, collected from the YJB Sea Mount in the MARCUS Ridge in the central Pacific ocean, were determined using ICP-AES,ICP-MS,XRD,FT-IR and JSM. The results show that the spherical nodules consist of a basalt core and four surrounding spherical layers. In the nodules, the ore minerals include vernadite and a small amount of todorokite, gangue minerals are apatite quartz and plagioclase and minor minerals are montmorillonite, kaolinite, natrolite, cristobalite, pyroxene, stibite and others. TMn, Cu, Ca and P are relativily enriched in the old nodules while TFe, Co, Ni, Si and Al are enriched in new nodules. In both the old and new nodules, the contents of TMn, Co, Ni, Cu, Ba, Zn, Pb and Mo are gradually decreased from the underlying layers outwards and that of TFe is increased. The core basalts belong to WPB. Their total REE contents are measured to be 1 924.07×10^-6 with distinctively positive Ce anomalies. In different spherical layers of both the old and new nodules the varying tendency of Ce is similar to that of TMn while varying tendency of other REE to that of Fe.

The Chang 7 member of the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin contains wealthy of oil shale resources. It is mostly distributed in the southern part of the basin and the thickness of these layers is from 15 to 30 meters (with the thickest exceeds 40 meters) with 5% to 10% oil yield. The development of the Ordos Basin reached its culmination in the sedimentary period of the Yanchang Formation and the lake basin was largest in area during the Chang 7 epoch. Based on the research on the relationship between the distribution of oil shale and the character of sedimentary facies during Chang 7 epoch, we suggest that the distribution of oil shale is remarkably controlled by the depositional environment then. The oil shale of the Chang 7 member formed under deep lake to half deep lake environment are of higher oil yield and of thicker and wider distribution range. The Chang 7 member in the Ordos Basin is very rich in oil shale resource and the volume of the shale oil resources is 10 476×10⁸t. Moreover, because the structure of the Ordos Basin is simple, their exploitation conditions are good. So the Chang 7 member of the Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin is potential for prospecting and exploitation.

Wangjiacha quartz diorite, outcropped in the junction area between Qinling and Qilian orogenic belts, was intruded into the metamorphic complex of the Longshan Group. Assemblage, chemistry and geochemical characteristics of the quartz diorite intrusion show the characteristics of subduction granite. Using LA-ICPMS(Laser-iso plasma mass spectrum) dating technique, U-Pb isotope dating for tiny areas of single zircons from the quartz diorite gives a weighted average age of (454.7±1.7) Ma, which probably stands for the formation age of the rocks. This dating is of great significance to the research on the Early Paleozoic tectonic evolution, on the orogenic processes in the junction area between the Qinling and Qilian and on the relationship between the Qinling and Qilian orogenic belts.

The original commentary is about typical technologies for oil shale retorting. Firstly, the authors make a brief introduction about gas heat carrier such as Petrosix, Kiviter, SGR, Joseco and Fushuntype retorts. Then, solid heat carrier such as Galoter，Tosco-Ⅱ，LR，ATP and DG process were described in detail. Obviously that the future development of new technologies based on traditional processes are prospected. It is very important to take environmental protection into consideration at the stage of select process.

According to bore holes and exposures, the authors studied the structure sequences of the Jixi basin in Eastern Heilongjiang Province. With classification of tectonic sequence, the authors discussed the dynamics evolution of Jixi basin, suggesting that the Jixi basin was formed by pull apart of lefthanded strikeslip related to the Dunmi rift zone in the Cretaceous. Longitudinal expression include two tectonic evolution periods: blockfaulting stage in earlymiddle stage of the Early Cretaceous expressed, which was controlled by the growth of coalbearing sequence in Jixi Group; downwarping period in late stage of the Early Cretaceousearly stage of Late Cretaceous, which was controlled by the growth of red sequence in Huashan Group. The sequence classification and dynamic analysis of this basin provide an important evidence to the stratigraphic correlation,tectonic analysis and minerogenesis.

Mafic dikes in Meizhou Island, Fujian Province, intrude along joints of the granite. They are mainly hornblende diabase and composed of plagioclase (An=45-55), hornblende and minority of augite and/or quartz. The SHRIMP U-Pb age of zircons from mafic dikes is （90±2） Ma. The host granite, with zircon SHRIMP U-Pb age of （105±3） Ma, is composed of quartz（25%-30％），perthite（50%-60％），plagioclase (An=22-25，10%-15％) and minority of biotite (<5%). The age difference between the mafic dikes and their host granite is approximately 10 Ma. Geochemically, the mafic dikes are of low CaO, MgO, TiO₂, high Al₂O₃, with LREE and LILE enriched, Ta-Nb depleted, (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i=0.705 2-0.705 4,ε_Nd(t) =-0.03-1.57. The overall elemental and Sr-Nd isotopic characteristics of the Meizhou Island mafic dikes are similar to those of mafic dikes from the coastal area of Fujian Province. The host granite is rich in silicon, alkalis, w(SiO₂)>75%，A/CNK=1.05-1.12，w（K₂O+Na₂O）=7.68%-8.12%， (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i=0.705 5，ε_Nd(t) = -3.92, which is consistent with that of the late Mesozoic high-K calc-alkaline granitoid in the coastal region of Fujian Province. It’s suggested that the host granites in Meizhou Island be formed by partial melting in middle-lower crustal rocks by underplating and heating of basaltic magma produced from partial melting of enriched lithospheric mantle. The mafic dikes were probably derived from the detained basaltic magma experienced fractional crystallization process. The granite and mafic dikes from Meizhou Island formed in the extensional setting and responded to two extension events. The study on the Meizhou Island granite and mafic dikes provides a new case for Late Mesozoic tectonic-magmatic activities and constraint to the time of lithosphere extensional events in the coastal area of Fujian Province.

Based on the study of the genesis of granite in Dashiqiao borate district, considers that the granite in the area is a kind of stratified migmatitized granite. The direct result of this hypothesis is the discovery of three mediumsized borate deposits in Dashiqiao area. The granite, which is transitional to its host rock granulite, possesses some special structure and texture, fluctuating largely in its chemical component concentration. Granite displays an oversaturated Al, a higher AKCN and a higher Ti. Its petrochemical components and oxygen isotope δ¹⁸O of higher than 10‰ reveal features of migmatization. The granite is consistent with its host rock granulitite in REE. In granite, LR/HR is 3.86 on average, negative Eu anomaly is evident, δEu is 0.62 and Eu/Sm is 0.163 on average, suggesting its similarity to crust granites and sedimentary rocks. Hence, the granite in the area is considered as stratified migmatized granite, rather than magmatic granite formed by diapirism.

The authors introduces the hydrogeochemical evidence of groundwater circulation pattern in Chabu well field in Ordos Cretaceous basin based on the horizontal and vertical distribution features of hydrogeochemistry. The horizontal distribution features of hydrogeochemistry and its evolution differences between eastern and western parts of the well field indicates that Groundwater is mainly recharged in eastern part and the groundwater moves form east to west, and discharge in the western parts The vertical distribution features of hydrogeochemistry indicate that groundwater moves downward in the area east to Baolehaoxiao,while upward in in the area west to Baolehaoxiao. The circulation depth of intermidiate groundwater flow system and the regional groundwater flow system is about 150-200 m and 600 m below the land surface respectively.

By use of the changes of acoustic logging data with buried depth and equivalent depth method, formation and evolution characteristics of overpressure of K₁n¹ mudstone in the north of Songliao Basin was studied. It was considered that the overpressure of K₁n¹ mudstone was universally developed in the north of Songliao Basin at present. The area of high value of overpressure distributes in Qijia-Gulong depression, and the maximum can reach up to more than 9 MPa now. Overpressure of K₁n¹ mudstone mainly formed during K₂m² sedimentary period and then increased gradually. At the end of K_{2m and E sedimentary period, the overpressure had ever decreased because of the activity of T1 faults. According to the formation and evolution process of overpressure and hydrocarbon generation-expulsion histories of source rocks, it was considered that ①the main hydrocarbon expulsion phase of K1n¹ source rock was at the end of E sedimentary period; ②the longest distance of migration downward of oil and gas from K1n¹ source rock was about 190 m. In most parts of Daqing Placanticline, Sanzhao depression, Qijia-Gulong depression, Longhupao terrace and Mingshui terrace, etc, oil and gas from K1n¹ source rocks could migrate downward into underlying Saertu oil layers. Only in local areas the oil and gas could migrate downward into Putaohua oil layers. ③Formation period of overpressure was earlier than the main expulsion period, which was favorable for sealing oil and gas. ④Overpressure of K1n¹ mudstone underwent ever depressure at the end of K2m and E sedimentary period after its formation, but its seal ability continuously increased until now. These conditions should be significant for the accumulation and distribution of oil and gas in Saertu, Putaohua oil layers in the north of Songliao Basin.}

In order to reasonably improve the vertical resolution of the compensated neutron log (CNL) in deviated and horizontal well, Monte Carlo simulation was applied to study the vertical geometrical factors of CN241 tool in the well of different deviation angle. The geometrical factor was regarded as response function coefficient, and resolution matching method was used to improve the resolution of the log curves in simulated formation and true formation. The vertical geometrical factors obtained from the simulation data proved that there would be some error when the geometrical factor of vertical well was applied to deviated or horizontal well, and the maximum porosity error could be as high as 10％ when the formation thickness is 40 cm. The results also showed that geometrical factors were different with different deviation angles, therefore the corresponding geometrical factor should be used as response function coefficient when to improve CNL resolution of deviated or horizontal well.

Western Luxi is the only area in the world where the Early Neoarchean TTG and greenstone belts are completely preserved, which are typical for study the evolution types of Archean magma, the crust-mantle interaction, and the Archean tectonic model. Based on field geological surveys, in this paper, the geochemical characteristics and formation background of the Neoarchean granites and monzonites in western Shandong s are discussed by means of trace element geochemistry, isotope geochemistry, and isotope chronology. The U-Pb ages of Neoarchean granites and monzonite granites in western Luxi are mainly 2 537 Ma and 2 566 Ma. The granite (TA1802) εHf (t) value is -1.4-2.9(average 0.65), and the two-stage model age is about 2.9 Ga; The monzonite granite (TA1812) εHf (t) value is -0.4-2.7( average 1.31), the age of two-stage model is 3 073-2 886 Ma(average 2.8 Ga), the monzonite granite (TA1817) εHf (t) is 0.3-4.7, the average is 3.35, the age of the second-stage model is 3 032-2 762 Ma, the average is about 2.8 Ga. On the εHf(t)-t diagram, the age evolution lines of the Neoarchean granites and monzonites in Luxi fall on the 2.9-2.8 Ga crustal evolution line, and are roughly the same as that of the second-stage model, which indicates that the Luxi Neoarchean granites and monzonites originated from the re-melting of the ancient crust at 2.9-2.8 Ga. The Neoarchean granites and monzonites in western Shandong are characterized by high w(SiO2), w(Al2O3), and w(Na2O), and they are all quasi-aluminum rocks. In the standardized distribution pattern of rare earth element chondrites, they all show light rare earth element (LREE) enrichment, heavy rare earth element (HREE) depletion, and medium-heavy rare earth element fractionation. There are two samples (TA1801-1 and TA1824) showing Ta enrichment and the rest samples showing large ion lithophile element enrichment, such as K, Rb, Ba and Th, and Nb, Ta, and Ti depletion. The monzonites also show the enrichment of large ion lithophile element such as K, Rb, Ba and Th, the depletion of Nb, Ta, Ti, and the partial molten residual minerals include garnet, rutile, and a small amount of plagioclase and amphibole. Based on the above geochemical characteristics, combined with the regional geological characteristics, the tectonic background of the Neoarchean granites and monzonites in western Shandong is syn-collision, which is the reason of the effective accretion of continental crust.

Gold deposits are controlled by lithology, structure and alteration. The alteration may result in radioactivity difference between ore bearing structure zone and the wall rock. Therefore the gammaray spectrometry may be used in gold deposit exploration. Gammaray spectrometry survey made in the outer region Liushuhe area of Wulaga gold mine in Heilongjiang Province is taken as an example in which the ore bearing structure zone is revealed and the characteristic on the mineralization liquid at middle to low temperature is indicated. Potassium (K) and the total channels appear high anomalies on the mineralization zone while uranium (U) shows low anomalies. The overall results prove that spectrometry is effective in gold exploration in the study area. It is necessary to point out that gammaray spectrometry may be characterized differently over different exploration area and different deposit types.

Baiyinnuoer zinc-lead deposit in Chifeng, Inner Mongolia, is located at the middle segment of the Da Hinggan Mountains, in the Permian Huanggangliang Group. The distribution of the ore bodies are controlled by fold structures. The ore bodies are mainly composed of layered, disseminated and massive ores. The mineralization can be divided into two periods: the early mineralization including layered, layer parallel veined and brecciated ores, and the late mineralization including veinlets and veined ores. The sulfur isotopic compositions of the sulfides from ores show that the values (average -4.31‰) of the δ³⁴Ｓ of the early mineraliztion ores are clearly lower than that (average -1.83‰) of the late mineralization ores. Comprehensive studies indicate that the Baiyinnuoer zinc-lead deposit is a type of sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb-Ag deposit and superimposed by Yanshanian magma hydrothermal activity. The main metallogenic period is the Permian.

Aiming at the pertinent problems of the Hulin existing elevation systems, technical problems, such as converting ellipsoidal heights to normal heights of the region, are discussed in the present work. After systematically introducing the theories on GPS and on leveling measuring height system, as well as on their similarities and discrepancies, the principles and methods of determining quasi-geoid are explained. Then using a mathematic model, the scheme achieving height transformation with a cm-level precision by a few GPS points and leveling points is searched. Finally, an approximate solution to the quasi-geoid computation with a cm-level precision in Hulin area is proposed, based on analyzing the approaches and corresponding errors of computed normal heights in cm-level in different areas. Taking the terrain characteristics of the Hulin area in account, the approaches adapting to different surveying projects are used to realize height transform here. Proved by practice, the normal heights with a cm-level precision of this region, can be achieved by a few reasonably distributed leveling points, which can meet the demand of general surveying projects.

It was the first time to carry out the systematical statistical analysis on the joint occurrence, scale, width, density and distribution regularities to elaborate the reservoir significance. According to the analysis of joint position, the inter-cutting relationship and the regional tectonic settings, the formation epochs of joints in the target area were divided into three epochs, namely, Yingcheng epoch, the last stage of Yingcheng epoch and the late stage of K₂.By using conjugate joint occurrence and joint nature, basing on the statistics and calculation, Yingcheng epoch had nearly EW direction tectonic stress field with stretch and compression alternatively， NE-SW direction tectonic stress field was formed in the last stage of Yingcheng epoch， NW-SE direction compressional tectonic stress field was formed in the last stage of K₂.It was considered that the joint formation and distribution of Yingcheng Formation were mainly related with the first two compressional tectonic stress fields. The joint distribution regularities of Yingcheng Formation in Xujiaweizi region were predicted, which provides the visual correlation for the study on the distribution regularities of natural gas reservoir.

Marine strata deposited from the Sinian to the Middle Triassic in Sichuan basin which was important to oil and gas exploration. Mudstone deposited during the Doushantuo stage of Lower Sinian, the Qiongzhusi Formation of Lower Cambrian and the Longmaxi Formation of Lower Silurian. Two types of source rocks deposited within the Qixia Formation of Middle Permian and the Wujiaping Formation of Upper Permian. The distribution characteristics of each stage are studied in detail. According to this study, the main hydrocarbon generating center of Doushantuo Formation locates in the Fuling district, the main hydrocarbon generating center of Qiongzhusi Formation locates in the area from Chengdu to Zigong. There are two main hydrocarbon generating centers which are Wanxian district and Luzhou-Qijiang area during the Longmaxi Formation, three hydrocarbon generating centers during Qixia Formation, and single hydrocarbon generating centers in Wanxian-Wushan district during the Wujiaping Stage. The maturity evolution of source rocks turns to matured or over-matured stage and the hydrocarbon-generating intensity is controlled by the abundance of organic matter and thickness of source rock. The stage of TST within the second-order sequence is better to deposit regional source rock. The types of source rock，organic matter and abundance of organic matter are mainly controlled by the sediment settings, the distribution and the maturity evolution of source rock are mainly affected by the tectonic movement.

To ascertain sandstone diagenesis of the Yanchang Formation and its effects on physical properties, multiple analysis methods were adopted, including general  slice and casting slice identification of sandstone, scan electron microscope， X-ray diffraction, etc. The result shows that feldspar sandstone is the main sandstone type, with low composition maturation and high fabric maturation，and compaction is one of the main causes for porosity losses，and the primary porosity loses further under cementation which is also the main cause of this compact sandstone， especially， cabonate，secondly，quartz increasing margin and kaolinite，but cementation of chlorite film can restrain compaction and is benifical to preserve primary porosity. Physical properties of sandstone reserviors can be improved by dissolution，especially，of feldspar during the later period of diagenesis. Diagenesis reaches A-period of later diagenesis stage，secondary porosity developed by dissolution is one of the main porosity-type of this period，where it is developed well is the favourable reserviors area.

Five volcanic facies and fifteen subfacies are identified in Yingcheng Formation by using the data of cores and cuts of 36 wells in the Songliao Basin. The distribution of volcanic rocks is controlled by deep-seated faults. The volcanic rocks near the deep faults are thicker than that far from deep faults. The crater is controlled by the bypass faults. The facies’ cycle of volcanic in the Songliao Basin has the following characters. The vertical facies’ cycle of volcanic near deep faults is effusive facies-effusive facies-volcanic vent facies or invading facies from lower to upper, while far from deep faults’ is effusive facies-extrusive facies-effusive facies or volcanic sedimentary facies. The horizontal facies’ rhyme is volcanic vent facies/invading facies-effusive facies-extrusive facies-volcanic sedimentary facies. The cha-racters of effusive facies are matting like overlap or mound shape, middle-lower amplitude, middling frequency, middle-bad continuum reflection, and intermittently continuum wave like reflection, which are 6～10 km wide and 200～400 m thick. The characters of extrusive facies is wedge or lentoid figure with middle-high amplitude, middle-low frequency, bad-middle continuum reflection, which are 6～8 km wide and 100～200m thick. The characters of volcanic vent facies and invading facies are steep mound shape with middle-high amplitude, low frequency, disorder reflection, only occurred near the crater, which are 2 km wide and 100～200 m thick. The character of volcanic-sedimentary facies is filling structure, middle-high amplitude, middle frequency and good continuum reflection, distributed in bottomland, which are 4～7 km wide and 50～150 m thick.

Twomica granites are exposed in the Gangdise backarc fault uplift area and are discontinually distributed along Serirong-Baga fault as an E-W trending tring. Their contents of SiO₂, K₂O, Al₂O₃ are higher, but the contents of CaO are lower, A/CNK>1.1 and the content of corundum exceeds 2.1% by CIPW standard mineral calculation. All those show these granites are the peraluminous granites with the rheomorphic remelting characteristics, which formed during the syncollision circumstances.The results of SHRIMP zircon U-Pb dating reveal that the inherited zircon in twomica granitic rocks gave a few Archean and a large number of ages between 1 120 Ma and 1 489 Ma, which represent the age of the main source region of the zircon. Those ages are essentially in agreement with the protolith age of the metamorphic Nianqingtanggu Group, which indicate their close affinity. The rheomorphic remelting age of the twomica granites is 139 Ma. Combined with the regional data, it is suggested that the twomica granites were produced due to the crustal thickening which was caused by the Neotethys subducting underneath the Gangdise microblock and by its backarc oceanic basin closing in the same time.

The Qingshankou Formation in the Qian’an oil field of the south Songliao basin contains abundant dawsonite-bearing sandstone. The clastic composition, cements, authigenic minerals, diagenetic paragenesis succession and fluid evolution are investigated through polarizer microscope, scanning electron microscope, alizarin red-staining, X-ray diffraction etc. The results shows that the sandstone is fine-grained and micro-grained, poorly to moderately sorted silt dawsonite-bearing arkoses and silty dawsonite-bearing lithic arkoses. The dominant cements and authigenic minerals include dawsonite, ankerite, calcite, secondary quartz oergrowths and authigenic clay mineral (kaolinite and illite ). Part of dawsonite occurs as radial, bundle and plate, and some are very special as large massive condensates. The paragenetic sequence are in the order of calcite-kaolinite, secondary quartz overgrowths-illite-dawsonite and ankerite. The authigenic minerals formed before CO₂ charging include multi-stages of calcite assemblages, kaolinite and secondary quartz overgrowths assemblages. While the main cements formed after CO₂ charging are dawsonite and ankerite. Fluid evolution are in a sequence of alkaline-acidic-the transition from acid to alkaline fluids and/or transition from meta-alkalescence-alkaline fluids.

To simulate surface Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) signal efficiently and accurately, kernel function can be computed from the known values at certain nodes as few as possible by means of continuous fraction interpolation. Numerical results of a single aquifer embedded into free space show that the combination of Gaussion quadrature and continuous fraction interpolation can speed up surface NMR simulation without losing accuracy.

Saltmarshes in coastal area can reduce flow velocity and stabilize sediments. In this study, we took Scirpus mariqueter in Chongming Dongtan of the Yangtze Estuary as the research object, and set up three observation transects with the pattern of “mudflat-vegetation frontier-vegetation” to measure the flow velocity, direction and water depth in different phenological periods. The results show that Scirpus mariqueter has a significant capacity to reduce flow velocity：The average velocity in saltmarsh is lower than that of the mudflat, the capacity of attenuation is stronger than that of the mudflat, and the flow attenuation rate is 1.47 to 3.48 times that of the mudflat. In different phenological periods, the flow attenuation rates in Scirpus mariqueter saltmarsh rank in the following order：Mid growing period > late growing period> withering period, which are 1.15%, 1.06%, and 0.50% m-1, respectively. The capacity of flow attenuation is positively related to the flow velocity, and the correlation coefficients of the three phenological periods are all greater than 0.80. Except for the withering period, the capacity of flow attenuation is negatively related to water depth, and the absolute value of correlation coefficient is greater than 0.90.

Dayangshu Basin is a Mesozoic-Cenozoic basin which is located on the east part of Daxing’anling orogenic belt. It is in a long narrow shape with the NNE trending and next to Songliao Basin to the east. Dayangshu Basin experienced multistage deformations, which is characterized mainly by extensional structures, and was superimposed by compressional structures and positive inversion structures. The basin was suffered NWW-SEE extension during Longjiang stage of the Early Cretaceous, a series of listric normal faults was formed, and the half-grabens were developed on the hanging wall of the controlling fault. Dayangshu Basin was controlled by NW-SE compression during Jiufengshan stage of the Early Cretaceous, the early faulted depressions were inversed by contraction to form inversion structures, and fault propagation folds and thrust faults were formed in some places. Dayangshu Basin was suffered extension again during Ganhe stage of the Early Cretaceous, a series of small NNE trending fault depressions formed. Dayangshu Basin was suffered intensive compression during late stage of the Early Cretaceous to early stage of the Late Cretaceous, and the early depression-controlling normal faults were inversed, and fault propagation folds formed on the upper part of the basin. The basin was raised completely and suffered erosion. Dayangshu Basin was in extensional setting in the Quaternary period, and a series of small extensional half-grabens were formed.

In the khondalite series in Daqingshan area, Inner Mongolia, Di gneiss association is a independent lithostratigraphic unit characteristic of calcsilicate rocks overlying a Ga-Bi gneiss association and being overlain by a marble association. Characterized by generally containing diopside, sphene, scapolite and apatite, the unit is composed of diopside gneisses(DG) and diopsidefeldspar granulitite(DFG), feldspardiopside granulitite(FDG), diopsidite(DD) and diopside marble(DM). The association is rich in Ca, Sr, Na and depleted in Cr, Ni, Co, Sc, suggesting the presence of chemical sediments in the unit. Moreover, the negative correlation of CaO and positive of Al₂O₃ with SiO₂ reflect an increasing abundance of clastic rocks and a decreasing trend in chemical sediments from DM via DD, FDG to DFG and DG. The characteristics of major, trace and rare earth elements suggest a protolith association of ironrich dolomitic pelite，calcareous mudstone and greywacke intercalated by pelitic limestone and marlite, calcareousbearing arkose， which was deposited in the setting of dry, intertidal or laguna with insufficient supply of the terrigenous detrital material. Their similarity to Ga-Bi gneiss in geochemistry, especially in REE, when chemical sediments are considered separately, reflects that they probably shared a mutual provenance to Ga-Bi gneiss. The Di gneiss association, Ga-Bi gneiss association and marble association make up a sedimentary cycle from clastic via clastic mixed by chemical to chemical sediment, a sedimentary feature characteristic of MidProteroroic Changcheng Group, hence supporting the view that the khondalte series was deposited within an intracratonic basin.

A series of investigations were performed to show the current situation of  pH of precipitation and wet deposition of heavy metal, in Changchun City, China. A total of 12 samples of atmospheric precipitation were collected at three representative sites using bulk deposition sampling method in the periods of 2006-2007(about one year). The heavy metal content were analyzed by atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS) and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometric (ICP-MS). According to the analytical results, the average pH value of the precipitation was 6.43, which was neutral as a whole. The content of Hg, Cr, Cu, Zn, As, Pb and Cd in precipitation in Changchun is generally low with the concentrations of 0.042,3.59,9.25,148.6,18.44,21.71,0.933μg/L respectively. The concentrations of heavy metals were generally higher in the spring and winter period than that in the summer and autumn period,which might be the result of washouting effect in rainy season, meanwhile, the concentrations of heavy metals were generally lower in the area of automobile factory than in the other areas. According to the calculated results, the wet deposition fluxes of As,Cd,Cr,Cu,Hg,Pb and Zn in Changchun were 2.13,0.21,1.70,3.74,0.019,6.82,65.78 mg/(m²·a), respectively. The deposition fluxes of heavy metals were generally higher in the March to September periods than that in the other periods.

Through samples drilling survey of the ancient lagoon in the western Changxing Island of Liaodong Peninsula, over 100 boreholes samples from 4 different locations from sea to land are being tested for clay turbid water electric conductivity to distinguish the sediments of the land and sea facies of the ancient lagoon plain and to identify the upper bound of the ancient marine layer. The result shows that the upper bounds at different drilling holes are consistent and are about 4.0-4.2 m above sea level, and this level could represents the average high tide line of the highest sea level of the Holocene lagoon plain. By ¹⁴C measurement of the basal peat covering the marine layer, it is suggested that the highest sea-level of Holocene was seen at about 5 800 cal.aB.P. The average sea level of at highest sea-level periods of the Holocene is about 3.4-3.6 m. When this height is compared with the average sea-level (about 2 m) of the high sea level in the eastern part of Dagushan of Liaodong Peninsula, it seems there was a rising at the Bachagou area of the western Liaodong Peninsula. In addition, there are two peaks in the conductivity measurement profile in 9 m deep B3 hole, reflecting two transgressions during Holocene. The largest range of later transgression is up to about 1.2 km away from the modern coastline.

Study of sapphirine and related mineral association in the high-grade region of the Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica, shows that sapphirine of the area is characterized by its magesio, iron-and aluminum-rich, but silico-poor feature, and the substantial intra-and intergrain changes in compositions. The change is mainly manifested by the Tschermark substitution (Mg, Fe) + Si = 2Al. In the high-grade metamorphism and anatexis process, in which sapphirine was formed, the multistage crystallization of minerals resulted in the complexity of the mineral association, such as the differentiation of leuco-and melano-components. Generally, the mafic-rich minerals formed earlier, and the differentiation of magnesio-and iron-components is responsible for the earlier presence of ironrich minerals, i.e., magnesio-rich minerals crystallized later, thus the successive associations of multistage occurred. The rock composition is an important but not the only critical factor for the occurrence of sapphirine. It is the mobilization of components that accounts for the formation of sapphirine. The multistage evolution of mineral association to some degree reflects the changing composition and opening of the setting. It can therefore, be deduced that the protolith from which sapphirine was derived is not necessarily magnesiorich pelite. The heterogeneity of sapphirine in composition is related to the composition changes of the settings, not to the changes in pT condition. Sapphirine was formed at 840-880℃, not at the ultrahigh temperature condition（>1000℃）previously thought. Its formation is thought to be related both to the filtration and diffusion processes during highgrade metamorphism and anatexis.

Taking the tailings sand of Lutang lead and zinc mine in Guangxi as the research object, the activation and migration law of Cu, Cd,  Zn,  Pb, As  and other elements in tailings sand under different oxidation and reduction conditions was studied by leaching experiments. The results showed that the tailings treated with high concentration oxidation and high concentration reduction conditions showed the acidic environment with pH <7, and showed weak acidity to weak alkaline environment with pH>7 under the treatment of low concentration oxidation environmental conditions. The activation and migration of Cd is obviously affected by pH, that is, high concentration reduction, high oxidation, and acidic conditions can promote the migration of Cu and Cd; While reducing conditions can effectively promote the release and migration of Pb and As. The surface resistance of lead and zinc ore is small in the pre-filtration experiment,  and the migration ability of heavy metal elements in the initial stage is strengthened. The adsorption energy level of the initial tailings for heavy metal elements is changed by the change of ambient acidity and alkalinity. Later in the leaching period, the surface resistance of the mineral particle is increased due to the redox reaction, the dissolved amount of heavy metal elements is decreased, and the migration ability is inhibited.

Controlled by the NNW-trending Keziletao-Kusilapu fault, the Tamu-Kalangu lead-zinc metallogenic belt is distributed roughly along the large fault at southwestern margin of the Tarim plate. At present, more than twenty deposits or mineralized spots have been found in the belt. Based on the systematical p-T measurements and simulating calculation for the fluid inclusions from four typical deposits, i.e., Tiekelike, Tamu, Apalieke and Kalangu, together with the available data, the following conclusions can be drawn: these lead-zinc deposits in the Tamu-Kalangu metallogenic belt belong to Mississippi-valley-type (MVT). The mineralizing pressures of the four deposits are 45-65 MPa, 33-45 MPa, 36-54 MPa and 33-45 MPa respectively and have corresponding metallogenic depths of 5.85 km, 4.24 km, 4.94 km and 4.34 km, indicating their hypabyssal nature. Furthermore, the ore-forming fluids for these lead-zinc deposits are polygene rather than monophyletic.

To study regional tectonics in the midwestern Tibet plateau, the data of areomagnetic anomaly suveryed from 1998 to 2000 is reprocessed by upward continuation method. The results of different upward continuation levels reveal a significant anomaly of a subtle fault which located between the northern margin of Lhasa terrane and south side of Banggonghu-Nujing Suture, about along Geji North to Gaze South to Cuoqen North to Shenza North, from west to east. Combined with other results, this subtle fault, together with Jiali strikeslip fault, forms a largescale E-W strikeslip fault in the central Tibet. And the conclusion is also supported by other evidences from surface geology, geophysics and modeling. The E-W strikeslip faults control the force distribution and deformation within Tibet plateau.

Based on the test results of magnetic parameters and chemical analysis of 84 surface and 17 section soil samples, 11 rock samples, the distribution of soil magnetic susceptibility and heavy metal elements, origin and their correlativity were studied in Huzhou City where industry and agriculture are flourishing. The study revealed that： The high anomalous areas of magnetic susceptibility are consistent with those of soil heavy metal elements in the surface soils in the Huzhou City of developed industry and agriculture areas; The magnetic susceptibility and heavy metal element contents in the section soils are both decreasing from the upper to the lower; The high anomaly of the magnetic susceptibility and heavy metal element contents in the surface soils resulted from the influence of mankind economic and engineering activities in Huzhou City, such as free piling up mucipal garbage, applying garbage as fertilizer, discharge of industrial waste gas, material and water, overapplication of pesticide and chemical fertilizer in the local towns; It is obvious that the correlativity between soil magnetic susceptibility and Cd、Hg、Pb、As and Cr contents are different in the different environmental conditions. In dry land magnetic susceptibility is highly correlated with Hg and Pb and has poor correlativity with Cd、As and Cr; in paddy field magnetic susceptibility is highly correlated with Pb and As, and evidently with Cd and no correlativity with Hg and Cr.

In order to solve the urban waterlogging caused by  rainstorm and provide technical support for emergency management, the SWMM-CCHE2D coupled model was established considering the urban rainstorm process and the characteristics of the sponge surface, combined with the principles of urban hydrology and hydraulics and the Chicago rain pattern. With high-precision topographic data and real-time monitoring data of rainfall and runoff, SWMM stormwater model was used to simulate the runoff of sponge city under rainstorm conditions, coupled with high-precision two-dimensional hydrodynamic model CCHE2D to simulate the corresponding waterlogging conditions. This method is easy to implement. The results show that under heavy rainstorm, the runoff and confluence in Tongzhou has the feature of slow seepage and collection. Major LID facilities have good effects on improving the runoff reduction rate by 9.0%-40.6% and alleviate the inland flooding. Among the design rainstorm, the effect on the five-year return period is the most significant. For all LIDs with the 100-year return period, the effect of bioretention is relatively significant up to 28.4%. The pavement permeability and the effect of green land are also good.

In order to evaluate the uncovered goldbearing structures, a new geochemical evaluation program, which consists of lengthwise sampling distribution and corresponding classification for data interpretation, is suggested. Replacing usual sampling distribution with new one，more economic results can be obtained by less cost,and 84 goldbearing structures have been found by 2 439 samples in Pingdu area. With corresponding classification, the usual methods are inherited and modified, the key information in data can be exposed more effectively based on simpler steps and single graph. According to this graph, the deferent types of element combinations, types of geochemical units, the equidistantness and zoning of units, a variety of geochemical characteristics of known mine units and the target districts etc., are all presented in Jishan area. Especially a typical geochemical zoning sequence is shown in it. The corresponding classification discussed here can also be applied to other subjects. In brief, this program possesses the nature of optimization to certain degree.

Through analysis on the industrial indexes of oil shale in Triassic Yanchang Formation of He 1 well in Ordos basin, it is found that there is a good positive linear relationship between hydrocarbon-production rates in the oil shale. Based on the analytical results of 70 oil shale samples, the average oil production rate is 5.9%, gas production rate is 3.7%, and total oil and gas production rate is 9.6%. Among them, gas production rate accounts for 38.5% of the total hydrocarbon production rate. The data suggest that gas production rate is high and is a key index in evaluation of oil shale.

The volcanic lava, tuff and tuffaceous sandstones were recognised in member 2 of Yingcheng Formation, Cretaceous in the survey of outcropped geological section with a detailed measurement in the eastern margin of Songliao basin. The tuff rocks include ignimbrite, lithic crystal tuff, ash ball tuff and breccia tuff. It indicates that a certain scale of volcanic activities still existed during the forming of member 2 of Yingcheng formation, which was a stage without strong volcanic activities. This kind of deposition distinguished from the normal deposition, has a special characteristics controlled by both volcanism and sedimentation. The member 2 of Yingcheng formation is a suit of transition rocks between volcanic rocks and terrigenous clastic rocks, and the provenances derived not only from syngenetic volcanic eruption, but also from the member 1 and the lower member of Yingcheng Formation, as well as the weathering of older strata. These suits of rocks are special in types because of the existence of the two kinds of provenances including volcanic substance and terrigenous denudation substance, and the two kinds of mechanisms including volcanic accumulation and normal sedimentation. It is indicated that special volcanic-deposit types were existed, during the stage of member 2 of Yingcheng Formation which are pyroclastic flow channel deposits in alluvial plain, base surge deposits and air-fall volcanic ash deposits in flooding basin.

The Nongan oil shale mine lies in the southeastern rising area of the Songliao Basin and oil shale was mainly hosted in the 1st member of the Upper Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation and the 1st-2nd member of the the Upper Cretaceous Nenjiang Formation. The oil shale in the area is good in quality and is in immature lithogenic stage. The kerogen types of the organic matter of the oil shale are Ⅰ-Ⅱ₁ types. Oil yield of the oil shale are apparently, linearly, and positively related to the content of organic carbon and hydrogen in the oil shale. When the content of the organic carbon is more than 6% or the content of hydrogen in rocks is more than 1%, then they can be classified as oil shale. Moreover, the maceral of organic kerogen can reflect the type of organic matter, which also has relation to oil yield. During the sedimentary period of the Qingshankou-Nenjiang Formations, humidwarm palaeoclimate conditions, largescale marine aggression and oxygendeficient events affected the abundance and types of the organic matter in oil shales, thus, also affected the oil yield of the oil shale apparently.

Through geological exploration, typical profile measuring, sample collection and experimental analysis, the author confirmed that the Lower Carboniferous Luquantun Formation was the main horizon that contains dark mudstone in the Panshi area, central Jilin Province. Study by organic petrology and organic geochemistry methods show that the average residual organic carbon of the dark mudstone could reach 1.99%; its organic matter type isⅡ1-Ⅱ2; vitrinite reflectance of 80% samples between 2%-4%, and is mainly at high-to over-mature evolution stage. The Luquantun Formation was potential hydrocarbon source rock in the Songliao basin, and the geochemical index of the dark mudstone was better than those of the Late Paleozoic source rocks. It is of high gas-generating potential.

In order to study the formation conditions of the different reserve abundance of gas reservoirs quantitatively, main controlling factors for formation of gas reservoirs, formation conditions of gas reservoirs and reserves abundance are studied by dissection of gas reservoirs and matching relations among accumulation conditions of gas reservoirs, and concluded supply gas capacity of source rock, transporting gas capacity of fault and seal and preservation ability of gas reservoirs are 3 main controlling factors for formation of gas reservoirs. K₁sh rock supply capacity of source is mainly better and bad grade, transporting gas capacity of faults is mainly good grade and seal and preservation capacity of gas reservoirs is also mainly good. The comprehensive evaluation of gas reservoirs formation conditions was mainly in middle grade, secondly in good grade, the least in bad grade. Gas reserves abundance is mainly middle grade, and high and low abundance is less. Relationship between comprehensive evaluation value for the formation conditions and gas reserves abundance was considered to have a direct. To form gas reservoirs with high reserves abundance, comprehensive evaluation of gas reservoir formation conditions should be good, and to form gas reservoirs with middle reserves abundance, comprehensive evaluation of gas reservoir formation conditions should be middle.

In order to study the effect of artificial recharge on the groundwater quality, the evolvement law of groundwater quality in Western Daqing City was firstly studied by using inverse geochemistry simulation method. The results showed that the groundwater quality was affected by dissolve-precipitation of aquifer minerals, alternate adsorption of cation and redox function. The dominative mine-rals in aquifer are calcite, dolomite, halite, fluorite, gypsum, hematite, siderite, pyrolusite, carbon dioxide and cation exchanger. Based on the above work, a water-rock interaction case among Nenjiang River water,groundwater of Xi-waterwork and aquifer minerals in western Daqing City was studied through forward geochemistry simulation method. The results showed that the TDS of mixing water will decrease, the more surface water quantity in mixing water, the lower TDS of mixing water. The artificial recharge water will not lead to catastrophe or decrease of water quality in aquifer, and it will improve water quality in aquifer to some extent.

Because of the multi-phase and multi-sources of metallogenic process, the geochemical elements of metallogenic province were showed the symbiosis characteristic in space. For the sake of depicting the types and characters of symbiosis characteristic, the authors proposed a spatial quantitative combination seek-different method of the geochemistry elements, and the factor Pan-Kriging model, multiple sequences typical of the trend surface model and characteristics of combined model were built. By using these three models, the authors took the 1/200 000 geochemical exploration data of Mojiang area in Ailaoshan of Yunnan Province as for the processing example to improve the forecast accuracy and to depict the mineral anomaly from various aspects. The result shows that there existed four type of anomalies, and this reflected the characteristics of element association under different geological conditions and an internal coordinating mechanism and spatial relation during the diagenetic and metallogenetic processes. As conclusion, when the procedure of metallogenic prediction, the different types of the quantitative combination anomalies and its geological background would be considered.

By use of drilling, logging and analysis and testing data, the type, feature, identification mark, distribution and sealing ability of volcanic cap rock in Xujiaweizi fault depression and the controlling effect for the accumulation and distribution of gas were studied. It was considered that there were 2 types of volcanic cap rocks in Xujiaweizi fault depression, volcaniclastic rock cap rocks and volcanic lava cap rocks. Volcaniclastic rock cap rocks are mainly tuff and volcanic breccia which are characterized by small resistivity，enlargement of borehole and high interval transit time. Volcanic lava cap rocks are mainly rhyolite, tuff and andesite which are characterized by middle resistivity，normal borehole and low interval transit time. Volcaniclastic rock cap rock and volcanic lava cap rock can be identified respectively by high interval transit time and interval transit time which are lower than 56 μs/ft. Volcaniclastic rock cape rocks are distributed regionally on the top of K₁yc¹ volcanic rock body, while volcanic lava cap rocks are distributed locally in the volcanic rock body. Sealing gas ability of volcaniclastic rock cap rock is stronger than that of volcanic lava cap rock. Volcaniclastic rock cap rocks controlled the regional accumulation and distribution of gas in volcanic rock in Xujiaweizi fault depression, while volcanic lava cap rocks only controlled the local accumulation and distribution of gas in volcanic rock body.

The lithological types of the first member of Yingcheng Formation of the Lower Cretaceous in Santai area consist of crypto-explosive breccia, breccia lava, welded breccias, perlite, rhyolite and tuff. Volcanic facies are volcanic conduit facies, extrusive facies, effusive facies and explosive facies. Geological evidence for determination of the position of ancient crater are lithological character，facies and distribution of perlite and rhyolite. Whole volcanic edifice can be subdivided into the central facies，the proximal facies and the distal facies. The central facies, namely as volcanic vent facies， includes volcanic conduit facies and extrusive facies. The proximal facies is effusive facies, the distal facies is explosive facies. Faciessequence is crypto-explosive breccia subfacies of volcanic conduit facies, middle subfacies of extrusive facies, inner subfacies of extrusive facies, lower subfacies of effusive facies, middle subfacies of effusive facies and pyroclastic flow deposits of explosive facies. The permeability and porosity of the proximal facies is more predominant than the central facies. The upper subfacies of effusive facies is the best reservoir.

Correct division of reservoir flow units has vital significance for forecasting the remaining oil distribution, adjustment of development plan, enhancing the recovery ratio, ect. The unified multi-parameter cluster analysis and fuzzy quality synthetic evaluation have been used for the division of reservoir flow units. Based on the division of flow unit, the plane distribution of flow units has been forecasted using the BP networking. The research indicated that reservoir flow units of the research area can be divided into four types. Type I is the best. There are some wells still have certain productivity, although the development degree is high and most of the wells are already closed; Type Ⅱ is better, it is the current primary area for oil production which has lower flooding degree and has certain remaining oil. Type Ⅲ is worse, which has commonly development effect and has been poorly produced. it is the potential tapping area in oilfields; Type Ⅳ is the worst, which has poor original oil-bearing saturation, it is not the primary area for distribution of remaining oil. Detailed analysis has been carried out to study the characteristics of each kind of flow unit, which provides detailed geological basis for synthetical control of the oil field.

The authors mainly discuss the coordinates transformation technique with which the 3D coordinates in the section of a geological prospecting line and the 2D coordinates in the sectional drawing of the line can be converted reciprocally. A mathematical model of the transformation is given and it is validated through the calculation of real examples. Based on the attributes of the sectional drawing, the intersection point between surface trace of the selected prospecting line section and the vertical plane where the prospecting baseline is located is taken as the reference point (B). The line section is then rotated to the horizontal plane upon the horizontal line (L) which crosses the reference point (B). Upon the reference point(B) the prospecting line section in the horizontal plane is rotated till the horizontal line (L) is in eastwest direction. An expression describing the spatial elements prior and after the rotation is established, with which the 3D coordinates can be transformed into the 2D coordinates. The reverse process from 2D to 3D can also be realized when the 2D coordinates of the transformed sectional drawing of geological prospecting line are given.

The Late Permian Linxi Formation is widely distributed in the northwest of Jalaid Banner, Middle Part of the Greater Khingan Mountains. The formation is mainly composed of arkose，siltstone，feldspar lithic sandstone containing pebbled sandstone, and limestone of different scales, and the middle part contains abundant bivalves and plant fossils. In this study, LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating was carried out for the arkose litharenite sandstone in the lower part of the Linxi Formation, and a total of 98 effective ages were obtained. Based on the test data, they are roughly divided into the following groups according to the characteristics of age value and frequency distribution: Upper Devonian-Late Permian（380.0-246.1 Ma）,Silurian-Late Cambrian（489.0-413.8 Ma）,  Mesoproterozoic-Neoproterozoic（1 239.5-808.1 Ma）, Paleoproterozoic（2 554.0-1 784.3 Ma）. The above six groups of age peaks are basically consistent with the time of the regional magmatic activities. The comprehensive study shows that the lower deposition limit of the Linxi Formation in the study area is in（253.4±1.5） Ma, the remaining zircons are mainly from the Xingmeng-Mongolia orogenic belt, the Northern Margin of the North China plate, and the various blocks in Northeast China. The detrital zircons with 1.8 and 2.5 Ga ages are more likely to have come from the northern margin of the North China plate. The collision of the North China plate and the Siberian plate was completed before（253.4±1.5）Ma, the ancient Asian Ocean was closed, and the Xingmeng Trough was formed. The discovery of the marine  oncolytic in the Linxi Formation also confirms that the marine environment should still be dominant in the Middle Part of the Greater Khingan Mountains in the Late Permian, then it gradually changed into the continental sedimentary environment.

National oil/gas database system is built to integrate and manage the multi-sources, heterogeneous national oil and natural gas data together those supplying for macroscopic decision of national resources utilization. The authors design an integration model for oil/gas data that has tow-level ETL tool, build the framework of system based on SOA using Web services as basic components. It uses Oracle 11g as the background spatial database, and uses C# as programming language to implement the system based on ArcGIS Engine and ArcGIS Server in secondary development method. This system can gather, integrate, publish and share the national oil/gas data. It combines the property data with spatial data to perform a number of spatial analyzing rapidly, such as buffer analysis. It provides the scientific data support for the history analysis and the future forecast of national oil/gas resources.

Oils from intervals in the Chepaizi areas of Junggar basin are divided into two groups based on physical properties, chemical components, biomarkers and stable carbon isotope composition of the oils. One group includes the oils trapped in the reservoir beds of Jurassic and the beds below Jurassic (named as the lower series of strata oils), and another one includes those in reservoir beds of Cretaceous and the beds above Cretaceous (named as the upper series of strata oils). The oils in same group have similar physical and chemical characteristics, while those in different group are of differences in these characteristics. The lower series of strata oils have the same source and come from the Permian source rock, and the upper series of strata oils have the same source as well and are from mainly the Jurassic rock. Results of oil-sources division and correlation for these oils by making use of nitrogen compounds distributions are completely identical with those by density, viscosity, group composition and other biomarker parameters just mentioned above, indicating that nitrogen compounds could be used in oil-sources division and correlation. Finally, oil-pool forming model is established for the Chepaizi uplift. it is just next to sag areas with favorable structural location, and has abundant oil-gas resources. The uplift is the dominant destination for hydrocarbon migration. Multiple faults and uncomformable surfaces of this area form excellent migration pathways. Lateral migration happened when oil and gas migrating vertically along faults encountered uncomformable surfaces. Thus in the space Z-chart or a ladder migration routes form and finally multiple oil pool types and hydrocarbon-bearing layers are formed.

The volcanic facies in study area include 12 subfacies in 5 volcanic facies. The porosity and permeabiltiy is better in upper sub-facies of effusive facies, inner subfacies of extrusive facies, cryptoexplosive breccias subfacies of volcanic conduit facies. Based on statistical results and the volcanic lithology and facies map, high cracks surface pore concentrates at diatreme subfacies and cryptoexploisve sub-facies of volcanic conduit facies, inner subfacies of extrusive facies, pyroclastic flow subfacies and base surge subfacies of explosive facies, lower subfacies of effusive facies which are close to the volcanic edifices center. Holes surface pore focus on upper and middle subfacies of effusive facies which locates in the edifice slope. Finally, according to the definition and category, the favorable reservoir is located at craters and mountain ridge of paleovolcano and surface pore data are outward reduced in zonal shape or one-side reduction.

The distribution of groundwater resources was very uneven，and the exploitation of groundwater resources was unreasonable in Nanjing City. In order to achieve the sustainable development and utilization of groundwater resources, the development and utilization division was researched. The structure of regional aquifer system was expressed by GMS software according to the hydrogeological conditions in Nanjing City. And the numerical simulation model was constructed to calculate the amount of groundwater resources with Visual MODFLOW, while the water balance method was also used. On the basis, the distribution characteristic of groundwater resources was analyzed quantitatively, and then a groundwater resources information system of Nanjing City was established on GIS platform, which is used to achieve the development and utilization division. Finally, the groundwater resources in Nanjing City were divided into three zones including developing and utilizing zone, potential zone of development and utilization and unsuitable exploiting zone.

Constant T² cuttoff was mainly used in the determination of irreducible water saturation with NMR log information before. Some new methods, such as taper T²cuttoff, film model and frequency model, have been developed recently. As for the clastic reservoirs with variable lithology and complicated pore structure, the methods using conventional log information or using NMR log information based on T²cuttoff all can’t obtain the irreducible water saturation meeting the require of log evaluation and interpretation. In this instance, film model or frequency model could be used. Both models suggested that irreducible water was existed in all pore size, and the percentage of irreducible water varies with the size of pore. Bur there has not been a criteria for that of what the size intervals of pore should be used in the determination of irreducible water saturation with the two models in practical application. Some attempts about the problem had been done upon the clastic reservoirs with variable lithology and complicated pore structure in Hailaer Basin. Firstly the distribution of power of 2 is used in multi-exponential inversion of NMR echo trains to obtain the T² spectrum. Then nine pore volumes selected from T² spectrum of NMR, together with the difference of neutron and density porosity reflecting the volume of clay, were used to calculate the irreducible water saturation with regression. Preferable results had been achieved in its application of clastic reservoirs of Hailaer Basin, the irreducible water saturation calculated had been improved compared to the core analysis data. Especially in Beier area, the average relative error between the irreducible water saturation predicted and the core analysis data is reduced from 15.1% to 8.7%.

The Mayihe pluton, located in southern Jilin Province, consists mainly of gabbro-diorite, granidiorite, and monzogranite. Such characteristics of zircons from gabbro-diorite and monzogranite imply their magmatic origin, as euhedral shape, typical oscillatory zoning and high Th/U ratios (0.14-2.56) . LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating indicates that the ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U ages of zircons from gabbrodiorite range from 219 to 227 Ma, yielding a weighted mean age of (224±4) Ma (n=8), and those of zircons from monzogranite from 217 to 241 Ma, yielding a weighted mean age of (226±3) Ma (n=19). The petrogeochemistry of Mayihe pluton shows its bimodal rock association. Gabbrodiorites are characterized by lower content of SiO₂, higher content of TiO₂, MgO and CaO. Moreover, they are rich in both large ion lithophile elements (LILEs) and light rareearth elements (LREEs), depleted in high field strength elements (HFSEs). Their initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios and ε_Nd(t) values are 0.703 7 and 3.45 to 3.82, respectively, suggesting a depleted lithospheric mantle source. In contrast, grandiorites and monzogranites have higher SiO₂ and lower TiO₂, MgO and CaO. They are strongly rich in Rb, Th, U, and depleted in Nb, Ta, P, Ti, Ba, Sr. Their initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios and ε_Nd(t) values range from 0.705 3 to 0.705 8 and from -0.73 to -3.40, respectively. Characteristics above suggest that both grandiorite and monzogranite be derived from the partial melting of the lower continental crust. The bimodal rock association of the Mayihe pluton，together with the research on regional tectonics, demonstrates that the pluton were resulted from the post-collision extensional environment between the North China craton and Yangtse craton. It can be concluded that thinning or destruction of the lithosphere in the North China craton could be initiated in the Late Triassic, and the southern Jilin Province belongs to this lithosphere-thinning region.

Detailed studies of a number of core sections, well logs and seismic data of the Biyang depression reveal that the depression had a special construction style and forming mechanism. In southern and eastern basin, where the main controlling faulting is apparent, steep slope growth break sequence dominates. The northern side of the basin belongs to a typical gentle slope sequence, resembling the grouth fault sequence model of the Gulf of Mexico. Through analyzing the particular structural background, which controlled predominantly the sequence system tracts, the pattern of strata sequence and deposition of the Biyang depression are established. The authors believe that the whole terrigenous sequence stratigraphy of the Biyang depression could be divided into four parts: lowstand systems tract, transgressive systems tract, highstand systems tract , and regressive systems tract. Three types of delta sandstones, fandelta , near source delta and the far source delta, have been recognized in the primary oil bearing layers of the Early Tertiary Hetaoyang Formation. Their capibility to host petroleum is also discussed.

The transform relationship between surface water and groundwater is very complicated in Taoer River Fan because of the difficulties in determining the amount of water transform and the analysis of the affecting factors on this relationship. Through water balance method and groundwater budget approach, the transform amount of water from river water to groundwater is determined. In the water balance method, the local runoff yield is calculated firstly, and then the water transform amount is figured out by constructing a balance equation of surface water. In the groundwater balance approach, the transform amount is calculated by constructing a balance equation mainly of Quaternary phreatic groundwater. The main factors that influence the transfer relationship between surface water and groundwater mainly include lithology, precipitation, upper stream inflow and groundwater exploitation. Lithology is a stable factor, while the upper stream inflow and groundwater exploitation are unstable factors that directly influence the transform regularity.

The He-8 sandstone lithologic gas reservoir in Permian system of Ordos Basin can be described by stronger heterogeneity, small number of wells, larger well spaces and more difficult reservoir prediction during earlier stage development. Three optimal attributesseismic reflection waveform, variance parameter of seismic wave velocity and absorption coefficients of seismic wavelet have been sought out according to seismic attributes analysis results integrating well data by using of geologic statistics method. These attributes are sensitive to sandstone thickness, physical properties and gas bearing. The classifying characteristics of above three attributes have been used in the thickness prediction and description of gas reservoir distribution of He-8 sandstone. The resulting two types gas bearing zones (type Ⅰand Ⅱ) have been confirmed as the next appraisal areas. The application of seismic attributes analysis provided an important proof in evaluation deployment and making development plan for heterogeneous lithologic gas reservoir.

Oil shale, as an important substitute of energy resource, has caught people’s great attentions for its large resources and multipurpose utilizations. Oilshale deposits are found in America，Australia，Brazil，Russia，Canada，China, Estonian, etc. The oil shale formed in a variety of marine, continental, and lacustine depositional environments from Cambrian to Tertiary. According to the current world resources status of oil shale, total resources of oilshale deposits in 33 selected countries are estimated at 4 110×108 tons of shale oil. In China, oil shale resources have been found in 22 provinces (districts), 47 basins and 80 mines, and mostly concentrate in Jilin Province, Guangdong Province, Liaoning Province, Shandong Province, Xinjiang Municipality and Hainan Province. Most of oil shale in China formed in lacustine depositional environments during Cenozoic. On the base of improving technology, the best way for multipurpose utilization of oil shale is to integrate the oilrefining, chemicals production, generation of electricity, metal refining and building materials production. At this point, the oil shale has great multipurpose development potential.

On the basis of the project of China Geological Survey,Northeast groundwater resources and geological environment information system was developed with advanced ArcGIS Engine and Visual Basic．NET. The system can integrate the spatial database and attributive database. It supplies the function of spatial data analysis, inquiring in map and data, providing diagram automatically, linking multimedia information and others，which makes it possible to server for regional geology, water resources and ecoenvironment studying, management and decision.

Hydrogeologic spatial information system (HSIS) based on GIS, supported on application models system of groundwater and environment evaluation, is composed of spatial database management module, models management module, spatial analysis module, spatial data’s inquiry and index module, spatial data conversion module and system management module. The application of HSIS in Hexi corridor shows that this system is useful to evaluate groundwater and environment, to realizes dynamic management for the information of groundwater and environment, to explore the law of groundwater chemical composition formation and distribution in this area.With the help of this system, the regional groundwater resources and extracting potential are calculated and analysed. When integrated with the model of groundwater flow numerical simulation,this system can realizes the automation of calculating process and the visualization of calculating results. The geology ecoenvironment quality in Heihe basin is evaluated by synthesis evaluation models provided by HSIS. The evaluation results show that the environment quality is better in the middle and the upper reaches of Heihe River but becomes worse in Ejina basin situated on the lower reaches of Heihe River,which well reflects on the whole the current situation of regional geology ecoenvironment.

The geochemical characteristics of the lavas in the Yeba Formation in the eastern Gangdise tectonic belt in Tibet show that they are calc-alkali volcanic rocks. The basic volcanic rocks are believed to be originated from partial melting of the mantle that might have undergone fluid metasomatism, and the intermediate-acidic volcanic rocks to be formed by partial melting of the crust. The lavas in the Yeba Formation were formed in an island arc or an active continental margin tectonic environment. It is concluded that northward subduction of the Neo-Tethys resulted in the magmatic eruption of the Yeba Formation in the Early-Middle Jurassic time. The island arc area where the Yeba Formation developed is suggested to be also the most favorable area for important VMS deposits. Meantime, it is proposed that the studies on the lavas in the Yeba Formation are also meaningful to understand the Early Jurassic biotic crisis, climate change, and regression or transgression events.

Study shows that the surface area of the ancient lake of the west slope at northern Songliao basin is largely exposed during the initial deposit period of Yaojia Formation, and a regional unconformity surface as the channel of westward migration for oil and gas is formed later. Therefore, it is significant to study the deposition system of upper part of Yaojia Formation and its controlling factors on the oil and gas exploration and development. According to the analysis on the distribution of heavy minerals and the percentage of sandstone in each small layer, it is revealed that the SⅡ+Ⅲ sand groups deposition of Yaojia Formation in the west slope of northern Songliao basin is controlled by the two-way provenance of Qiqihar and Yingtai; after analyzing the controlling factors of paleo-topography layer, palaeogeomorphic and water energy environment, combining with the study on the core data of 49 wells and the drilling logging data of 202 wells in the study area, the fact can be clarified that seven major micro-facies types in the SⅡ+Ⅲ sand groups deposition of Yaojia Formation in the west slope area are developed, which includes underwater distributary channel, under water interdistributary bay, distal bar, mouth bar, sand flat, mud flat and sand-mud mixed flat; and the sedimentary micro-facies plane distribution feature and their changing law of the SⅡ+Ⅲ₄, SⅡ+Ⅲ₃, SⅡ+Ⅲ₂ and SⅡ+Ⅲ₁ four small layers are summarized. After studying the micro-facies under control of the south and north two-way provenance, it is proven that the underwater distributary channel and mouth bar are the favorite reservoir sandstones, and the sand flat and sand-mud mixed flat micro-facies formed at the environment of water erosion are likely to be the potential targets for exploration in the latter part of lakes area.

Located at both sides of the large, NNE trending DamxungLhasa extension fault, the Gulou granitoids belong to part of the Nyainqentanglha granites in the Gangdise tectonic belt. The main rock types include porphyritic granodiorite, porphyritic granite, biotite adamellite and garnet-granitite. Their K-Ar dating age are about 11 Ma, revealing that the Gulou granitoids were formed in the Miocene epoch. The Gulou granitoids are high in SiO₂, Al₂O₃ and K₂O+Na₂O, and are low in FeO+Fe₂O₃, MgO and CaO, showing the features of metaluminous high-K calc-alkaline granites. They are also LREE-rich, HREE-depletion, have obvious Eu negative anomaly; LILE-rich and HFSE-depletion. In the curves of the trace element distribution patterns normalized by the primitive mantle, they are Rb, Th-rich and Nb, Ta, Ba, Sr, Ti-depletion. These Miocene granitoids were interpreted to be formed in a postcollisional tectonic setting and to have a close relationship with the E-W crustal extension. They were resulted from the crustal partial melting related to crustal extension and plateau uplifting post the collisional orogeny.

Recent geological survey on the outcrops of the Yingcheng Formation exposed in the Liutai area at the eastern margin of the Songliao Basin and related laboratory analysis reveal that a set of seemingly normal clastic sedimentary rocks in the second member of the Yingcheng Formation is in fact a set of transitional rocks between lava and normal sedimentary rocks. This succession of rocks contain clastic lava, tuff, tuffite, tuff clastic rock and normal clastic rock, which suggest they were formed in a transitional environment of volcanic slope to fluvial plain or lake. There are 4 end members of volcanic clasts, including catapult airfall, ejection airfall, base surge and volcanic clasts flow. If the volcanic clasts were deposited on volcanic slope and/or fluvial plain, they would occur in the 4 faceis mentioned above or in alluvial fan and braid stream. If the volcanic clasts were deposited in lake, they would occur in delta, fandelta, shallow-deep lake, and swamp. The architecture of facies could present the forming process of volcanic eruption-clastic accumulation. The characteristics of sedimentary cycles of the second member of the Yingcheng Formation show that there are 3 kinds of basin fillings: sedimentary-valcanic, sedimentary and volcanic. The entire succession should be from coarse clastic rocks to volcanic rocks and volcanic clastic rocks and to fine clastic rocks, corresponding to rifting, volcanic activities and sedimentation in rift basin respectively.

The autuors present a decision tree based method for an easier and more accurate land-use classification using apparent reflectance values derived from ASTER images. The method starts with the correlation analyses among ASTER bands so that the optimal bands composite is found for best visual interpretation. On the derived image, apparent reflectance values represented, emphasis is paid to the analysis of the spatial and spectral characteristics of various land-use types. Spectral profiles of several typical land-use types are extracted. A decision tree model is established based on given thresholds of the apparent reflectance values. With the model the classification is then performed, associated with an accuracy assessment. The procedures are applied to ASTER images from Beian municipal region of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast China. The classified results show that the decision tree method facilitates the classification effectively. One shortcoming of the method is that some wrong classification may occur in areas where mixed spectra of different land-use types exist.

In order to reveal the water-rock interaction process of high arsenic groundwater formation and transportation in the western of Jilin Province, field investigation, samples collection and data analysis had been finished. We used the experimental data to analyze the groundwater chemical features and high arsenic groundwater distribution in horizontal and vertical direction. By application to the PHREEQC, inverse modeling of the high arsenic groundwater was carried out. Based on the simulation, the minerals dissolution or resolution of arsenic, iron and manganese were calculated under different flow paths. The result shows that the deliquescent quantities into groundwater of both paths between different samples of scorodite mineral rich in arsenic are 2.44×10^-6, 8.03×10^-7, 7.98×10^-6 and 4.14×10^-7 mmol/L. The minerals rich in iron or manganese such as goethite, hematite, pyrolusite and bixbyite had been dissolved into groundwater, while the sulfate and carbon dioxide dissolved out, which revealed that arsenic is related to them and enriched in the alkaline and reduction environment.

A large-scale groundwater depression cone has been induced by over-pumping groundwater in the plain of Daqing River basin. As the main current recharge way of groundwater， river infiltration has limited effect, which calls for comprehensive management of aquifer recharge for groundwater level recovery to avoid further adverse effects on ecological environment and social environment. In this study, a potential evaluation system for artificial aquifer recharge was established involving 5 indexes: Elevation, slope, groundwater level, recharge water source, and distance to available water sources. ArcGIS was applied for mapping the potential of managed aquifer recharge in the study area. Besides, a series of field tests were carried out in the typical high-potential recharge areas to explore appropriate and feasible recharge methods. The results show that the aquifer recharge potential is huge in the northwest and south part of the study area, but low in the central, north and southwest parts. For the best potential area along the Baigou Channel, the permeability of vadose zone and aquifer is suitable for surface recharge with the overall permeability coefficient is 5 m/d or higher, while the permeability of riverbed is poor (0.01-0.09 m/d). Measures, such as silt removal are recommended to be taken before recharge through river in such area. Finally, three artificial recharge methods are suggested in different sections: Artificial or natural infiltration ponds can be adopted along the upper and middle-lower reaches of the river where water comes from river through ecological channels; Well injection can be used in the east of middle-upper and lower reaches under the condition of river water purification by strict water treatment processes before recharge; Dams can be built in the lower reaches of the Baigou Channel to increase infiltration through the channel bed.

The reservoir volcanic rocks of the early Cretaceous Yingcheng Formation in Qingshen gas fields of the Songliao Basin are mainly rhyolites that have been selected for zircon U-Pb dating from the two major gas-producing regions called Xingcheng and Shengping. SHRIMP ages of the reservoir volcanic rocks range from 111 Ma to 115Ma, being the Mid-Cretaceous Aptian to Albian stage. Results of the volcanic eruption ages of the two regions suggest that all the reservoir volcanics are cotemporary and formed at the same period of volcanism, which is different from previously understanding about them. Traditionally the volcanic rocks used to be thought different ages, the volcanic reservoir rocks of Shengping were believed to be younger (K₁yc³) than those from Xingcheng (K₁yc¹) , which should be modified according to our results. The result is very significant to exploring and exploiting volcanic gas pool of the northern Songliao Basin.

Applying biomarks of m/z191 terpane-hopane series and sterane series, the authors analyzed the oil sources and suggested that the oil and gas of K₁y₁ came from the overlaid K₁n₁.The oil and gas generated in K₁n₁ migrated to the Putaohua oil layer of K₁y₁ through faults. The oil layer was of an assemblage type of upper source rocks and lower reservoirs. Faults were the main controlling elements. The main accumulation model of reservoirs was structuralstratigraphic trap and the Putaohua oil layer should be the main target layer for prospecting in the Heidimiao area in the future. The detailed research on the faults in K₁y and the relationship between low-amplitude structures and sand deposits will be the key for oil and gas prospecting in future.

The authors perform the numerical simulation for 2D seismic exploration with a vibrator which produces a Chirp signal，translate the reflective Chirp seismic signals into pulse seismic signals with correlation processing technique so as to form a correlation seismogram section, and compare the correlation seismogram section with a synthetic seismogram section produced by a pulse source. In correlation seismogram section, the position corresponding maximum absolute value of event waveform indicates real position information of an interface. Correlation seismogram section possesses higher resolution than the synthetic seismogram section with the pulse source. Tapering the sweep signal can partially reduce the side lobes of reflective seismic signals in correlation seismogram section.

The Mazhashan syenites in the Bachu area were formed in the Late Permian with the zircon SHRIMP age ranging from 286 to 277Ma, and these ages are consistent with the ages (300-260 Ma) of the post-collisional granites in the southern Tianshan orogen. These syenites are high in silica and alkaline with SiO₂=62.98%-67.29 % and K₂O+Na₂O=10.08%-11.22% , and often show Na₂O>K₂O. Most of the samples have positive Eu anomalies and slightly negative Sr and significantly negative P and Ti anomalies. They formed in an intraplate rifting setting as they have geochemical affinity with A1type granites with Ga/Al =（2.84-3.28）×10^－4 and Zr+Nb+Ce+Y =（405.11-606.49）×10^－６. The syenites have more depleted Sr-Nd isotopic compositions (ε_Nd(t) =+3.4-+4.3, I_Sr=0.703 03-0.703 44) and younger Nd model ages (T_DM=0.6-0.7 Ga) than the coeval mafic dikes. Geochemical data indicate that the syenites were originated from the remelting of the underplated mafic lower crust which composition had been changed by the asthenospheric upwelling. Combining with regional geological data, the authors found that the magmatic activity differences between the Tarim Basin and the South Tianshan Orogen in the Permian stage were probably related to their different tectonic localities. The Permian magmatism in the Tarim Basin was related to the active rifting triggered by the asthenospheric upwelling, this is different from the magmatism during the postcollisional extension in the South Tianshan Orogen, which was controlled by the preexistent mobile zone (suture) or by the extensionresulted detachment zones.

In the Eastern Sichuan Basin the study of hydrocarbon-generating history of the Upper Permian source rocks has not well done up to now. Firstly, the hydrocarbon-generating history are not separately evaluated for Ⅰ-Ⅱ₁ limestone and Ⅲ mudstone. Secondly, there are limitations in the evaluation of source rock maturity when conversing vitrinite group reflectance of marine facies to vitrinite reflectance by fitting formula. Trying to solve the problems above, we demarcated two kinds of dynamic parameters for oil-generating and gas-generating of source rocks by thermal modeling and chemical dynamic methods. Combined with thermal history and burial history of the Eastern Sichuan Basin, we fitted out a transformation ratio curve of oil-generation. The study shows that organic material from limestone and mudstone of the Upper Permian reached oil and gas threshold in 200 Ma and 109 Ma, and stopped oil-generaing in 170 Ma and 140 Ma.

Based on the study of the relationship between the basic characteristics and gold mineralization at Hongtugou-Chuancigou in northern Qilian area, it is found that the gold mineralization in the area is controlled by the structural-altered rocks formed under ductile-brittle shearing in the ductile shear zones. The ductile shear zone served as ore-controlling and ore-hosting structures, and also severed as a channel for deep fluid transportation, provided a better condition for the movement and enrichment of the hydrothermal liquids and resulted in the formation of bonanza in the deposit. Supercritical fluids at the middle to lower crust levels could dissolve considerable amount of gold and other ore-forming elements in the form of sulfur complexes, and migrate upwards to shallow crust levels along some ductile shear zones. The rapid decrease of gold solubility in the fluid at shallow crust level led to precipitation of gold and formation of large gold deposit. The gold deposit at Hongtugou-Chuancigou in the northern Qilian area occurs in an Early Paleozoic collision orogenic belt, is a typical ductile shear zone gold deposit.The gold ore types are mainly cataclastic and altered rock type.

The Xinlin Town pluton locates in the northern Great Hinggan Mountains. Lithologically, it comprises granodiorite, adamellite, quartz-monzodiorite and alkaline-feldspar granite, with locally fine-grained gabbroic and dioritic enclaves. Petrological and geochemical characteristics indicate that the pluton is high-K calc-alkaline I-type granite. Zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating of two granodiorites yielded emplacement ages of (132±3)Ma and (131±3)Ma. The ages indicate that the pluton was the product of the Early Cretaceous magmatic event. Though Sr-Nd isotopic compositions of the samples are relatively uniform, their ε_{Hf(t) values are relatively varied, ranging between 1.32 and 8.32; the yielded Nd and Hf model ages are Neoproterozoic. The isotopic data indicate that the granitic magma mainly originated from the juvenile Neoproterozoic accreted crustal materials with the involvements mantle components. The isotopic characteristics indicate that the Erguna terrain accreted in Neoproterozoic at least,}