吉林大学学报(工学版) ›› 2022, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (9): 1957-1970.doi: 10.13229/j.cnki.jdxbgxb20220261

• •    

基于模型的质子交换膜燃料电池系统阳极气体浓度估计技术综述

池训逞1(),侯中军2,魏伟3,4,夏增刚2,庄琳琳2,郭荣1()   

  1. 1.同济大学 汽车学院，上海 201804
    2.上海捷氢科技股份有限公司 系统开发部，上海 201800
    3.中科军联（张家港）新能源科技有限公司 技术中心，江苏 张家港 215600
    4.上海醇加能源科技有限公司 技术中心，上海 201600
  • 收稿日期:2022-03-19 出版日期:2022-09-01 发布日期:2022-09-13
  • 通讯作者: 郭荣 E-mail:chixuncheng@tongji.edu.cn;guorong@tongji.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:池训逞（1995-），男，博士研究生. 研究方向：燃料电池系统建模与状态估计.E-mail：chixuncheng@tongji.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(U21A20166)

Review of model⁃based anode gas concentration estimation techniques of proton exchange membrane fuel cell system

Xun-cheng CHI1(),Zhong-jun HOU2,Wei WEI3,4,Zeng-gang XIA2,Lin-lin ZHUANG2,Rong GUO1()   

  1. 1.School of Automotive Studies，Tongji University，Shanghai 201804，China
    2.Department of System Development，Shanghai Hydrogen Propulsion Technology Co. ，Ltd. ，Shanghai 201800，China
    3.CAS&M （Zhangjiagang） New Energy Technology Co. ，Ltd. ，Zhangjiagang 215600，China
    4.Shanghai Alcplus Energy Technology Co. ，Ltd. ，Shanghai 201600，China
  • Received:2022-03-19 Online:2022-09-01 Published:2022-09-13
  • Contact: Rong GUO E-mail:chixuncheng@tongji.edu.cn;guorong@tongji.edu.cn

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摘要：

为了对质子交换膜燃料电池（PEMFC）系统进行管理以延长其寿命，需要设计基于模型的状态观测器对内部状态进行实时监测，并通过反馈控制将其控制在预期水平。由于PEMFC阳极氢气浓度直接决定了系统的输出性能，并且不断循环的氢气以及氮气因跨膜扩散在阳极不断累积，导致阳极气体浓度估计困难。因此，本文着重介绍了PEMFC阳极气体浓度估计的前沿技术，并对现有研究存在的问题和未来发展趋势进行了阐述，以期为PEMFC气、水、热管理的研究做出贡献。

关键词: 车辆工程, 质子交换膜燃料电池, 内部状态, 基于模型的观测器

Abstract:

In order to prolong proton exchange membrane fuel cell （PEMFC） lifespan， it is necessary to design a state observer to monitor the internal states， and control the internal states at the expected level through feedback control. Since the anode hydrogen concentration directly determines the output performance of PEMFC， and circulation of anode hydrogen as well as nitrogen accumulation caused by diffusion across membrane leads to the difficulty of anode gas concentration estimation. Therefore， this paper focuses on the cutting-edge technology of PEMFC anode gas concentration estimation， and the existing problems as well as the future development trend of existing research are also described， hoping to make contributions to the research of gas， water and heat management for PEMFC.

Key words: vehicle engineering, proton exchange membrane fuel cell（PEMFC）, internal states, model-based observer

中图分类号: 

  • TM911

图1

燃料电池单体工作原理"

图2

燃料电池系统典型结构"

表1

氢瓶分类"

类型材料最大储氢压力/MPa
Ⅰ型全金属材料20
Ⅱ型金属材料衬里，纤维-树脂复合材料包裹（包裹材料用箍圈式）。30
Ⅲ型金属材料衬里，纤维-树脂复合材料包裹（采用两极+螺旋铺设）。70
Ⅳ型高分子材料衬里，纤维-树脂复合材料包裹（采用两极+螺旋铺设）。70

图3

减压阀原理图"

图4

引射器结构图"

图5

基于观测器的燃料电池控制系统"

表2

燃料电池阳极被估计气体"

名称描述
阳极氮气分压力pN2阳极氮气由阴极气体跨膜渗透而来，过多的氮气会降低氢气浓度，从而降低系统输出性能。
阳极氢气分压力pH2氢气的分压力决定了系统输出性能。
阳极水蒸气分压力pvap水蒸气的分压力决定了燃料电池内部的相对湿度，进而影响了质子交换膜的含水量。

图6

龙伯格观测器原理图"

图7

卡尔曼滤波算法流程图"

图8

卡尔曼滤波观测器原理图"

图9

滑模观测器原理图"

图10

燃料电池气体流道广义离散模型"

表3

燃料电池阳极气体浓度观测器总结"

模型类型文献观测器类型估计参数评价
集总参数模型［30］龙伯格观测器阳极气体分压力未考虑阴极水的扩散；观测器的收敛特性易受噪声和误差的影响。
［31］阳极氮气分压力未考虑阳极水蒸气的存在；跨膜系数仅由电流密度确定；观测器的收敛特性易受噪声和误差的影响。

［33］

［34］

阳极氢气分压力线性变参数燃料电池模型；观测器的收敛特性易受噪声和误差的影响。
［36］EKF观测器阴、阳极气体分压力观测器的收敛特性易受噪声的影响。
［38］UKF观测器阳极格气体分压力、平均液态水饱和比观测器的收敛特性易受噪声的影响。
［39］阳极氮气分压力未考虑阳极水蒸气存在；观测器的收敛特性易受噪声的影响。
［40］自适应UKF观测器流道液态水含量、气体扩散层水的体积和压力对噪声进行自适应估计；观测器的收敛特性易受噪声的影响。
［41］自适应观测器阳极出入口氢气分压力未考虑阳极氮气与水蒸气存在；缺乏对燃料电池电压测量噪声和系统参数等不可测量值的鲁棒性。
［42］阳极出入口氢气分压力、阳极流道流量
［44］一阶滑模观测器阴、阳极气体分压力观测器输出存在抖振现象。
［45］阳极氮气渗透量、相对湿度
［46］二阶滑模观测器阳极流道氢气分压力未考虑阳极氮气存在；输出抖振现象缓解；需要再设计一个氧气分压力观测器。
［47］包括阴、阳极流道内温度和气体分压力的12种状态鲁棒性好；输出抖振现象缓解。
分布参数模型［51］高阶滑模观测器阳极流道气体分压力离散模型；在扰动条件下鲁棒性好；计算量由数学复杂度决定。
［52］
［53］
［54］
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