锂离子电池老化后性能变化研究进展

doi:10.13229/j.cnki.jdxbgxb.20240763

Abstract

Abstract:

To clarify the current research status of mechanical， electrical， and thermal performance changes of batteries after aging at home and abroad， and to provide reference for battery performance prediction and experimental design， battery aging is linked to battery performance. The internal mechanism of battery aging is summarized， and the performance changes of batteries under normal aging and abnormal aging conditions are sorted out. The characteristics of various performance parameters after aging are explored. From the perspectives of battery components and individual cells， it was found that the mechanical properties of lithium-ion batteries deteriorate to varying degrees with aging； Starting from the changes in battery capacity and impedance， describe the decrease in performance of aging batteries； Using the characteristic temperature of thermal runaway as an indicator of battery thermal safety performance， explain the changes in thermal safety of aging batteries； Finally， the future development direction of battery performance research was discussed.

Key words: vehicle engineering, lithium-ion batteries, battery aging, battery performance, performance parameters, review

CLC Number:

U469.7

Xue-wei SONG,Ze-ping YU,Yang XIAO,De-ping WANG,Quan YUAN,Xin-zhuo LI,Jia-wen ZHENG. Research progress on the performance changes of lithium⁃ion batteries after aging[J].Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition), 2025, 55(6): 1817-1833.

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因素	影响	参考文献
组件材料	不同材料组成的电极与隔膜的强度不同，将直接影响电池机械性能	［52-54］
电池类型	电池的外形参数不同使其损伤容限不同，在老化影响下机械性能变化规律也不同	［55-57］
SOC	高SOC电池可表现出更好的抗变形能力，但当超过一定范围的过充电与过放电时，电池强度会加速降低	［53，58-63］
循环次数	随循环次数增加，内部结构会发生改变，同时产生疲劳损伤，使机械性能下降	［53，64，65］
外部载荷	适当的外部压力可使老化均匀，延缓性能衰减，但在滥用下会破坏电池结构，加速性能衰减	［15，66-69］
环境温度	过高的温度使电池材料软化，而过低的温度则使电池脆化，二者都会影响力学稳定性	［14，70，71］
充放电倍率	较大充放电倍率会加大电池的应力和应变，降低机械性能	［72，73］

因素	影响	参考文献
阳极类型	常用的石墨阳极理论容量较低；加入硅颗粒的阳极可增加能量密度，但在循环过程中会产生较大变形，缩短使用寿命；锂金属阳极使用时容易与电解液反应	［4，6，28］
存储与使用条件	随着存储和使用时间的延长，电性能会慢慢发生衰减，非正常的温度、湿度等条件都会加速这一过程	［80-85］
DOD	较大的DOD将缩短电池的循环寿命，降低库仑效率，超过正常DOD的过充电与过放电还会使电池发生内短路和自放电等现象	［86-91］
充放电倍率	高充放电倍率将会导致锂离子脱嵌与嵌入过程的不完全，增加电池内阻并降低电池容量	［39，92-94］
外部载荷	挤压、冲击等外部载荷的出现会破坏电极结构，导致电池反应面积减小及阻抗上升，降低电性能	［1，18，95，96］

因素	影响	参考文献
老化方式	日历老化会使电池更容易发生热失控，但热失控后的危害降低；而循环老化会使电池热稳定性变差，产热速率上升	［24，54，82，108］
外部载荷	外部载荷会破坏电池内部结构，降低其散热能力，受到的载荷类型还将影响电池的温升速率和峰值温度	［13，67，109］
过充电、过放电	受到过充电、过放电影响的电池更易发生热失控，热稳定性降低，并且会发生内短路使电池内部温均性降低	［85，110-112］
电池种类	不同种类的电池热稳定性不同，三元锂电池中镍含量的升高导致热稳定性的下降，而LFP电池热稳定性较好	［113，114］
极端温度	极端温度下的老化会降低电池的热失控特征温度，更易发生事故	［24，115，116］

Research progress on the performance changes of lithium⁃ion batteries after aging

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