沥青-集料黏附和剥落研究进展

doi:10.13229/j.cnki.jdxbgxb.20221433

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

针对沥青-集料之间的黏附性能，对国内外黏附和剥落机理、评价体系、影响因素和改善措施4个方面的研究成果进行了综述。黏附的形成和失效是涉及物理、化学、热力学及微观力学的复杂过程，界面特征受材料特性、混合料空隙、沥青膜厚及外界环境等因素影响，不同试验体系致力于开发既能模拟损伤发生过程又能评估混合料适用性的方法，进而保证路面使用寿命。最后，结合已有研究内容，对未来研究方向进行了展望。

关键词: 道路工程, 黏附和剥落, 评价方法, 影响因素, 表面能, 原子力显微镜, 分子动力学模拟

Abstract:

In view of the adhesion performance between asphalt-aggregate， the research results on the adhesion and raveling mechanism， evaluation methods， influencing factors and improvement measures in domestic and overseas are summarized. Formation and failure of adhesion are complex processes involving physics， chemistry， thermodynamics， and micromechanics. The characteristics of the interface between asphalt and aggregate are influenced by the properties of asphalt and aggregate， the void and asphalt film thickness of the mixture， and the external environment. The different test systems are dedicated to the development of methods that that can not only simulate the process of damage occurrence in the field but also provide an assessment method through which the suitability of mixtures would be estimated in designing steps and would be guaranteed during the pavements service life. Combined with the existing research contents，the future research directions of asphalt-aggregate adhesion performance and asphalt mixture moisture sensitivity are prospected.

Key words: road engineering, adhesion and raveling, evaluation methods, influence factors, surface free energy, atomic force microscopy, molecular dynamics simulation

中图分类号:

U416.217

赵胜前,丛卓红,游庆龙,李源. 沥青-集料黏附和剥落研究进展[J]. 吉林大学学报(工学版), 2023, 53(9): 2437-2464.

Sheng-qian ZHAO,Zhuo-hong CONG,Qing-long YOU,Yuan LI. Adhesion and raveling property between asphalt and aggregate： a review[J]. Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition), 2023, 53(9): 2437-2464.

图/表 21

表1

表2

表3

表4

表5

压实混合料水稳性能评价方法［2，5，40，41］"

试验名称	测试方法	评价参数
饱和老化拉伸刚度测试^［42］	水分作用（高温、高压）前、后混合料试件的劲度模量	劲度模量比
双冲剪试验	水分作用前、后混合料试件的冲剪强度	冲剪强度比
Heveem稳定度测试	剥落时混合料试件空隙内水分的浓度	Heveem稳定度比
浸水压缩试验^［43］	水分作用前、后混合料试件的抗压强度	抗压强度比
浸水马歇尔试验	水分作用前、后混合料试件的马歇尔稳定度	浸水残留稳定度
浸水飞散试验	水分作用前、后试件在试验机中旋转撞击后散落材料的质量	散落材料质量百分率
冻融台架试验	记录水分作用前、后混合料试件产生裂纹时的冻融循环次数	冻融循环次数
直接拉伸试验	水分作用前、后混合料试件的拉伸强度	直接抗拉强度
间接拉伸试验	水分作用前、后混合料试件的拉伸强度	ITS TSR
冻融劈裂试验	水分作用前、后混合料试件的劈裂强度	TSR
Lottman试验	水分和冻融作用前、后混合料试件的拉伸强度或模量	TSR
Root-Tunicliff试验	在Lottman试验的基础上控制混合料试件饱水率不大于55%~80%（未经冻融循环）	TSR
改进Lottman试验	Lottman试验与Root-Tunicliff试验的综合，调整了冻融循环的温度和时间、试件尺寸和饱水压力	TSR
动态力学分析试验	水分作用前、后对沥青试样剪切模量和疲劳寿命的影响	剪切模量曲线转折点处的荷载循环次数
小梁疲劳试验	测量水分作用前、后混合料试件的疲劳寿命	疲劳寿命
浸水轮辙试验	记录车辙深度和循环次数的曲线图（蠕变曲线），绘制剥落拐点（蠕变曲线第2和第3部分斜率的交点）	轮辙深度或剥落拐点的作用次数
环境调节系统^［44］	测量混合料试件的透水性和在湿、热循环和荷载循环作用下弹性模量的变化	弹性模量
水敏感性测试	测量湿热环境下循环荷载引起的孔隙水压作用后试件的强度	与MIST处理后的测试有关

表5

表6

基于室内试验的黏附性能和水稳定性能研究"

作者	主要方法	主要研究变量	主要结论
Copeland等^［49］	拉脱试验	沥青改性、长期老化	改性剂并不总能提高黏附性能；长期老化会增加沥青内聚强度；水分参与的老化会降低黏附强度
Kanitpong等^［30］	拉脱试验、黏性测试、车辙试验	抗剥落剂种类、聚合物改性剂	聚合物同时改善黏附性和内聚性；抗剥落剂仅改善黏附性
Wasiuddin等^［50］	拉脱试验	新的水处理方法、沥青集料种类、温拌剂种类	拉脱试验与表面能计算的黏附强度未显示出良好相关性；Sasobit将混合破坏变为黏附破坏
Moraes等^［51］	拉脱试验、DSR测试	沥青集料种类、改性剂种类	不同组合的黏附强度结果与改进DSR应变扫描结果的排序相似
Mogawer等^［52］	拉脱试验、汉堡车辙试验	温拌剂种类、老化时间、老化温度	只有Sasobit显著提高了拉脱试验的黏附强度结果；高温和更长的老化时间可以提高汉堡车辙试验评估的水稳定性；拉脱试验与汉堡车辙试验结果未显示出良好相关性
Júnior等^［53］	静态剥落试验、改进Lottmen	不同集料、沥青和抗剥落剂组合	水稳定性和疲劳寿命与集料类型有关；黏附性好的混合物疲劳寿命更长
Bagampadde等^［54］	改进Lottmen	不同集料、沥青组合	沥青酸值、针入度等级和分子尺寸分布不会影响混合料的水稳定性；水稳定性与集料成分显著相关；水稳定性更多归因于集料而非沥青
Canestrari等^［14］	拉脱试验	集料与RAP料、不同改性剂含量	普通集料受到水的影响导致的性能损失比RAP料更明显；AP料似乎能改善沥青-集料体系的黏附性能，并显著降低水敏感性
Bagampadde等^［55］	间接拉伸试验	集料种类	含碱金属元素（如钠和钾）的集料对水分敏感；Al₂O₃和SiO₂含量与水稳定性没有相关性
Zhou等^［47］	剪切黏附试验、拉脱试验、汉堡车辙试验	改性剂和添加剂的种类与含量	苯乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯嵌段共聚物（SBS）和胶粉可以改善黏附性能；剪切黏附试验结果与汉堡车辙试验剥离曲线拐点在评价不同改性沥青时未见相关性，评价不同改性剂掺量时具有良好的相关性
Cui等^［35］	剥离试验	改性剂种类、集料类型	碱性集料黏附性优于酸性集料；集料化学成分贡献大于孔隙率
Kim等^［10］	DMA试验	干、湿状态	存在水分的混合物初始损伤水平更高且损伤发展速度更快；水稳定性与混合料组分的表面能特性有关

表6

表7

常用的表面能测定方法"

方法	理论基础	主要参数	测量对象	特点
座滴法	湿润特征	接触角 $α 、 β 、 θ$	沥青、集料	经济、设备简单，结果相对准确；高温下沥青液滴的尺寸难以控制；沥青试样表面难以达到均匀光滑；不适用于小接触角
核磁共振成像			沥青	数据较为可靠，但测试周期长；试件制备较为复杂，设备昂贵
威廉米平板法			沥青、集料	可测量动态接触角，测量值不受线性张力作用；样品的各向同性和尺寸要求较高；需保证板的湿润长度和体积恒定
柱状灯芯法			集料	成本低、易操作、复现性较好；仅用于粉体或小粒径填料，浸渍时间和浸渍高度读数、粉体的均匀性等人为操作有一定误差；探针液体的黏度或接触角不能过大
通用吸附装置	吸附特征	扩散压力 $π e$	集料	测试结果准确但测试时间较长；设备昂贵，操作复杂；对待测集料粒径有要求
反气相色谱	吸附特征	保留时间 $t r$	沥青、集料	测试速度快但设备昂贵；色谱柱制备技术复杂
微热量计法	浸没特征	浸入焓 $Δ H i m m$	集料	测量相对快速、结果较为准确；测试前必须确定集料的比表面积；对熵贡献的假设会导致一定误差
杜诺伊环法	表面张力	表面张力 $γ A$	沥青	技术成熟、设备简单；测量快速、结果相对准确，但需要人工标定

表7

表8

基于表面能理论的评价指标"

评价指标		计算公式	含义	与水稳定性的关系
黏聚功 $W A$		$W A = 2 γ A$	干燥条件下沥青自身分离的难易程度	正相关
黏附功 $W A S$		$W A S = γ A + γ S - γ A S$	干燥条件下沥青-集料黏附的牢固程度	正相关
剥落功 $W A W S$		$W A W S = γ A S - γ A W - γ S W$	有水条件下沥青-集料分离的难易程度	负相关
扩散系数SC^［58］		$S C = W A S - W A$	沥青胶结料润湿集料表面的能力	正相关
能量比^{［6，7，59，60］}	$E R 1$	$E R 1 = W A S / W A W S$	黏附功与剥落功的相对值	正相关
	$E R 2$	$E R 2 = W A S - W A / W A W S$	在 $E R 1$ 的基础上考虑了沥青胶结料的黏聚功	正相关
	$E R 3$	$E R 3 = m i n W A S, W A W A W S$	黏附功与黏聚功两者最小值与剥落功的相对值	正相关
	$E R 1 × A$	$E R 1 = W A S / W A W S × A$	在 $E R 1$ 的基础上考虑了集料的比表面积	正相关
	$E R 2 × A$	$E R 2 = W A S - W A / W A W S × A$	在 $E R 2$ 的基础上考虑了集料的比表面积	正相关
综合能量比CER^［8］		$C E R = ∑ i = 1 n p i W A S i / ∑ i = 1 n p i W A W S i$ $p i$ 为第i种集料的质量占比	在 $E R 1$ 的基础上考虑了集料种类，可用于RAP料	正相关
能量参数^［61］	$E P 1$	$E P 1 = W A S - W W S / W A S$	沥青-集料界面与水-集料界面黏附功的相对差值	负相关
	$E P 2$	$E P 2 = W A S W A S - W A W S$	沥青-集料界面黏附功与水作用下释放能量的比值	正相关
	$E P 4$	$E P 4 = γ A S × A$	单位质量集料剥落需要的力值	正相关

表8

表9

表面能指标与宏观指标的相关性"

研究对象	表面能指标	宏观试验指标	相关性
沥青集料	黏聚功	ITS、TSR	石灰石尖端作用下的黏附功结果与ITS规律一致；SO₂尖端作用下的黏附功/剥落功结果与TSR规律一致^［62］
	黏附功	拉拔强度	$E R 3$ 与残留拉拔强度比、残留拉拔功比线性关系较强^［63］
	剥落功	残留拉拔强度比	黏附功与拉脱强度正相关^［64］
	$E R 3$	残留拉拔功比	剥落功绝对值与浸水后拉拔强度损失线性正相关，与浸水后的拉拔强度近似线性负相关；拉拔强度与黏聚功近似线性正相关，与黏附功正相关^［65］
沥青胶浆	黏聚功黏附功 $E R 1$ 、 $E R 2$	拉拔强度拉拔强度比 TSR	黏聚功与拉拔强度二次相关^［66］黏附功拉拔强度弱相关；干、湿状态的抗拉强度比与 $E R 1$ 近似二次相关，与 $E R 2$ 弱相关；足够冻融循环次数后，TSR与 $E R 1$ 和 $E R 2$ 明显线性正相关^［66］
沥青混合料	黏附功	动态模量比	$E w e c + E d r y + = W A S 1 - P a + W A W S P a W A S$ ， $P a$ 为裸露在水中的集料表面积的百分比^［67-69］
	黏聚功	飞散损失	水温耦合作用下飞散损失结果与黏聚功、黏附功结果趋势一致^［70］
	剥落功	汉堡车辙剥离拐点碾压次数	汉堡车辙、TSR与 $C E R$ 结果可以得到相同的抗水损害等级^［8］
	$E P 1$ 、 $E P 2$	浸水残留稳定度	旧料掺量增加， $E R$ 值降低；RAP料浸水残留稳定度、冻融劈裂强度比与ER值高度相关^［71］
	$S C$ 、 $E P 4$	冻融劈裂强度比	$E P 1$ 与TSR近似线性负相关； $E P 2$ 与TSR近似线性正相关； $S C$ 、 $E P 4$ 与TSR弱相关^［61］
	$E R 1 × A$	TSR	黏附功、黏聚功与TSR正相关^［72］
	$E R 2 × A$	残留稳定度	黏附功和剥落功与TSR、残留稳定度近似线性正相关， $E R 1 × A$ 与残留稳定度与TSR近似线性正相关， $E R 2 × A$ 与残留稳定度和TSR相关性较 $E R 1 × A$ 差^［60］

表9

图1

图2

图3

图4

表10

基于MD技术的沥青-集料黏附性研究"

作者	沥青模型	集料模型	力场	评价指标	研究变量	主要结论
Yao^［99］	三组分	SiO₂	Amber	$W A S$	界面系统形式、老化	水倾向于附着在集料上；适度老化的沥青提高了黏附能力
Zheng^［100］	十二分子四组分	SiO₂	COMPASS	$W A S$	沥青成分、老化方式温度	短期老化后界面黏附力急剧下降，长期老化后下降趋势减缓；饱和分和芳香分在沥青润湿集料的过程中占主导地位，相较于饱和分和芳香分，沥青质对界面的低温黏结性能影响最小
Luo^［101］	十二分子四组分	SiO₂、CaCO₃	COMPASS	$W A S$ 、 $W A W S$ 、 $E R$	集料表面各向异性集料类型	矿物表面各向异性显著影响界面黏结性能；新裂解的方解石表面对水敏感性贡献最大，羟基化的α-石英表面集中的羟基显著增加了表面亲水性，未羟基化的α-石英表面贡献最小
Sun^［96］	十二分子四组分	SiO₂、CaCO₃	COMPASS	$Δ E A S$ 、 $Δ E A W S$ 、 $E R$	水分、沥青组分集料类型、老化	界面水改变了沥青组分的分布特征及沥青质的自聚集状态；沥青各组分与集料的黏附能力与水分作用下的变化趋势不同；老化对沥青与SiO₂和CaCO₃之间黏附性能的影响不同
Wang^［98］	三组分	SiO₂	CVFF	$σ a d h e s i o n$	沥青成分、温度、模型尺寸、加载速率、水分含量	MD模拟的界面应力分离曲线与拉拔试验的破坏行为类似；沥青成分影响界面水敏感性，黏附强度随温度升高而降低；随着模型尺寸增大或加载速率减小，界面失效收敛于极限值
Xu^［97］	十二分子四组分	SiO₂	OPLS	$σ a d h e s i o n$	沥青成分、加载速率温度	界面主要是黏聚失效，界面破坏强度和峰值后变形受加载速率和温度影响；抗拉强度和分离功与沥青质指数呈正线性相关
Xu^［94］	二十分子四组分	SiO₂	PCFF	$F a d h e s i o n$	老化、沥青模型 AFM力曲线模型	MD模拟的黏附力远小于AFM结果，但两者具有良好一致性；黏附力和破坏形式与集料模型表面粗糙度有关；如果黏附破坏比例增加，则最大黏附力随着老化程度增大
Lu^［102］	三组分	SiO₂	CVFF	$σ i j$	-	$σ i j$ 为j平面i方向的平均应力；界面拉伸强度由层间应力状态控制，界面的内聚破坏在低温和低应变率下表现出延展性
Lu^［103］	平均分子	SiO₂ CaCO₃	CVFF	$W A S$ 、 $W A W S$	沥青成分、集料类型水分	界面能在水层存在时降低，集料为CaCO₃时的降低幅度更低；CaCO₃对沥青类型更敏感；集料类型在黏附失效中占主导地位

表10

图5

图6

图7

图8

图9

图10

表11

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理论	内容	特点
力学理论^［1，13］	黏附力主要由集料与渗入集料表面孔隙和裂缝中的沥青之间的物理力提供	同时适用于宏、微观尺度；黏附主要取决于集料表面结构
化学反应理论^［14-18］	黏附力由沥青与集料表面的特性点位发生化学反应生成的新产物提供	具体的反应产物难以确定；化学反应依赖于集料种类
静电理论^{［4，16，19］}	沥青和集料借助双电层（Stern层和移动扩散层）间的静电引力相互吸引	ζ为带电层剪切面电势的量度；ζ电势与PH值有关，不易测量
弱界面理论^{［1，4，16，20］}	黏附破坏由界面区域某些特定位置的黏结强度降低引起	弱边界为集料固有，或集料表面化合物和矿物在水中溶解后形成；过大的棱角性和孔隙率或过多的酸碱反应会形成弱界面；弱边界的具体位置难以判断
分子定向理论^{［1，19，21，22］}	黏附力主要由沥青内部存在的表面活性物质在集料表面产生定向吸附提供	吸附量大的化合物脱附量也较大，说明沥青极性基团越多，黏附性越好的观点具有局限性
表面能理论^［23］	沥青润湿集料表面，发生能量交换，固-液体系表面能减小，产生黏附功	可以判别黏附、剥落发生的方向；无法判别黏附、剥落发生的速率；能评估不同沥青-集料组合的相容性

过程	机制	理论
分离/取代	水由于表面能比沥青低，极性比沥青高，较为完整地分离/取代集料表面的沥青	热力学和化学反应
自发乳化	胶结料的乳化削弱了界面处的黏附	热力学和化学反应
胶浆散失/解吸	胶浆材料在孔隙水压作用下的长期散失导致内聚力减弱/从集料表面脱落	物理破坏
沥青膜开裂	沥青膜和集料微裂缝的产生使结构完整性恶化，为水分的侵入提供路径	物理破坏
孔隙水压	高孔隙水压导致沥青膜破裂，水进入界面	物理破坏
化学剥落	水和集料之间的化学、静电作用使得沥青从集料表面脱落	静电作用和化学反应
渗透	沥青膜上存在的浓度梯度使得水分被运输至集料表面	扩散作用
微生物活性	界面上可能存在的微生物代谢产物影响了沥青-集料界面的黏附性	细菌代谢

分类	名称	测试过程	评价指标
静态剥落类	水煮法/水浸法、静水浸润法、沸煮法	将裹附沥青的集料在恒定温度的水中浸泡一段时间	沥青膜剥落程度
动态剥落类	动态水浸法、旋转瓶法、动态振荡剥落试验、动态冲刷水煮法	通过特定方式使裹附沥青的集料经受恒温水流冲刷	沥青膜剥落程度
	超声波剥落试验	超声波在水中产生“气穴现象”，气泡爆炸释放能量作用至沥青-集料表面模拟动水冲刷	沥青膜剥落程度
	板冲击试验	标准质量钢球在50 cm处自由落下冲击黏结石料（100 颗）的钢板	震落碎石与碎石总量比
化学分析类	光电比色法、美国公路战略研究计划（Strategic highway research program，SHRP）净吸附法、示踪盐法、溶剂洗脱法	将裹附沥青的集料放入已知浓度的有色溶液静置，或者将集料放入一定浓度的沥青-甲苯溶液，加水洗脱	集料表面沥青的吸附率和剥落率

名称	测试方法	评价指标
沥青黏结强度试验^{［30，31］}	对沥青层施加垂直拉力，测量拉头从集料表面剥落时内聚破坏或黏附破坏的压力，转换为拉脱强度	拉脱强度
剥离试验^{［34，35］}	使用剥离臂从集料或基材表面剥离沥青，获取拉力与拉伸速率关系曲线（剥离曲线）	剥离强度或断裂能
剪切黏附试验^［33］	制备集料或玻璃基材夹沥青层的“三明治”试件进行两端拉伸施加剪切力，获取破坏时界面上的剪切力或剪切强度	剪切强度
沥青黏性测试	对沥青层施加垂直拉力，仪器自动测量施加力的大小和薄膜分离的时间，并将其与沥青的黏性或黏性系数相关联，评估沥青的内聚破坏	沥青黏性系数
DMA拉伸试验	采用动态力学分析仪对“三明治”试件施加拉力，记录试验过程中的位移、力、强度以及相应的时间	试件“破坏”时间或荷载循环次数
DSR动态剪切试验	采用动态剪切流变仪对试件施加循环荷载，记录试件“破坏”时的荷载循环次数	试件“破坏”时的荷载循环次数

项目	类型
项目	无机类	金属皂化物	表面活性剂	有机高分子
代表物	消石灰、水泥	皂角铁	季铵盐	非胺、胺类聚合物
改性对象	石料	沥青	沥青	沥青
优点	性能较好、成本低	使用方便、成本低	使用方便	性能好，使用方便
缺点	使用工艺复杂	与沥青密度相差大，易离析	性能一般，热稳定性差	成本高
目前状况	仍在使用	较少使用	较少使用	较多使用