吉林大学学报(工学版) ›› 2025, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (3): 755-770.doi: 10.13229/j.cnki.jdxbgxb.20231163

• 综述 •    下一篇

异构机密计算综述

徐涛1,2(),孔帅迪3,刘才华2,3(),李时4   

  1. 1.中国民航大学 科技创新研究院，天津 300300
    2.中国民航大学 民航智慧机场理论与系统重点实验室，天津 300300
    3.中国民航大学计算机科学与技术学院，天津 300300
    4.南开大学 网络安全学院，天津 300300
  • 收稿日期:2023-10-27 出版日期:2025-03-01 发布日期:2025-05-20
  • 通讯作者: 刘才华 E-mail:txu@cauc.edu.cn;chliu@cauc.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:徐涛（1962-），男，教授，博士.研究方向：民航信息系统与安全、民航智能信息处理.E-mail：txu@cauc.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金民航联合基金重点项目(2333206);天津市教委科研计划项目(2021KJ037)

Overview of heterogeneous confidential computing

Tao XU1,2(),Shuai-di KONG3,Cai-hua LIU2,3(),Shi LI4   

  1. 1.Institute of Scientific and Technological Innovation，Civil Aviation University of China，Tianjin 300300，China
    2.Key Laboratory of Civil Aviation Smart Airport Theory and System，Civil Aviation University of China，Tianjin 300300，China
    3.School of Computer Science and Technology，Civil Aviation University of China，Tianjin 300300，China
    4.School of Cyberspace Security，Nankai University，Tianjin 300300，China
  • Received:2023-10-27 Online:2025-03-01 Published:2025-05-20
  • Contact: Cai-hua LIU E-mail:txu@cauc.edu.cn;chliu@cauc.edu.cn

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摘要：

机密计算是解决数据安全和隐私问题的一个有效方法，然而，随着计算设备的日趋多样化和异构化，传统机密计算在多样化的异构设备上实现极其复杂和困难，如何实现异构机密计算已成为当前的一个研究热点。本文以机密计算在异构设备上的实现技术为主线，对异构机密计算进行了全面分析评述。首先，给出了异构机密计算的概念和挑战；其次，讨论了异构机密计算主流技术中的软件边界扩展技术和混合边界扩展技术，并对当前异构机密计算研究中的评估分析方法和标准进行了概括总结；最后，指出了异构机密计算领域的未来研究方向。

关键词: 计算机应用, 机密计算, 异构, 边界扩展

Abstract:

Confidential computing is an effective method for addressing data security and privacy issues. However， with the increasing diversification and heterogeneity of computing devices， the implementation of traditional confidential computing on diverse heterogeneous devices becomes extremely complex and challenging. How to achieve heterogeneous confidential computing has become a current research hotspot. Based on the implementation technology of confidential computing on heterogeneous devices， a comprehensive analysis and evaluation of heterogeneous confidential computing were conducted. Firstly， the concept and challenges of heterogeneous confidential computing are introduced. Secondly， the software boundary expansion techniques and hybrid boundary expansion techniques in mainstream heterogeneous confidential computing technologies are discussed. The article also summarizes the evaluation analysis methods and standards in current heterogeneous confidential computing research. Finally， we points out the future research directions in the field of heterogeneous confidential computing.

Key words: computer applications, confidential computing, heterogeneous, boundary expansion

中图分类号: 

  • TP391

图1

异构机密计算发展脉络"

图2

异构机密计算示例图"

图3

TEE示例"

图4

非对称加密示意图"

图5

访问控制列表控制访问资源"

表1

软件边界扩展方法及其适用场景"

方法安全机制扩展依赖性性能开支适用场景
SSF利用编译工具和硬件指令实现隔离依赖特定的编译器工具和硬件指令较小多租户的云计算和数据中心
BYOTEE利用FPGA的可重编程特性实现隔离依赖FPGA取决于配置的复杂性高度定制的安全解决方案
TEEOD在FPGA上即时实例化安全处理器创建Enclave依赖FPGA取决于FPGA的资源和配置动态或按需的安全应用
SGX-FPGA建立CPU与FPGA之间的信任关系和双向数据加密依赖FPGA初始化时间较长，两次加密的性能开支大CPU和FPGA的异构系统，
ShEF添加Shield实现可信I/O，利用安全启动构建信任根依赖FPGA取决于加密算法的选择有关云服务提供商
HIX分离操作系统驱动程序、扩展SGX、Lockdown机制依赖MMU和修改PCIe root complex较小跨GPU和CPU的计算环境
BASTION-SGX利用SGX机制和蓝牙固件的修改实现可信I/O通信依赖特定的SGX硬件和修改后的蓝牙固件取决于加密解密，但具体数据未给出物联网设备
SGXIO利用可信Hypervisor为SGX应用提供可信IO依赖于设备虚拟化对GPU有较高开支通用SGX环境
HISA利用安全监视器实现请求调用和数据交互依赖FPGA较小CPU-FPGA系统

图6

ShEF数据流程"

表2

混合边界扩展方法及其适用场景"

方法安全机制扩展依赖性性能开支适用场景
Cure寄存器、扩展总线协议、访问控制列表软件和硬件的修改较小高性能计算
VirTEE添加SM和EM以管理内存与Cure一致较Cure增加需要实时迁移的应用
KeystoneRISC-V物理内存保护和缓存分区依赖RISC-V平台由分区带来的性能开支RISC-V平台应用
HETEE通过PCIe控制资源需要专门的防篡改机箱较小定制化数据中心
Graviton修改GPU外围硬件需要修改GPU外围硬件17%~33%性能开销GPU上的安全任务
Sanctum微小硬件扩展，代替SGX机制的软件栈硬件修改较小较小需要高级别安全的应用

表3

常见攻击向量和安全假设"

攻击向量物理攻击需要更改固件/驱动/硬件TEE正常部署硬件可信攻击者具有系统的最高权限侧信道攻击DDoS攻击TCB大小
HETEE√√-√√---
BASTION-SGX-√√-√---
BYOTEE---√√√-√
Cure-√-√√√-√
HIX-√√√√---
VirTEE-√-√√--√
ShEF√--√√---
HISA---√√---
SGX-FPGA--√√√---
Spons & Shield---√√---
Gravtion-√-√√---
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