Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition) ›› 2023, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (4): 941-953.doi: 10.13229/j.cnki.jdxbgxb.20211226

    Next Articles

Research progress and development trend of extrapolation method in electromechanical equipment load spectrum

Li-juan YU1,2(),Yang AN1,2,Jia-long HE1,2(),Guo-fa LI1,2,Sheng-xu WANG1,2   

  1. 1.Key Laboratory of CNC Equipment Reliability，Ministry of Education，Jilin University，Changchun 130022，China
    2.School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering，Jilin University，Changchun 130022，China
  • Received:2021-09-10 Online:2023-04-01 Published:2023-04-20
  • Contact: Jia-long HE E-mail:tallyu@163.com;hejl@jlu.edu.cn

RICH HTML

 20   

PDF (PC)

320

Abstract:

On the basis of combing and analyzing the latest research results of the extrapolation of the load spectrum of electromechanical equipment at home and abroad， this paper summarizes the research progress and comparative analysis of load extrapolation key technologies： time-domain load extrapolation， rainflow load extrapolation （parametric rainflow， non-parametric rainflow， and rainflow matrix extrapolations）， and quantile extrapolation， in view of the load form and load characteristics of the electromechanical equipment during operation. In the context of the era of big data， the potential direction and development trend of the load spectrum extrapolation method in electromechanical equipment are discussed.

Key words: mechanical engineering, electromechanical equipment, load spectrum, load extrapolation, time domain load extrapolation, rainflow load extrapolation

CLC Number: 

  • TB114.3

Fig.1

Key technologies and process of loadspectrumcompilation"

Fig.2

Statistical chart of number of papers related to load spectrum"

Fig.3

Classification of extrapolation methods in load spectrum compilation"

Fig.4

Sampling principle of BMM，POT and MISmodel"

Fig.5

Extreme value extrapolation method based onBMM-GEV"

Fig.6

Extrapolation method based on GRA-POTmodel"

Fig.7

Fitting results with different value of M"

Fig.8

Flowchart of non-parametric rain-flow extrapolation method based on load extension"

Fig.9

Flow chart of quantile extrapolation optimization"

Table 1

Comparison of extrapolation methods"

方 法优 点缺 点适用范围
基于BMM模型的时域外推在样本容量较大时，无需选择阈值，使用简单方便会忽略部分有效极值点适用于载荷具有周期性质的场合，例如液压泵［32］、数控机床恒速切削状态［20］、风力机［39］等
基于POT模型的时域外推在样本容量比较小时，可完成稳定性高的要求对于合适的阈值选择困难适用于载荷相对平稳的场合，例如液压泵［3］、数控机床恒速切削状态［1］、风力机［46］、伺服刀架［47］等
基于MIS模型的时域外推估计结果对阈值的敏感度低，结果稳定小样本时，较POT模型极值点选取得少，阈值选择困难适用于载荷相对平稳的场合，常用于对风荷载［29，51］、车辆荷载［13］进行极值估计等
参数雨流外推同时考虑了样本均幅值的影响，适用于信号平稳、雨流矩阵形状简单情况依赖于样本数据的分布，在选择参数估计方法时存在主观性适用于平稳随机历程，雨流矩阵较为简单，其中可以用混合分布拟合复杂呈多峰分布的载荷，例如汽车［14，53］、数控机床［16?18］等
非参数雨流外推无需假设样本数据服从某种分布，可突破对母体分布的依赖需要大量的样本数据，核函数和带宽的选择对结果有影响适用于随机性高，雨流矩阵形状复杂的载荷，例如工程机械［10，61，62］、高速列车［5，8］等
雨流矩阵外推能预测短期载荷时间历程内没有出现的大载荷，能完成载荷幅值和频次上的双向外推在利用穿级计数法时上、下阈值的选择存在难度；计算程序相对繁琐适用于需要预测对疲劳损伤贡献大的载荷的场合，例如工程机械［37，63］、高速列车［6，64］等
分位点外推可综合考虑不同工况的载荷差异需要与其他载荷外推方法联合使用适用于需要考虑载荷差异性的场合，例如工程机械［13］、高速列车［6］等
1 He J L, Zhao X Y, Li G F, et al. Time domain load extrapolation method for CNC machine tools based on GRA-POT model[J]. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2019, 103(9-12): 3799-3812.
2 He X F, Li T, Li Y H, et al. Developing an accelerated flight load spectrum based on the n(z) - N curves of a fleet[J]. International Journal of Fatigue, 2018, 117: 246-256.
3 Sun X, Shi J, Wang S P, et al. Design of load spectrum for hydraulic pumps based on extreme value theory[C]∥IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications(ICIEA),Siem Reap, Cambodia, 2017: 1321-1326.
4 陈道云, 孙守光, 李强. 高速列车载荷谱推断及扩展方法研究[J]. 机械工程学报, 2018, 54(10): 151-155.
Chen Dao-yun, Sun Shou-guang, Li Qiang. Study on deduction and extend of high-speed train load spectrum[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2018, 54(10): 151-155.
5 金新灿, 张世强. 基于高速轮轴实测载荷的非参数拟合外推研究[J]. 北京交通大学学报, 2019, 43(6): 97-103, 130.
Jin Xin-can, Zhang Shi-qiang. Non-parametric fitting extrapolation based on measured load of high-speed axle[J]. Journal of Beijing Jiaotong University, 2019, 43(6): 97-103, 130.
6 薛海, 李强, 胡伟钢, 等. 重载货车车钩疲劳试验载荷谱的编制方法[J]. 中国铁道科学, 2017, 38(2): 105-110.
Xue Hai, Li Qiang, Hu Wei-gang, et al. Compilation method for fatigue test load spectrum of coupler on heavy haul freight car[J]. China Railway Science, 2017, 38(2): 105-110.
7 Lu Y H, Zheng H Y, Zeng J, et al. Fatigue life reliability evaluation in a high-speed train bogie frame using accelerated life and numerical test[J]. Reliability Engineering and System Safety, 2019, 188(8): 221-232.
8 宫海彬, 苏建, 王兴宇, 等. 基于极值外推的高速列车齿轮传动装置载荷谱编制[J]. 吉林大学学报: 工学版, 2014, 44(5): 1264-1269.
Gong Hai-bin, Su Jian, Wang Xing-yu, et al. Compiling method of load spectrum of high-speed train gear drive system base on extreme value extrapolation[J]. Journal of Jilin University (Engineering and Technology Edition) 2014, 44(5): 1264-1269.
9 Chen D Y, Xiao Q, Mou M H, et al. Study on establishment of standardized load spectrum on bogie frames of high-speed trains[J]. Acta Mechanica Sinica, 2019, 35(4): 812-827.
10 高天宇, 李焕良, 郑铮, 等. 基于雨流频次外推的ZLK50型装载机液压缸载荷谱编制[J]. 机械强度, 2017, 39(4): 951-956.
Gao Tian-yu, Li Huang-liang, Zheng Zheng, et al. Compiling method of load spectrum of ZLK50 type loader hydraulic cylinder based on rain flow frequency extrapolation[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2017, 39(4): 951-956.
11 杜敏杰, 黄雪, 杨前进, 等. 基于雨流频次外推的液压挖掘机斗杆程序载荷谱编制[J]. 机械设计, 2019, 36(6): 87-93.
Du Min-jie, Huang Xue, Yang Qian-jin, et al. Program load-spectrum compiling of the hydraulic excavator's bucket rod based on the rain-flow frequency extrapolation[J]. Journal of Machine Design, 2019, 36(6): 87-93.
12 陈鸿彬. 挖掘机液压系统压力载荷谱编制方法研究[D].长春: 吉林大学机械与航空航天工程学院, 2017.
Chen Hong-bin. Research on the load spectrum compiling of the pressure in the hydraulic system of an excavator[D]. Changchun: School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, 2017.
13 冯海月, 伊廷华, 陈斌. 采用广义Pareto分布进行车辆荷载效应极值估计的研究[J]. 振动与冲击, 2015, 34(15): 7-11, 22.
Feng Hai-yue, Yi Ting-hua, Chen Bin. Extreme estimation for vehicle load effect based on generalized pareto distribution[J]. Journal of Vibration and Shock, 2015, 34(15): 7-11, 22.
14 Geng S L, Liu X T, Yang X B, et al. Load spectrum for automotive wheels hub based on mixed probability distribution model[J]. Journal of Automobile Engineering, 2019, 233(14): 3707-3720.
15 Wang S C, Liu X T, Jiang C J, et al. Prediction and evaluation of fatigue life for mechanical components considering anelasticity‐based load spectrum[J]. Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures,2020, 44(1): 129-140.
16 Chen C H, Yang Z J, He J L, et al. Load spectrum generation of machining center based on rainflow counting method[J]. Journal of Vibroengineering 2017, 19(8): 5767-5779.
17 He J L, Wang S X, Li G F, et al. Compilation of NC lathe dynamic cutting force spectrum based on two-dimensional mixture models[J]. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2018, 98(1-4): 251-262.
18 李圳. 基于混合分布的数控刀架载荷谱编制方法及应用研究[D].长春: 吉林大学机械与航空航天工程学院, 2017.
Li Zhen. Research on compilation method and application of load spectrum of NC turret based on mixed distribution[D]. Changchun: School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, 2017.
19 张建成. 基于核函数的数控车床载荷谱编制关键技术研究[D]. 长春:吉林大学机械与航空航天工程学院, 2019.
Zhang Jian-cheng. Research on key technologies for compiling load spectrum of CNC lathe based on kernel function[D]. Changchun: School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, 2019.
20 Wang S X, Li G F, Yang H J, et al. Research on extreme value distribution of cutting force in CNC lathe based on generalized extreme value distribution[C]∥The 4th International Conference on System Reliability and Safety (ICSRS), Rome, Italy, 2019: 198-202.
21 张英爽. 装载机传动系载荷谱的测取与应用研究[D].长春: 吉林大学机械与航空航天工程学院, 2014.
Zhang Ying-shuang. Research on the load spectra acquisition and application of loader powertrain[D]. Changchun: School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, 2014.
22 Edwards P R, Darts J. Standardised fatigue loading sequences for helicopter rotors (helix and felix) part 2. final definition of helix and felix[R]. Royal Aircraft Establishment Farnborough, United Kingdom, 1984.
23 Tenhave A A. Wisper and Wisperx: final definition of two standardised fatigue loading sequences for wind turbine blades[C]∥NASA Report, 1992: No. 30872.
24 Klätschke H. Standardized load sequences for car powertrains with automatic gears-car loading standard-CARLOS PTA[R]. Fraunhofer-Institut für Betriebsfestigkeit (LBF),Darmstadt,Germany, 2002.
25 Grubisic V, Fischer G. Automotive wheels, method and procedure for optimal design and testing[J]. SAE Transactions 1983, 92: 508-525.
26 李研. 轮式装载机载荷谱编制中非参数外推方法研究[D]. 长春:吉林大学机械与航空航天工程学院, 2016.
Li Yan. Research on non-parametric extrapolation method in compiling load spectra of wheel loader[D]. Changchun: School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, 2016.
27 Wang J X, Liu Y, Zeng X, et al. Selection method for kernel function in nonparametric extrapolation based on multicriteria decision-making technology[J]. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2013(1): 1-11.
28 Johannesson P, Thomas J J. Extrapolation of rainflow matrices[J]. Extremes,2001, 4(3): 241-262.
29 Cook N J. Towards better estimation of extreme winds[J]. Journal of Wind Engineering & Industrial Aerodynamics, 1982, 9(3): 295-323.
30 Johannesson P. Extrapolation of load histories and spectra[J]. Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures, 2006, 29(3): 209-217.
31 Jenkinson A F. The frequency distribution of the annual maximum (or minimum) values of meteorological elements[J]. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 2010, 81(348):158-171.
32 Carboni M, Cerrini A, Johannesson P, et al. Load spectra analysis and reconstruction for hydraulic pump components[J]. Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures, 2010, 31(3/4): 251-261.
33 Kowalewski J. Beschreibung regelloser vorgänge[J]. VDI Fortschrittsberichte, 1969, 5(7):7-27.
34 Nagode M, Fajdiga M. A general multi-modal probability density function suitable for the rainflow ranges of stationary random processes[J]. International Journal of Fatigue, 1998, 20(3): 211-223.
35 Nagode M, Klemenc J, Fajdiga M. Parametric modelling and scatter prediction of rainflow matrices[J]. International Journal of Fatigue, 2001, 23(6): 525-532.
36 Dressler K, Gründer B, Hack M, et al. Extrapolation of rainflow matrices[J]. Extremes,2001, 4(3): 241-262.
37 黄柱安, 宋绪丁. 装载机驱动桥疲劳试验扭矩载荷谱的编制方法[J]. 现代制造工程, 2019, 41(1):139-143.
Huang Zhu-an, Song Xu-ding. The torque load spectrum compiling of loader driving axle fatigue test[J]. Modern Manufacturing Engineering, 2019, 41(1):139-143.
38 Smith R L. Extreme value theory based on the r largest annual events[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 1986, 86(1/2): 27-43.
39 Fogle J, Agarwal P, Manuel L. Towards an improved understanding of statistical extrapolation for wind turbine extreme loads[J]. Wind Energy, 2010, 11(6): 613-635.
40 Gonzalez J, Rodriguez D, Sued M. Threshold selection for extremes under a semiparametric model[J]. Statistical Methods & Applications, 2013, 22(4): 481-500.
41 Yang X, Zhang J, Ren W X. Threshold selection for extreme strain extrapolation due to vehicles on bridges[J]. Procedia Structural Integrity, 2017, 5: 1176-1183.
42 Coles S. An Introduction of Statistical Modelling of Extreme Values[M]. Berlin: Springer, 2001.
43 赵旭. 广义Pareto分布的统计推断[D]. 北京: 北京工业大学应用数理学院, 2012.
Zhao Xu. Statistical inference of the generalized Pareto distribution[D]. Beijing: School of Applied Mathematics and Science, Beijing University of Technology, 2012.
44 Thompson P, Cai Y, Reeve D, et al. Automated threshold selection methods for extreme wave analysis[J]. Coastal Engineering, 2009, 56(10): 1013-1021.
45 Pickhands J. Statistical inference using extreme order statisties[J]. The Annals of Statistics, 1975, 3(1): 119-131.
46 Ragan P, Manuel L. Statistical extrapolation methods for estimating wind turbine extreme loads[J]. Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, 2008, 130(3): No.031011.
47 Sun B, Yang Z J, Chen C H, et al. Compiling compression load spectrum of servo turret based on finite element and information entropy method[C]∥The 4th International Conference on System Reliability and Safety (ICSRS), Madrid, Spain, 2019: 566-571.
48 Harris R I. Improvements to the Method of Independent Storms[J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 1999, 80(1/2): 1-30.
49 Martins E S, Stedinger J R. Generalized maximum-likelihood generalized extreme-value quantile estimators for hydrologic data[J]. Water Resources Research, 2000, 36(3): 737-744.
50 Dirceu S R, Jery R S. Bayesian MCMC flood frequency analysis with historical information[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2005, 313(1/2): 97-116.
51 吴迪, 武岳, 杨庆山, 等. 围护结构非高斯风压极值估计的改进独立风暴法[J]. 建筑结构学报, 2014, 35(5): 151-156.
Wu Di, Wu Yue, Yang Qing-shan, et al. Improved method of independent storms for extreme value estimation of non-Gaussian wind pressure[J]. Journal of Building Structures, 2014, 35(5): 151-156.
52 Li G F, Wang S X, He J L, et al. Compilation of load spectrum of machining center spindle and application in fatigue life prediction[J]. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 2019, 33(4): 1603-1613.
53 Zhang J, Lu J, Han W, et al. Program load spectrum compilation for accelerated life test of parabolic leaf spring[J]. International Journal of Automotive Technology, 2019, 20(2): 337-347.
54 Newman M E J, Barkema G T. Monte Carlo methods in statistical physics[M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
55 Silverman B W. Density estimation for statistics and data analysis. density estimation for statistics and data analysis[M]. Damariscotta: Chapman and Hall, 1986.
56 Socie D. Modelling expected service usage from short-term loading measurements[J]. International Journal of Materials & Product Technology, 2001, 16(4/5): 295-303.
57 Rudemo M. Empirical choice of histograms and kernel density estimators[J]. Scandinavian Journal of Statistics, 1982, 9(2): 65-78.
58 Bowman A W. An alternative method of cross-validation for the smoothing of density estimates[J]. Biometrika, 1984, 71(2): 353-360.
59 Scott D W, Terrell G R. Biased and unbiased cross-validation in density estimation[J]. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 1987, 82(400): 1131-1146.
60 Wand M P, Jones M C. Comparison of smoothing parameterizations in bivariate kernel density estimation[J]. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 1993, 88(422): 520-528.
61 刘海鸥, 张文胜, 徐宜. 基于核密度估计的履带车辆传动轴载荷谱编制[J]. 兵工学报, 2017, 38(9): 1830-1838.
Liu Hai-ou, Zhang Wen-sheng, Xu Yi. Load spectrum compiling for transmission shaft of tracked vehicle based on kernel density estimation[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2017, 38(9): 1830-1838.
62 Wang J X, Li Y, Jiang Z. Non-parametric load extrapolation based on load extension for semi-axle of wheel loader[J]. Advances in Mechanical Engineering, 2017, 9(3): 1-12.
63 Wei Y X, Zhu H Y, Tang H, et al. Compilation of load spectrum of loader drive axle[J]. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2018, 322(7): No. 072059.
64 缪炳荣, 谭仕发, 邬平波, 等. 非稳态风致载荷下车体结构典型载荷谱仿真研究[J]. 机械工程学报, 2017, 53(10): 100-107.
Miao Bing-rong, Tan Shi-fa, Wu Ping-bo, et al. Research of typical fatigue load spectrum simulation of carbody structure based on non-stationary aerodynamic load[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2017, 53(10): 100-107.
65 Wang J X, Chen H B, Li Y. A review of the extrapolation method in load spectrum compiling[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2016, 62(1): 60-75.
66 Socie D F, Pompetzki M A. Modeling variability in service loading spectra[J]. Journal of ASTM International, 2004, 1(2): 1-12.
67 Lei Y G, Feng J, Lin J, et al. An intelligent fault diagnosis method using unsupervised feature learning towards mechanical big data[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2016, 63(5): 3137-3147.
68 李国杰, 程学旗. 大数据研究:未来科技及经济社会发展的重大战略领域——大数据的研究现状与科学思考[J]. 中国科学院院刊, 2012, 27(6): 647-657.
Li Guo-jie, Cheng Xue-qi. Research status and scientific thinking of big data[J]. Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2012, 27(6): 647-657.
69 Qin S J. Process data analytics in the era of big data[J]. AIChE Journal, 2014, 60(9): 3092-3100.
70 刘智慧, 张泉灵. 大数据技术研究综述[J]. 浙江大学学报:工学版, 2014, 48(6): 957-972.
Liu Zhi-hui, Zhang Quan-ling. Research overview of big data technology[J]. Journal of Zhejiang University(Engineering and Technology Edition), 2014, 48(6): 957-972.
71 工信部电信研究院大数据白皮书(2020)[M]. 北京:工业和信息化部电信研究院,2020.
72 胡越, 罗东阳, 花奎, 等. 关于深度学习的综述与讨论[J]. 智能系统学报, 2019, 14(1): 1-19.
Hu Yue, Luo Dong-yang, Hua Kui, et al. Overview on deep learning[J]. CAAI Transactions of intelligent systems, 2019, 14(1): 1-19.
73 向华荣, 曾敬, 郑国峰, 等. 基于长短期记忆网络的载荷谱外推方法研究[J]. 重庆理工大学学报:自然科学, 2019, 33(8): 51-57.
Xiang Hua-rong, Zeng Jing, Zheng Guo-feng, et al. The study to load spectrum extrapolation method based on long-short term memory algorithm[J]. Journal of Chongqing University of Technology(Natural Science), 2019, 33(8): 51-57.
[1] Zhen SONG,Jie LIU. Time series prediction algorithm of vibration frequency of rotating machinery [J]. Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition), 2022, 52(8): 1764-1769.
[2] Ling ZHU,Qiu-cheng WANG. New energy vehicle drive system coordinated control method under spatial geometric constraints [J]. Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition), 2022, 52(7): 1509-1514.
[3] Zhao-hui JIN,Le-qi GU,Wei HONG,Fang-xi XIE,Tian YOU. Analysis on pressure fluctuation of hydraulic variable valve actuation [J]. Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition), 2022, 52(4): 773-780.
[4] Guo-fa LI,Yan-bo WANG,Jia-long HE,Ji-li WANG. Research progress and development trend of health assessment of electromechanical equipment [J]. Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition), 2022, 52(2): 267-279.
[5] Lei WANG,Bing-han HUANG,Jia-hui CONG,Li HUI,Song ZHOU,Yong-zhen XU. Effect of ultrasonic impact on fatigue performance of friction stir weld [J]. Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition), 2022, 52(11): 2542-2548.
[6] Xing-jun HU,Jing-long ZHANG,Li XIN,Yu-fei LUO,Jing-yu WANG,Tian-ming YU. Investigation on influence of cooling tube structure and airflow speed on cold side performance of air⁃cooled charge air cooler [J]. Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition), 2021, 51(5): 1557-1564.
[7] Yong-ying TAN,Shan-zhen YI,Da-bing XUE,Xiao-ming WANG,Lei YUAN. Weight adaptive control for trotting gait of load-carrying quadruped walking vehicle [J]. Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition), 2021, 51(4): 1506-1517.
[8] Gang WANG,Hui-li LIU,Hong-lei JIA,Chun-jiang GUO,Yong-jian CONG,Ming-hao QU. Design and experiment of touching-positioning weeding device for inter-row maize （Zea Mays L.） [J]. Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition), 2021, 51(4): 1518-1527.
[9] Fu-gang ZHAI,Yan-bin YIN,Chao LI,Wei TIAN,Zi-shi QIAO. Stiffness modeling and feedforward control of servo electric cylinder drive system [J]. Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition), 2021, 51(2): 442-449.
[10] Qing-wu ZHAO,Yong CHENG,Xue YANG,Ning WANG. A high⁃frequency nanosecond⁃pulsed ignition system for plasma assisted ignition and combustion [J]. Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition), 2021, 51(2): 414-421.
[11] Guang YAN,Jian-zhong LU,Kai-yu ZHANG,Fan-yong MENG,Lian-qing ZHU. Temperature decoupling large range fiber Bragg grating strain sensor [J]. Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition), 2019, 49(5): 1682-1688.
[12] JIA Tuo,ZHAO Ding-xuan,CUI Yu-xin. Method of rollover pre-warning for articulated loader [J]. Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition), 2018, 48(6): 1762-1769.
[13] ZANG Peng-fei, WANG Zhe, SUN Chen-le, LIN Lian-lian. Scavenging process for stable operation of linear range-extende [J]. Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition), 2018, 48(5): 1455-1465.
[14] LI Yin-wu, WU Qing-wen, CHANG Zhi-yong, YANG Cheng. Simulation and optimal design of backhoe hydraulic excavator based on bionic teeth [J]. 吉林大学学报(工学版), 2018, 48(3): 821-827.
[15] LIU Han-guang, WANG Guo-qiang, MENG Dong-ge, ZHAO Huan-yu. Reasonable pre-tension research of crawler traveling gear of hydraulic excavator [J]. 吉林大学学报(工学版), 2018, 48(2): 486-491.
Viewed
Full text


Abstract

Cited
  Shared   
  Discussed   
No Suggested Reading articles found!
Copyright © Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition), All Rights Reserved.
Tel: +86-431-85095297　Fax: +86-431-85094074　E-mail: xbgxb@jlu.edu.cn
Powered by Beijing Magtech Co. Ltd